9 Applications of First Order Differential Equations 91: Introduction The interpretation of derivative of a function, as a rate measurer as well as slope of a curve, suggests the applicability of differential equations to two categorics of problems, Physical and Geometrical, Differential equations are outcome of mathematical formulation of physical and geometrical problems. This chapter is devoted to the study of those problems that lead to ordinary differential equations of first order. Since these equations are formed by consideration of physical laws or geometrical propertics of curves, a bricf summary of basic principles required for the formation of these diferential equations is given at the appropriate places, for ready reference. 92, Application to Mechanics Let a body of mass 7 start moving from a fixed point O, along a straight_line OX, under the action of several forces, whose’ resul- tant is /. If P is the position of the body at any instant ¢, such that OP=x, then dx @) the velocity v of the body= gy» and (i) 533! 534 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Also by Newton's Second Law of Motion, d*x vy AY =mv + ; dx’ where F, m and a are expressed in their corresponding units. In case W denotes the weight of the body, then the above stated law can be expressed as row a _ WY dv g dt Example 1. A boat with its load weighs 981 kg. The force exerted upon the boat in the direction of motion, by the oars, is equivalent to a constant force of 15 Newtons and the resistance (Newtons) to the motion is equal to twice the speed of the boat. If the boat starts from rest, determine its (i) speed after t seconds, (ii) speed after 10 seconds and (iii) limiting speed. Sol. Let v m/s be the specd of the boat ¢ seconds after the start. The forces acting on the boat are (i) 15 N in the direction of motion, (i) 2 v N in the direction opposing the motion. , Thus the accelerating force on the boat=(15—2 v) N. Also, by Newton’s second law of motion, the accelerating force _H dy _ 981 dv, g dt 981 dt dy =100 4 Thus the equation of motion is 1 00 \ di+c, 1 : oF —> log (152) =455 +6. ~f) Initially, when s=0, v=O0, we get from eqn. (i), c==~ $ log 15. Substituting the value of ¢ in eqn. (i), 1) 15—2y t 28 Ts = —F00 or v==7°5 (]—e7#1t) wii)APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 535 The relation (ii) gives the speed of the boat after f seconds the start. When 1=10, we get from ean. (ii), v=7'°5 (1—e/*)=1°36 m/s. The limiting speed v; is attained, when r->co. Thus from eqn. (ii), we have we Lt 75 —e*™)=7°5 m/s. Note. The limiting speed could also be obtained from the equation of motion, because when boat is moving with limiting speed, its acceleration must be zero i.e. ae 0, which gives v: =7°5 m/s. Example 2. A particle of mass m is projected vertically upward under gravity, the resistance of the air being mk times the velocity. Show that the greatest height attained by the particle ty ¢ & [a-log (+A), where V is the greatest velocity which the above mass will be attain, when it falls freely and xV is the initial velocity, (Panjab, 1987) Sol. Let the particle be projected vertically upward from the point O and at any instant be at the point P, such that OP=x. If » is the velocity of the particle, then the forces acting on it are (@) its weight mg acting vertically downward, (é#) the air resistance mky acting vertically downward. Thus the accelerating force=—mg —mkv. Also, by Newton’s second law, the accele- rating force m4. The equation of motion is —_ ng—miy, my & =—mg—mky, dy P or » =—(e +h») = @ le When the particle falls freely under gravity, the equation (i) takes the form a oi ie Ve Ek (ii) Fig. 9:2. Now, when the particle attains the greatest velocity V, its acceleration becomes zero, therefore from equation (ii), we have g—kv=0 + Gtiy orpcED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 536 ADVA From cans. and oe 4s v4. : =TET Separating tbe variables and integrating» le ere [arte or {( is) dyer & xte, or y-V log WEE FE +i) Initially, when x=0, y=aV, from eqn- (iv), we have vy V+avy=e a~V—F log ( ey ples wat Substituting the value of ¢ in edn iv), y-¥ log WHE ETY [ see vO +01] 0) or Let / be the greatest height attained by the particle i.e. when x=h, y= 0 From eqn. (+), we get —V log Ve A+Y [A—log (VU+A)], vata or fnava-v log {ra}, or ie flog (+A)]- Example 3. A paratrooper and his parachute weigh 50 kg. At the instant parachute opens, he is travelling vertically downward at the speed of 20 mis. If the air resistance varies directly as the instan- taneous velocity and it is 20 Newtons when the velocity is 10 mls, find the limiting velocity, the position and the velocity of the para- trooper at any time t. Sol. Let at any time / after the parachute opens, the velocity of the paratrooper be v m/s. The forces acting on the paratrooper are (i) the weight 50 kg vertically downward, (ii) the air resistance ky vertically upward. Thus the accelerating foree=(S0—kv) N Also, by Newton's second law, the accelerating forceAPPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 537 The equation of motion is 50 dv ge dr —50—ky -) Also, when v=10 m/s, the force resisting the motion ky=20 A- 4 k. 10=20, or k=2 Substituting the value of & in eqn. (i), 42 4 5025, & 25 4 or gdp 725-9 Separating the variables and integrating, dv £ él 35 = 35 dite or —log (25—v) = te Gy Gy When 0, y=20, from eqn. (if), we have c=—log 5. Substituting the value of ¢ in eqn. (i) and simplifying, 25—v gt log “5 = a5 or v= (S—e7#tl?5), which gives velocity of the paratrooper at any time z. > Giz) The limiting velocity »: is attained when too, > therefor, eqn. (iii), © fro, v=Lt fro From eqn. (iii), we have 5 (S—e-#/75)=25 m/s. ge =5 (5—e7*t/*5) Separating the variables and integrating, fax= =5 [se #125) drt, —et/25 or aos (srr )te Initially, when t= 0, x=0 ~ Gy, 125. “ a=—-g338 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICg Substituting the value of c; in eqn. (iv), we get the position of the paratrooper at any time f, as 25 —g1/25 x25 73 ie ets), Example 4. Determine the least velocity with which a body must be projected vertically upward, so that it does not return tothe earth. The air resistance being neglected. Sol. Let M be the mass of the carth and that of the body, Further let r denote the distance of the centre of gravity of the body from the centre of the earth and & the radius of the earth. By Newton’s law of gravitation, the force of attraction F acting on the body is given by where G is the constant of gravitation. If at any instant ¢ the body is moving upward with the velocity v, then its equation of motion is dy M.m my a, =: > r ds M a or y a GM i) (where A=G . M) The negative sign indicates that the acceleration decreases with increase in height. Separating the variables and integrating eqn. (i), we get j vdy=—A J +e, via or yap te wll) Let the body be projected with initial velocity vo, from the surface of the earth. Then on the surface of the earth, rR, v=o. From eqn. (ii), we have or weil)APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. 539 The body will never return to carth, if at no stage during its ascent the velocity becomes zero and then negative i.e. the velocity ., sae. 4 A v is always positive. As the body rises upward > goes on decreas- ing and the value of v depends upon ‘become negative, for which vor A xz which must not or ed J R° Hence the least velocity with which the body must be projected is given by ee o Substituting the value of } in eqn. (iv), the required velocity is vo= V 2gR. Taking R= 6300 km and g="00981 km/sec*, we get vo= 200981 X6300 =11'2 km/sec. Example 5. 4A rocket moves vertically upward with the initial velocity y. During the ascent, matter, in the form of burnt fuel, is continuously ejected vertically downward with constant velocity wu, relative to the rocket, the mass of the rocket at any timet being MU+e—*! ). If second and higher powers of k are neglected, show that the rocket will ascend 10 the height ——( re ). Wegteer the air resistance and variation of gravity with altitude). Sol. The upward motion of a rocket is due to the ejection of ‘gases formed by burning of fuel in it. This ejection of mass increases the forward velocity of the rocket. Thus the motion of a rocket is analogous to the motion of an object whose mass is changing. Let at any time f, the total mass of the rocket be m and at time r-+Atbem+Am. Thusintime At,a mass Am of gas has been expelled.540 ADVANCED ENGINEERING !2..f/7EMATICS Let V and V+ AY, be the velocities of the rocket at time fr and 1+ At, respectively. Since the expelled gas has the volocity u relative to the rocket, the change in momentum is given by (m+ Am)\(V+ AV)— Am(V —u)—mv =m. OV+u. Am+Am. AV Time rate of change of momentum =m, AY an Am =m “Ke tH NT Taking limits as Ar+0, ‘ny-s0, the instantaacous time rate of change of momentum Ams yy AM pay - OV. = itm AY 4 tty Aro at ae aro OF = av dm Soar! ae By Newton's second law of motion, the tine rate change of momentum ives Sorce F in the direction of motion. : dm . abu a wi) is the equation ofan motion. Here m=M(1+e7*! ), F=—mg=—MU +e" ) 8. Substituting these vanes in eqn. (i) Mite*y Yu kMeW*t y= MU +e*) 8 av kew or att n(- j+e i ) g. Integrating both sides w.r.t. 1, we get Y+u log (I-te~* — t+ c. (where ¢ is a constant of integration) or V+u log (I+1—kt) =—gtte, [v eTK=1-ki+.. neglecting higher powers of kl or V+u log (2—kn=~gi wii) Initially, when 1=0, V =», c=v-+u log 2 Substituting the value of c in cqn. (ii), and simplifying. V=v—gt+u log 2~ «log (2—kt) =v—gt—u log ( co )APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. 54) neglecting higher powers of x] «+ Gif) At the highest point of ascent, ¥=0. therefore trum eqn. (iif), - t ; Ea o-- (iv) If at time ¢ the rocket is at height x above the ground, then sewriting eqn. (iii) as ki gr AME. Separating the variables and integrating, ayy — Sy Kur xeau— f+ +e Initially, when 1=0, x=0 a=0 Thus xawe— or xr ot (2g—ku) += @) The maximum height h is attained, when ¢= [trom eqn. iv) Substituting this value of rin eqn. (vy), we get the maximum height 4 as 2g ) (By Binomial Theorem, when & is small)542 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Exercise 9 (a) 1. A moving body is opposed by a force per unit mass of value cx and resistance per unit mass of value v:, where x and v are the displacement and velocity of the particle at that instant. Show that the velocity of the particle if it starts from rest is given by we SS. ety, ap le" 2. A particle is attracted to a fixed point by a focre varying inversly as (distance)". If the velocity acquired in falling from an infinite distance to a distance a from the centre of the force be equal to the velocity acquired in falling from rest at adistance a to the distance a/4, then n=3/2. 3. A particle is projected with velocity V along a smooth horizontal plane in a medium whose resistance per unit mass is uw times the tube of the veloci Show that the distance it has described in timer is [VI-+2u¥*1—1]/uV. 4. Assuming that the resistance to the movement of a ship through water is of the form a°+'v", where v is ‘the velocity and a, b are constants, write down the differential equation for retarda- tion of the ship moving with engines stopped. Prove that the time in which in speed falls off to one-half its original value u is given by tan ~ abg a . . . WEB? where W is the weight of the ship. 5. A body falling from rest is subjected to the force of gravity and an air resistance proportional to square of velocity. If the resistance is equal to the weight of the body when the speed is b, show that the distance travelled by the body in ¢ seconds is given by 7 eseons (45) z log cosh o) 6. A particle of unit mass moves in a straight line in a resist- ing medium which produces resistance ky, where v is the velocity and k the constant. If the particle starts with velocity v from the position S=So ; show that as the time goes on, the particle approaches the tat u position s=s=y- 7. A body of mass m falling from rest, is subjected to the force of gravity and air resistance proportional to the square of velocity. If it falls through a distance x and possesses a velocity v at that distance prove that 2 - , where mg=pa’. 8. A particle of unit mass is projected vertically upward with velocity V and the resistance of the air produces a retardationAPPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS S45 ky, where v is the velocity. Show that the velocity V’. with which the particle will return to the point of projectién, is given by 1 1 k& pr pete 9. A particle of unit mass moves in a straight line under retardation which is & times its velocity. Initially the particle is at a distance a from a given point O in the line andis moving towards O with velocity u(>ak). Prove that it will reach O in time 1 a 8 aE 10. Two particles fall freely, one in a medium whose resistance is equal to k times the volocity and the other in a medium whose- resistance is equal to & times the squase of the velocity. If ¥, and Y, are their maximum velocities respectively, show that Y=v23. 11. The angular velocity @ of a heavy fly wheel rotating on. rough bearings is given by 1 = ke’, where J and & are constants. If the angular velocity at the end of” one minute is 90% .of the initial angular velocity, show that the: angular velocity at the end of next minute will fall to 81 =2-%. 12. A bullet enters a board of 0°1 m thickness, with a velocity. of 200 m/s, pierces it, and leaves the board with a velocity of g0 ra/s. Assuming that the resistance offered by the board to the bullet is proportional to square of its velocity, find the time taken by the bullet to pierce the board. 13._A rocket of initial total mass mp is fired vertical by upward with initial velocity vo and. accelerates until fuel which burns at _ Constant rate is exhausted. The relative nozzle velocity of exhaust gas has constant value y and the nozzle exhausts at constant rate throughout. If the’ residual mass of the rocket and machinery is. mr when burnt out occurs, find the expression for maximum velocity reached by the rocket. Neglect atmospheric resistance and the variation of gravity due’ to altitude. 14. Avrocket has a weight of 25,000 kg. which includes the weight of 20,000 kg of fuel mixture. During the burning process, the: combustion products are discharged at a velocity of 400 m/s, rela- tive to the rocket, involving a loss of 100 kg of mixture per second.. The rocket starts onthe ground with zero velocity and travels. vertically upward. If the only external force acting on the rocket is that of gravitation (variation with height neglected) ; (7) Find the- velocity of the rocket after 15 seconds, (ii) find the height reached: when half the fuel is burat. -544 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 45. The acceleration « and velocity vofa body slowly sinking in a liquid satisfy the relation s a=g—iy, see g and&k being constants. Express the distance’ passed over at any time f, if the body started from rest. 9°3. Flow of Water through an Orifice If water flows through a small hole in a tank containing water, then such a hole is called an orifice. Let a tank contain water upto a height h metres above an orifice. Assuming no energy loss, the ‘water would escape through the orifice with a velocity v=~/ 2gh, the velocity acquired by a freely falling body under gravity. But due to friction and converging of water stream near the orifice, this velocity is reduced and is given by v—cW2gh, where c is a constant (<1) called discharge coefficient. The value of ¢ depends upon the shape of the orifice and for small holes with sharp edges itis taken as 0°6. Thus with c=0°6, g=9°81 m/sec’, v is given by y=0°6V 2X9 B81 Xh=2'66VA m/s. Example 1. A tank in the form ofan inverted right circular cone of height H and radius R is filled with water. A hole having an area of crossection Ag at the vertex, causes water to leak out. Assuming the velocity of discharge v through the orifice as v=c/2 gh, where c is the discharge coefficient and h the height of water above the hole, ‘show that time T required for emptying out the tank is given by 2nR* TFAce Sol. Let Obe the vertex of the cone and at time # the level of water be at the point M, such that OM=h. Further let the level of water fall to the point N in time t+At, such that ON=h+ Ah. The drop in water level from point M to point N, is due to leakage of water through the hole in time Ar. Let MP=x. A Fizz. < ,, The volume of water leaked in time At=—xx* . Ah --@) The negative sign shows that level has fallen. Fig. 9°3.APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 545 Since Ao is the area of cross-section of the hole and Iet in time Arp, the water travel a distance As through the hole. The volume of water passing through the hole in time Ar =Ao. As +Gi) From eqns. (é) and (ii), where » is the velocity of the water through the hole. Subsituting v=c¥ 2gh in eqn. (iii), we get i =—Ay eV 2gh Civ) Now, AOCL is similar to AOPM, , ‘ . ZA ” RH ' AR or = Substituting the value of x in eqn. (iv) and simplifying, we get sande = Ae Vig Separating the variables and integrating, fae dh=— AecH V7g fare or 2 wre deat V2g t+k. =) Initially, when *=0, _ ae =2 yr, k= > HP". Substituting the value of k in equ. ee we have 2 lta — Aoclt” Vig tt 2 Her alt546 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS The tank will be empty, when A=0. Substituting h=0 in eqn. (vi), we get 2 sR fe. . + = Ae A/2g , the required time to empty the tank. t= Example 2. Find the time required to empty a square tank of side 4 m and depth 6 m, through a circular orifice of radius 20 mm, at the bottom of the tank. Sol. Let at time 1, the free surface of water in the tank be ata height of 4 metres above the orifice and at time r+ At the height of free surface be h+ Ah metres. Thus in time Ars, the height of water has fallen by AA metres. The volume of water lost =—4x4x Ah=—16 Ah (i) Let in time At, the water travel a distance As through the orifice. The volume of water passing through the orifice in time At + (ii) ‘From eqns, (i) and (ii) ve _-{ 20 = 16 dh=a( ar ) As Dividing bath sides by At and proceeding to limits as Ar>0, we get wit—-= (2). # at “\"50 dt dh = or 16 Gr -— 200 where » is the yelocity of water through the orifice. Now, y=0'6/ 2gh Taking g=9°81 m/sec", we have y=0°6 V 2X71 XA=266V h m/sec. Substituting value of v in eqn. (ii), dh ; ; 16 P= Zs0p X 2°66 VitAPPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Separating the variables and integrating, -4 _ 266 16 J k 2 dh 5500 > or 32 Aza SOS tk - (i) Initially, when r=0, k=6 oe 4=32\ 6 Sabstituting value of k in eqn. (iv), 3 2°66 = 32 — 500° 1.6 + &) The tank will be empty when #=0. Substituting 4 =0 in eqn. @), we get 32,6 2500 GEXS 7391 minutes =6°52 hours. t= the time required to empty the tank. Example 3. Find the time required to empty a cylindrical tank 4 metres in diameter and 9 metres long, through a 0°2 metres circular hole in the bottom, if the tank is initially full of water and its axis is vertical. Sol. Let at time the free surface of the water be i metres above the circular hole and at tine r+ At, the beight of the free surface be A+ Ah metres. The volume of water lost in time At=sx(2)?(— AA) m3, =-4=Ahm Let in time Ar, the water travels a distance As, through the bole. The amount of water Passing through the hole in time Ar = (2)? As mt. 7 —4 =Ah=0°04 =As. Proceeding like previous examples, we get fh ——-o1y, =—01 x 6x Vv 2gh548 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS or dh ——o0266v7 Separating the variables and integrating, fhm — 066 [ar-ri, ad hk =—"0266t-+k, oi) Initially, when r=0, h=9 ms k=6 Substituting the value of & in eqn. (i), we get 24 hh =—"02661-+6. » i) The tank will be empty, when h=0, substituting /=O, in eqn- (ii), we get : or 6 7 t= 965 = 225'6 seconds =3°76 minutes, the time required to empty the tank. . Exercise 9 (5) 1. A conical funnel of height 20 cm is filled with water. The radius of the upper section is 12 cm and the radius of lower opening through which water flows out is 0°3 cm. Find the time required to empty the funnel. 2. If the velocity of flow of aliquid through an orifice of area Ag be 0°6 Ao 2gy, where gis acceleration due to gravity and y isthe height of the free surface of the liquid above the orifice. Prove that the time required to empty a tank having the shape of a right circular cone of base radius a and height h, filled completely with the liquid and having an orifice of area Ao in the base is 16 xa* fh TAN 2g 3. Find the time required for a cylinderical tank of radius 2°5 metres and height 3 metres to empty through a round hole of radius 25 mm in the bottom of the tank, given that water will issue from such a hole with velocity y=2'5Y # m/s, where / is the depth of the water in the tank. 4. The velocity v of out flow of water from an aperture at a vertical distance’ from the free surface is defined by the formula v=c4 2gh, where c=0°6 and g is the acceleration due to gravity. During what period of time will the water filling a hemispherical boiler of diameter 2 metres, flow out of it through a circular aperture of radius O'l metre in the bottom.‘APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 549 5. The rate at which water flows from a small opening, at the bottom of a tank is proportional to the square root of the depth of the water. If half the water flows from a_cylinderical tank (with vertical axis) in 5 minutes, find the time required to empty the tank. 6. Water is flowing into a vertical cylinderical tank of radius 2m and height 4 m -at the rate of 0°003 = m* per second and is vescaping through a hole 24 mm in diameter in the bottom. Find the time required to fill the tank. 9°4, Rate Problems. The very simple differential equation dy . ieee oO unifies theory of seemingly different phenomenon. Physically, the sabove differential equation means that time rate change of .a quan- tity y is proportional to the quantity present at that time. If £ is sitive, the problem is known as growth problem and if k is negative, the problem is one of decay. The equation (i) is solved by separation of variables. Separating the variables in eqn. () and integrating, jz =kSdt+log c, log y=kt-+Hlog ec, ‘or o tos (Z-) =e, or yoee™, ‘where the constants ¢ and & are determined from the given conditions. Here. the constant of integration is taken as log c in order to facilitate the writing of solution in concise form. The following illustrative examples, show the, use of: this -equation. - Example 1. Ina culture of yeast at each instant the time rate change of active ferment is proportional to the amount present. If the active ferment doubles in two hours, how much can be expected at-the end of 8 hours at the same rate of growth. Find also, how wmuch time will elapse, before the active ferment grows to eight times of its initial value. .550 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Sol. Let ybethe amount of active ferment present at any time rand yo, the amount present initially. Then « ay “a Separating the variables und integrating, | 2=kiat-+10¢ c3 where log c is constant of integration. or log y=kt+log c, or or oli) Initially, when 1=0, y=yo. From eqn. (i), we get c=Yo Hence the eqn. (/) becomes, y=yeett Also, when 1=2, y=2yo. Therefore, from eqn. (ii), we get 2ye=yee™* or et=2 Now, eqn. (fi), may be written as y=Fole*)'=Vo (2)** =+- (iil Now, when. 1=8, let y=ys. Therefore, from equ. (iii), we get ya Fo(2)*= 1670. Hence after 8 hours, the amount of active ferment becomes, 16 times of the original amount. Also, when y=8yo, let f=t;, then from eqn. (iii), we get Bye= Yo (2)? or 4=6 Hence after 6 hours, it becomes 8 times the original value-APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 351 Example 2. Uranium disintegrates at arate proportional to ° the amount present at any instant. If Af, and Mz grams of uranium are present at times T, and T, respectively, show that the half life of uranium is (Ty—T)) loge 2 Tog. (A4,/M-) Sol. If Af grams of uranium are present at any time rf, then am ar = —KM, where k is a constant. Separating the variables and integrating, dM Sr = TK Sdtt+log c or log Mf=—kt+log c ote (Baie ie. M=c e*# --@ Initially, when = r=0, let M—=Mo. From eqn. (i), we get Mo=c. Substituting in eqn. (i), we get M=Mo e-™, Gi) Now, when Ty, M=M, and when 1=T:, Af =M:. Hence from eqn. (ii), we get =Mo eT Mz=Mo e—AT= Dividing eqn. (iii) by eqn. (iv), we get A kT) Me * or k= iz ary lee: (MM. Let F be the half life of uranium, i.e. when =T, M=}Mo. Hence from eqn. (i), tMeo=Mo or —kT=log. )=—log (2), or T= {loge 2. =)552 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Substituting the value k in eqn. (v), we get pa (Ta=Ty) log, 2 loge (A4;/Ma) * Example 3. Newton's law of cooling states that the tempera ture of an object changes ata rate proportional to the difference of temperature between the object and the surroundings. | Supposing water at a temperature 100°C cools to 80°C in 10 minutes, in a room maintained at a temperature of 30°C. Find when the temperature of water will become 40°C. Sol, Let unit of time be 1 minute. If 7 is the temperature of the object at any instant , then by Newton’s law of cooling, aE =—k(T—30), (a) the negative sign shows that temperature decreases with time. Separating the variables in eqn. (i) and integratine a j pega a Hattiog 6, or log (T—30)=—kt+log c, or T—30=c e*, +i) (§9°4) Initially, when t=0, T=100°C. oe c=70. Hence from eqn. (ii), T—30=70e-*. _Also, when t==10, T=80°C, therefore, from eqn: (ii 80—30=70 e—10 &, or ele = 2. . Hence from eqn. (iii), =30-+70 (210k yeno, 10 or T=30+70 ( 2) : ae(iv) Now, when T=40°C, we get from eqn. (iv) #0 40=30+70 (>) 1 _ 5 \tne or +-( 3) , ot = loge (3) 08451. 5.99. °r 10 Togie (#) 0"1461 °. 1=57°9 minutes, the time that elapses before the temperature of the water becomes 40°C.’APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 553° Example 4. In the inversion of raw sugar, the time rate change varies as the amount of raw sugar remaining. If after 10 house, 8000 kg. of raw sugar has been reduced to 800 kg, how much ray sugar will remain at the end of 24 hours. _ Sol. Let m kg. of raw sugar be present at the end of ¢ hours. Taking unit of time as 1 hour, we have Separating the variables and integrating, ds fte—-« J actiog c, ™ or log m=—kt-+log c, or m=e e-#, -@ Initially, when 1=0, m=8000, a ©=8000. Hence eqn. (i), becomes m=8000 e-** a) Also, when #=10, m=800, therefore from eqn. (ii), we get 800=8000 e~1% or ont Substituting this value in eqn. (ii), m=8000(e-1)#/10 1 \tno = ct 8000 (45 When t=24, we have 1 \e4 m=8000 ( a) =31°848 kg, the required amount of raw sugar, after 24 hours. Exercise 9 (c) 1. Ina culture‘of bacteria the rate of increase is proportional to the number present. If their numbers are 3000 at the end of 3 hours and 5000 at the end of 4 hours, find their number in the beginning. 2. The radioactive isotope Thorium 234 disintegrates at a rate proportional to the amount present. If 100 milligrams of this material is reduced to 82°04 milligrams in 7 days, find an expression for the amount present at any time. Also, find the time interval that must elapse before the mass ‘reduces to one half of its original value.554 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ~ 3. If 30% ofa radioactive substance disappeared in 10 days, how long will it take for 90% of it to disappear. 4, Neutrons in an atomic pile increase at a rate proportional to the number of neutrons present at any instant. If No neutrons are initially present, and N and N; neutrons are present at time 7, and T, respectively, show that Ty, Ts (8 )=(48) No} \ No 5. The quantity of light absorbed in passing through a thin layer of water is proportional to the quantity of incident light and to the thickness of the layer. If one half of the original quantity of light is absorbed in passing through a 3 metre thick layer of water, what part of this quantity will reach a depth of 30 metres. (Hint : dl=—kl dh.] 6. The temperature of a cup of coffee is 92°C, when freshly poured, the room temperature being 24°C. In one minute it has cooled to 88°C. How longa period must elapse, before the tempe- rature of the cup becomes 65°C. 7. Ina certain chemical reaction, the rate of conversion of a substance at time ¢ is proportional to the quantity of substance still untransformed at that instant. The amount of substance remain- ing untransformed at the end of one hour and at the end of four hours are 60 gms and 21 gms respectively. How many grams of substance were present initially. 9°4, Chemical Mixtures and Reactions The following illustrative examples show pee applications of difierential equations to chemical processes. Example 1. 4 tank contains 1000 litres of fresh water. Salt water which contains 150 gms of salt per litre runs into it at the rate of 5 litres per minute and the well stirred mixture runs out of it at the same rate. When the tank will contain 5000 gms. of salt? (Madurai, 1974) Sol. Let x gms of salt be present in the tank after t minutes. Then the time rate change of salt in the tank is “=, which is equal to the difference of the amount of salt gained and the amount of salt Jost, per minute. This gives & orate of salt entering the tank—Rate of salt leaving the tank. Now, rate of salt entering the tank=150x5=750 gms per minute. At any time 7, the concentration of sait in the tank = ms. 1000 &™s-APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 555 Hence rate of salt leaving the tank x *5= 509 Too gms per minute. This gives, = 100~ a5 dx __150,000~—x or “a= 200 Separating the variables and integrati dx 1 . Saso 00x — soa] a & ox —log (150,000—x) = 355 # 7 @ Initially, when t=0, x=0. Therefore, from eqn. (i), we get e=—log 150,000. Substituting in eqn. (/), we get 150,000 _)\__1 log ( 150,000—x ) 200 150,000 (1 — e~#/200) -+-(ii) 1, when x=5000. t or Let From eqn. (ii). we get 5000 =150,000 (1—e-#1/790) 29 30° a 1,=200 log. (43) 200 x 2°303 (logie 30—logi 29) 200 x 2°303 x 0°0147=6°77 minutes Example 2. A sank contains 100 litres of brine solution having 50 gm of salt dissolved in it. Salt water containing I gm of salt per litre runs into the tank at the rate of 2 litres per minute and the well stirred mixture runs out of it at the rate of 3 litres per minute. Find the amount of the salt present in the tank after 40 minutes. Sol. Let x gm of salt be present in the tank after ¢ minutes. In one minute 2 litres of salt water enters the tank, increasing the salt content by 1 gm per litre. Now, the salt water leaves the tank at the rate of 3 litres per minute, so the volume of solution in the tank reduces by 1 litre per minute. Thus after ¢ minutes the volume of solution in the tank is (100—1s) litres containing x gm of salt. The solution leaves the tank at the rate of 3 litres per minute, decreasing 3x ) gm per minute. eon or the salt content byENGINEERING MATHEMATICg 356 [ADVANCED . tration in one minute Thus change in the salt concen! _( 2-37) 8 100-7 Hence, mn dx _»_ _34_, a7? T00-# dx, 3 .x=2. lt oF “a 00-1 * w The equation (i) is linear Hence, peel 057 dt _ 3 log (100-1) _=¢log (100—1)* oo =(100—1)* The solution of eqn. (i) is, —_1 {1}, ate, * Wo0=7F ? \ om =x 1 or Toone = C00 te -ti) Initially, when 1=0, x=50, from eqn. (ii), we get or Substituting the value of ¢ in eqn. (ii), x=(100—1)— TOF (100-1. When 1=40, . x=(100—40)— ar x (60)? =60—10°8=49'2 gm. Example 3. The air ina hall 20mx10m%5m_ is tested and Sound -to contain 03% of carbon-di-oxide (CO,). Fresh air containing 0°05% of carbon-di-oxide was admitted through the ventilators at the rate of 100 cu. m. per minute. Determin on-di- oxide after 50 minutes. e the percentage of carb minutes” Let x cu.m, of CO, be present in the hall after ¢APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS or or 557 Concentration of CO, in the hall => 20%10%5 ~ 10,00 ax 10° Rate of CO, entering the hall =100* cu. m/minute —S__ dt 10,060 ~~ 20 Rate of CO, leaving the hall x x = = le te 100% 7945—jp cu. m/minute Thus we have a_i x at ~ 20 — -@ The equation (/) is linear, 1 Leaed 10 Hence solution of equation (i) is x et arf oP? dite, x. eG otis +e e-tno wn ié) 3 Initially, when ¢=0, = 1000 x eae = x= From eqn. (fi), we get 3=t+e, c=5/2 Substituting value of c in eqn. (ii), x=4 (145e-#19), ++-(éif) =50, from eqn. (iii), 4 (145 e-) 4 (+5 x 00674), O°517 This percentage of CO, after 50 minutes 0517 90=0°05179 Too” * 100=0'0517% When358 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Example 4. Two chemicals A and B react to produce another chemical C. The rate at which C is produced varies as the product of the amounts of A and B present instantaneously. The formation requires 2 kg of A for every 3 kg of B. If 10 kg of A and 30 kg of B are present initially, then 5 kg of C are produced in 1 hour. Find (a) the “amount of C at any time, (b) the amount of C after 2 hours. Sol. Let x kg of chemical C be produced in ¢ hours. Pro- 2x Ss A and B are used in the ratio 2: 3. The amount of chemicals A and B present at any time , when x kg of C has been formed are ( 10-2) kg and ( 30-2) kg respectively. The duction of x kg of C requires — kg of A and = kg of B, because rate of formation of Cis 2. Thus, dx _ — 2x # =k (10-2 6 =& £ @5—») (50—), dx _ i. or an =* (25—x) (50—x), © pax. «where a5 KOK. Separating’ the variables and integrating, j dx @5—x) G0—z) dwhere log c is constant of integration.) =K Sdt+log c, 1 1 1 , or 35 JI — ox ]arexrtiog c or Fellog (25-2) +log (50—2)]=kt-+log ¢ 1 (S0—x) ]_ x or a5 lee (33 =Kt+log c. oi) Initially, when t=0, x=0, 1 n log c= a5 log 2. Substituting the value of log c in egn. (i), and simplifying. 5O0=x 5 ,25Kt wx 2° fii) Also, when t=1, x=5,APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 559 thus from eqn. ( or Substituting value of e?5* in eqn. (ii), 30—Z 9 (oyayt = 25 1 =(8/9)4) it or [l—F(9)4q° 20 GH) which is the amount of C present at any time r. Now, when *=2, from eqn. (iii), — 25 1-8/9) _ = “T= gay] 8°67 Ke. the amount of C present after 2 hours. Exercise 9 (d) 1. A tank containd 100 litres of an aqueous solution contain- ing 10 kg of salt. Water is entering the tank at a rate of 3 litres per minute and the well stirred mixture runs out at 2 litres per minute. How much salt will the tank contain at the end of one hour? After what time will the amount of salt in the tank be 625 gms. 2.. A tank contains 1000 litres of solution containing 600 gm of dissolved salt. Pure water runs into the tank at the rate of 16 litres per minute and the mixture which is kept uniform by stirring, is withdrawn at the rate of 12 litres per minute. In how many minutes the salt concentration will be 0°! gm per litre. 1. dx _ 12x [ztiee dt Toor] 3. A room containing 120,000 litres of air is originally free of carbon mono-oxide. Begining at /=0, cigarette smoke containing 4% of carbon-mono-oxide is introduced into the room ata rate of 10 litres per minute and well circulated mixture is allowed :to leave the room at the same rate. Find an expression for the concentration of carbon mono-oxide in the room at any time 10. Extended exposure to carbon-mono-oxide concentration as low as ‘00012 is harmful to the human body. Find the time at which this concentration is reached.560 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4. Ethyle acetate (CH;COOC,H,) reacts with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) forming sodium acctate (CH,COONa) and ethyl alcohol, according to the equation. CH;COOC:H,+NaOH —- CH,COONa+C,H,OH. Initially, 260 gms of ethyle acetate and 175 gms of sodium hydroxide are present. At the end of 10 minutes, 60 gms of sodium acetate is formed. Find the amount of sodium acctate present after 30 minutes. The atomic weight being given as under C=12, H=), O=16, Na=23. 5. Ina certain chemical reaction, two substance A and B react to forma substance C. The rate of formation of Cat any time yaries as the product of the amounts of A and B present at that time. The formation of C requires equal amounts of A and B, Initially, 4 kg of A and 3kg of B are present and 2kg of C are produced in 10 minutes. How much of C will be produced at the end of 20 minutes. 95, Application to Electric Circuits. A simple electric circuit consists of a source of electric energy such as a battery or a generator, a resistance, such as an electric bulb or an electric appliance, which uses this energy. The source of energy providing an electromotive force (c.m.f.) £, makes a current () flow through the circuit. The e.m.f. £, the current J and the - resistance R, in a circuit arc related by Ohm’s Law, which states that, “‘the physical conditions such as temperature etc. remaining the, same, the instantancous current Jin an electric circuit is directly proportional to the E.M.F.£." Symbolically, Tak, or E=IR, where R is the constant of proportionality and is called the Resistance. The more complicated circuits which are of much greater utility, contain inductance and capacitors. As in mechanics, mass has inertia effect, an inductance has similar effect on the flow of electric current ina circuit. A capacitor is a device to store electric encrey- \ 96. Notation and Symbols. The following standard symbols and notations are used to describe electric circuits. :561 APPLICATIONS OP FIRST ORDER DIPFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Physical Quantity Symbol Unit Diagrammatic Representation —4il-— @) £.M.F. or voltage, £ or V Volt Gi) Current Tori Ampere Gti) Charge Qorg Coulomb = (iv) Resistance Ohm (»)’ Inductance L Henry @) Capacitance c "Farad The symbol __ denotes a key or a switch. 9°7. Relationship between current J and v. t rolt: various elements of an electric cireait © OP 2CFOSE Let us consider an electric circuit containi, i . I ining a inductance L and a capacitance C*. If Tis the current in thee at any instant /, then circuit @ the potential drop Ex across the resistance is given by En=IR, (ii) the potential drop Ex across the inductance is given by fa, dt Gii) the potential drop E, across the capacitance is given by E.~ 2 4 free Cc Cc ’ where @ is the charge in the circuit. The study and analysis of the electric circuit containing the above elements is governed by Kirchofi’s law, which is stated as under. “In an electric circuit the sum of voltage drosp (potential drops) is equal to the supplied voltage (e.m.}.).” *Tt is common practice to refer to a resistor having a resistance of R ohms, an inductor having an inductance L Henrics or a capacitor having capacitance C Farads etc , as a resistor R, an inductance L and capacitor C respectively.562 ADVANCED ENGINEERING. MATHEMAT cg Example 1. 4 constant E.M.F., E volts is applied to a circui, containing a constant resistance ohms in series and a constant inductance L henries. Jf the initial current is zero, show that the current builds up to half its theoretical maximum in (CL log2)iz seconds. ‘ Sol. Let J ampere be th Thentapplying Kirchoff’s law, dls pie La +Riek i }]-—_—¢ e current in the circuit at any time ¢. we have s Fig. 9°4 a, Rp ht tT I=° -) ) is linear. The differential equation a Re R a Fs LF. J cael * he solution of the equation (i) is, Hence}! Re ae = Le = -|= et dite, (where c is afconstant of integration.) FO og Lb Re ct HE £et or Le =r-R e’ +e, ge a= ,ft R te. oii) Initially, when 1=0, 7=0, we get c=. Substituting the value of ¢ in eqn. (ii), EA ge 2 Let = @ (e* -0), Rt , — = TT or = Rime *), velit)APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 563 which is the current in the circuit at any time 7. The maximum theoretical current in the circuit sz. Let after Z seconds, the current in the circuit be half its theoretical maximum. Then RT t.A-£y. 7) 2 R R 7 _ Ar or e & -5, or T=(L log 2)/R. Example 2. An electric circuit contains an inductance L henries and a resistance R ohms connected in series. If at any instant the current in the circuit is I amperes due to a battery having a periodic ¢ m.f. given by Eo sin wt, find the value of the current at any time t, if initially there is no current in the circuit. What is the value of the current in the steady state ? (Panjab, 1980) in the circuit at any time ¢. Then inductance L and the resistance R are L oe and RJ respectively. By Kirchoff’s law, sum of potential drops=£, sin wr, Sol. Let / be the current i potential drops across the ; at ie. LG + RI =Eosin ot, er 7® sin or. ‘The equation (/) is in Leibnitz’s form. tre! Ee met ‘The solution of equation (i) is, Bt “Rr te b= Efe Lin wt dt, Re L ( ®. sin of—e cos of )tem tot where ¢ is a constant of integration. Jee sin bx dem =F, (a sin bx—bcos bx) +e. Sees Cos bx dx= x4 5_-(a cos beth sin bx)-+e.564 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, Bt e £ = + =Eo RiaiE: (R sin of —@L cos wt)te, — RL _ Eo in of + L i or T= eyes CR sin ot —oL cos at)tce (ii) Initially, when t=0, J=0, therefore from eqn. (ii), we get c= Eek Re Thus from eqn. (i), we have —-Rt . EwL e FL, I tae (R sin w!—oL cos o)+ eae ++. (iii) the required value of current at any time t. The steady state is reached as foo, Let the steady state current be i, then taking limits on both sides of eqn. (iii) as t 00. ,. Eo in wr . I= par sin of oF cos or) Example 3. The equation of electromotive force in terms of current i for an electric circuit, having resistance Rand a condenser of capacitance C in series is gait | & at Find the current at any time t, when E=E, sin ot. Sol. The given equation can be written as Rife at=E, sin ot. -) (Ce E=E, sin wt). Differentiating both sides of equation (i) w.r.t. t, divi Rt G=PEs cos wt, di 3) fy i _ Ey i or a +RE= RK 08 ot. ~G The equation (ii) is in Leibnitz’s form 7 : fd a LF.=e) RE dt_, RCAPPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS S555 Therefore, the solution of the equation (i/) is : r ie RE 2Eol RC cos wf dt r Re 1 oe al RE 008 Ofte sin wr)+k, RC (where & is constant of integration.) Eo oC ; t TR See (cos oR sin or) yp —Re, which is the required current. or Note. If conditions are given k can be evaluated. Exercise 9 (e) 1. Ina circuit containing resistance R and inductance L, the voltage E and the current / are connected by the equation . di L a tRi=£. Give that L=640, R=250, E=500, and i=0, when 1=0, find the time that elapses before i reaches 90% of its maximum value. 2. A voltage Ee~* is applied at t=O to a circuit containing inductance L and resistance R. Show that the current at any time t is Rr EZ gat ) R-aL 3. Solve the equation L & +. R1=200 cos 300 ¢, when R=100, Z=0°05, and find / given that i=0, when =0. What value doesi approach after a long time. (Panjab, 1978) 4. A 20 ohms resistance is connected in series with a capa- citor of 0°01 farad and an e.m.f.u volts given by 40 e-8'+20 e-® If g=0 at r=0, show that the maximum charge on the capacitor 0°25 coulombs. [ Hint: 20 a +100 g=40 e*+20 e-* ] 5. is in series with an inductance L is shunted by an equal resistance R in series with a capacitor C. An alternating566 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, e.m.f. E sin pt produces currents f; and /y im two circuits. If i; and i, are zero when ‘=O, determine i, and i, from the equations L SL +Ri~E sin pty and EtR ee =pE cos pt. E Verify that if R?C=L, the total current é,-++i, is given by R sin pt. 6. A decaying e.m.f, E=2000 e-* is connected in series with a 20 ohm resistor and ‘01 farad capacitor. Assuming Q=0 at t=0, find the charge and current at any time t. Show that the charge reaches a maximum, calculate the maximum charge and when it is reached. 9°8. Applications to Steady State Heat Flow Problems The basic principle invotved in the problems of heat conduc- tion in steady state is that quantity of heat Q flowing per unit time across a slab of crossectional area A and thickness Ax, whose faces are maintained at temperatures 7 and T+ AT, is given by =—kA 2 Q=-kA where k is the coefficient of thermal conductivtiy. The quantity of heat is measured in calories in C.G.S system and in kilo-calories in M.K.S system. Example 1. Calculate the amount of heat lost per hour through @ furnace wall, if the thickness af the wall is 45°7 cm. and the femperature inside the furnace is 1000°C and outside is 120°C. Assume k= 0°0024, for its masonary. Sol. Let @ cal/sec be the heat flowing out through | sq. m. (=10,000 sq. cm.) of the wall. If 7°C is the temperature at a distance x cm from the inner surface of the wall, then =—ka 2 g=-ka © Here A=10,000 sq. cm. = aT Hence Q=-—*0024 x 10,000 x dx Separating the variables, ar=—2 ax. 24 Integrating both sides, we get J aT=-- £f dx-+eAPPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 567 or ra--2 xe oi) When x=0, T=1000°C. Thus from equation (i), 1000= — ote or c=1000 Hence the equation (i) becomes, ir T=—3 x+1000 + Gi) Also, when x=45°7 cm, T=120°C From equation (ii), we have --2 7 120=— 24 x45°7+-1000 or Q=462'14 cal/sec. Thus heat lost per hour =462'14 x 3600 =1°66 x 10° cal. Example 2. A long steel pipe, of thermal conductivity k=0°15 c.g.s. units, has inner and outer diameters 40 em and 60 cm respec- tively. The outer surface is kept at 400°C and the inner surface at 100°C. (a) Find the temperature as a function of distance x from the axis of the pipe. (b) Find the temperature at the point when x—=25 cm. (c) How much heat is lost per minute from a portion of pipe 10 m long. Sol. The isothermal surfaces are concentric cylinders whose axis are common with that of pipe. Consider such a cylinder whose radius is x cm and length is 10 m. The surface area of the cylinder is= x X 1000=2000.=x sq. cm. Let Q cal/sec be the quantity of heat flowing across this cylinderical surface. Then dT Q=—kA or Q=—-o 15 x 20007x% SE aT —300 =x dx Separating the variables,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS oa a a or log x-ke, wd) When xee20 cm, Te 100°C. Thus from, WO — 4.9 tog 20-Fe vali) Also, when 30 em, T=400°C, Thus from eqn. (3), A00= —2— tog 3046 «. (ii) From eqns, (ii) and (iii), we have = =e aoe 739 and o=—2114 Substituting these values in eqn. (i), we get temperature T asa function of x. (a) T=739 log x—2114 ses(iv) (4) When =25 cm, we have from eqn. (iv), 39 log 25—2114=265°C. Hence the required temp. is 265°C. (c) We have Q=—739 X 300K =696138 cal/sec. (numerically) Heat lost per minute =696138 x 60 cal =4'18 x 107 cal. Exercise 9 (f) 1. Calculate the amount of heat passing through 1 sq. cm. of a refrigerator wall, which is 30 cm thick. The temperature inside the refrigerator being 0°C while outside it is 20°C. Assume k=0°0002 cgs units. 2. A pipe 10 cm in diameter contains steam at 100°C. It is covered with asbestos, 5 cm thick, for which k==0°0006 cgs unit and the outside surface is at 30°C. Find the heat loss per hour from a metre long pipe. 3. A long hollow pipe has an inner diameter of 10 cm and outer diameter of 20cm. The inner surface is kept at 200°C and the outer surface is kept at 50°C. The thermal] conductivity is 0°12 cgs units. How much heat is lost per minute from a portion of pipe 20 metres Jong? Find the temperature at u distance of 7°5 cm frum the common axis of the cylinder.APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 569 9:9, Geometrical Applications Differential equations can be applied successfully in solving a great v of geometrical problems. These problems are a great source of dillerential equations. ‘The following important results required for formations of differential equations are given for ready reference. . (a) Cartesian Curves. Let P(X, ») be any point ona curve AB whose cquation is Six, yo ¢ and PT, the tangent to the’ curve at the point 2, PN the normal. TR and RW are respectively subtangent and subnormal of the curve. Also, let IRTP=. () Slope of the tangent to the dy curve oy tan ¥, Fig. 9°5. ii) Equation of the tangent to the curve at the point P(x, y) mya (x. ¥. de (Xs where (X, ¥) are current coordinates of any point on the line PT. Gif) Equation of the normal to the curve at the point P(x, y) is , =-——1_ Y—-Y=—~ fax) _ dy \y_ y= or (x0 4+( BE )a—y=0. (iv) Length of the tangent pr=% ViFy®, (x—x), ¥ ‘() Length of the normal PN=yvV/ I+" (vi) Length of the subtangent TR=y/y', (vii) Length of the subnormal RN=yy'. iti) If AP=s, then ds a 1+(570 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS: dx (5) (6) Polar Curves. Let P(r, 6) be any point on the curve AB, whose equation in polar form is r =/\@) and TON a straight line at right angle to the radius vector OP. Further, Iet tangent and normal’ at the point P(r, 6) on the curve meet the straight line TON at the Fig. 9°6. points 7 and N respectively. Then OT is called the polar subtangent and ON the polar subnormal to the curve at the point P. Let the angle between the radius vector OP and the tangent PT be ¢. Then F ,_, do (i) tan ear (ii) Length of the polar subtangent 2d, OT=r ar (ii) Length of the polar subnormal dr ON= ag” (iv) Length of the perpendicular from the pole on the tan- gent=r sin ¢.APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS S71 (y) If AP=s, then Bete): ds 2. (i) Family of Curves, The equation /(x, y, c)=0, where ¢ is a parameter, represents a family of curves, because for different Values of c we get different curves, having the same property. Also, for a given value of ¢, the equation f(x, », )=0, repres- ents a unique curve in a plane. The differential equation of the curve is obtained by eliminating ¢ as follows. The equation of family of curves I(x, y, =O @ From (i), Eee feo 00 Eliminating ¢ between the relations (i) and (ii), we get a rela- tion of the form F (= y, \=0 iit) Since the relation (iii) is free from c, it holds for every mem- ber of the family of the curves. We have discussed a single parameter family of curves, however there may be multiple parameter familics also. (ii) Trajectory. A Trajectory is a curve which intersects every member of a family of curves, according to some definite law. Gii) Orthogonal Trajectories. A curve which intersects every member of a family of curves at right angles is called Ortho- gonal Trajectory. If it intersects each member of family of curves at some other constant angle, then itis called Isogonal Tra- jectory. (iv) Orthogonal Families. Two families of curves are said to be orthogonal, if every member of cither family intersects every member of other family at right angles. The properties of orthogonal trajectories are of great help in analysing the problems of applied mathematics, especially in the field problems. For example, in fluid dynamics, the ‘stream lines and lines ‘of constant velocity potential are orthogonal trajectories of each other- Similarly, in problems related to flow of electric current, the lines of current flow and equipotential curves are orthogonal trajectories of cach other. Many other such phenomena of orthogonal trajectories cai be found in various other fields such as heat flow etc.572 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (v) Working Rule to find the equation of Orthogonal Trajectories. (a) Cartesian curve fix, y,c)=0 1, Find the differential equation of the family of the curves in the form F(ss. dy 1 (2) Replace by — Taya because at the point of inter- section the product of siopes must be —1. (3) Solve the resulting differential equation a F(x» -€)=0, tbe equation of the orthogonal trajectories of the given of the curves. Orthogonal Trajectories of the given family of polar carves Sir, 8, )=0. (1) Find the differential equation of the family of the given carves in the form F(t d)ne (2) Replace Sey — . (3) Solve the resulting differential equation ( ab) _ Flr. —r? S )=o, the equation of the orthogonal trajectories of the given 2 cRIVEs. Exampre 1. Find the equation of the curve such that at each port of it, the subnormal equals twice the abscissa at that point. Sol. Let the equation of the curve be y=I(x), and (x, 7) 2 point on it. Length of the subnormal=yy Now, y Shans, which is the differential equation of the curve.APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 573 Separating the variables and integrating, we get Sy dy=2Jx dx-+e, or or or (where 2e=), which is the required equation of the curve. Example 2. A curve in the first quadrant passes through the point (0,1). The length of the arc Jrem the point (0, 1) 10 any point (x, ¥) on the curve is numerically equal to the area bounded by the curve. x-axis, y-axis and the ordinate at (x,y). Find the cquation of the curve. Sol. Let AP be the portion of the curve, where the coordi- nates of the point A and P are (0, 1) and (x, ) respectively. Length of the are AP {vl 1 (2) zy dx.) Also area OAPM x =|» dx - Gi) From eqns. (i) and (i J CEES anf or erating, Separating the variables and inte: j dy___{axtk Trot514 ADVANCEND ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, To integrate the left hand side, substitute y=cosh 8, dy=sinh 6 dé, Thus from eqn. (iii), sinh = d=. J Veositoy + inh @ or [Sake mate or b=x+k wiv) Substituting the value of @ in eqn. (iv), cosh p=x+k y=cosh (x+k) Now, at the point 4, x=0, +) Substituting the value of & in eqn. (v), we get y=cosh x, the required equation of the curve. This curve is known as catenary. The general form being y==c cosh (x/c). Example 3. Find the equation of the curve for which the-angle between the tangent and radius vector at any point on it, is half the vectorial angle at that point. Sol. Let the equation of the curve be r =f(8) and P(r, 9) any point on it. If¢is the angle between the tangent and the-radius ‘vector to the curve at the point P, then ! r # =tan d Gi) Substituting ¢= 8/2 in eqn. (i), we get r # tan 6/2 Separating the variables and integrating, dr do j£-] tan 8/2 Hog 2a, where log 2a is constant of integration. log r=2 log sin 6/2+log 2a log (2a sin? 6/2) Oo r=2a sin? 6=a (1—cos 8), r=a (1—cos 4), ~which is the required equation of the curve. _ This curve is known as Cardiod. _ OrAPPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS S75 Example 4. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 24H, where > is a parameter aT BER? Where © 1S a P ° Sol. The equation of the family of the given curves is . eter © Differentiating eqn. (i) w.r.t. x, 2x, _2y dy a® “BEA dx x dy or at Geno i) To eliminate the parameter 4, we equate values of 5°*+A from eqns. (/) and (ii). Now from eqn. (i), Ba and also from eqn. (ii), +a sev) From eqns. (iii) and (iv), or +) which is the required equation of the family of given curves. The differential equation of orthogonal trajectories of given family of curves is obtained by replacing -~ by -& : Hence, from eqn. (v), the differential equation of orthogonal trajectories is +(-3)-s x a Separating e. variables and integrating, 2g? or J25H at] vayae. or S( x-#) axt & =c,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS uw 2 a 2 log x+2c. the required equation of the family of curves. Example 2. Show shat the system of confocal and coaxia] perabolas +x), is self orthogonal, where a is @ parameter. Sol. The equation of the family of given parabolas is y=4a(a-+3). li) Differentiating (7) w.r-t. x, we get iy Ee =4a, dy - y SS oo lf or YG a2 (i) Eliminating a between eqns. (i) and Gi), we obtain the diffe- rential equation of the family of given curves, as (ELEC p=} Ay dx or (2 dy x) 2x & —y=0. ++ (iii) To obtain the differential equation of the family of orthogonal trajectories, replacing 2 by -aa we get ts. ~—ge)- = » Lamar Je( ayldx_) 7° ox BY 4a peo, which is same equation as eqn. (iii). Hence the result. Example 3. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of cardiods r=a (1+cos 6). Sol. The equation of families of given :urves is r=a (I1+cos 9) wo (i) Differentiating (i) w.r.t. 6, we get oa sin 8 velll)APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 577 Eliminating a between eqns. (i) and (i), 1d ___siné 7 dé —~—1+cos 6 which is the differential equation of the family of given curves. w+ (él) To obtain the differential equation of the family of orthogonal . je. a trajectories, replacing —4— by =r? a in eqn. (iii), we get 4 (2 2)— dé r ___ sin 6 oF dr ~ 1+cos & tan 6/2. Separating the variables and integrating, i 6 . j Hf cot —S d8-+log 2c, where log 2c is constant of integration. Therefore, log r=2 log sin @/2+log 2¢ =log sin® 6/2+log 2¢ or r=2c sin® 6/2 or r=c (1—cos 6), which is the equation of the families of orthogonal trajectories of given curves. Exercise 9 (g) 1. Find the equation of the curve for which the cartesian subtangent is constant 2. Find the equation of the curve, whose slope at any point (x, ¥) is 3x-+4y- 3. The length of the normal from any point of a curve to the x-axis is constant r(>0). Show that the curve is a circle of radius r. 4. Find the equation of the curve such that the lengffi of the normal to the curve at any point is proportional to the square of the ordinate of the point. 5. Find the equation of the curve which possesses tne follow- ing property: the sum of the lengths of the tangent and sub- tangent at any point is proportional to the product of the coordi- nates of the point of tangency. 6. Find the curve for which the length of the perpendicular from the foot of the ordinate of any point of the curve on the tangent is constant and equal to c and the curve intersects the y-axis at right angte.578 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 7. A curve passes through the point (0, 1) and is such that the portion of the x-axis cut off between the origin and the tangent at any point is double the ordinate of the point. Show that the equation of the curve is 2y log y+x=c. 8. Find the equation of family of curves for which the iength of the part of the tangent between the point of contact and the y-axis is equal to the y-intercept of the tangent. 9, Find the equation of the curve for which (i) the polar subtangent is constant (=a), (i) the polar subnormal is constant (=a). 10. Show that the curve for which the tangent at eachf point makes constant angle ¢ with the radius vector is an equiangular spiral r=c e® Sts. 11. Find the curve for which the angle between the tangent and the radius vector is twice the vectorial angle. 12, Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of following curves : () y=kx (i) xP+y?=2ax Gif) y*=ax? (iv) r?=a cos 26 (@) 2—yt=0?, 9°10. Micellaneous Applications The following examples, illustrate the use of differential equa- tions to problems of varied nature. Example 1, Find the atmospheric pressure at a height ofk metres above sea level. Jt is known that at sea level this pressure is 1 kg/cm?, while at a height of 500 metres above the sea level it is 0°923 kg/cm", temperature being assumed constant. Sol. To obizin a relation between the atmospheric pressure p kg/cm’, and height / metres above the sea level, consider a vertical column of air of area of crossection 1 cm*. Let an element of this column be bounded above and |below by two horizontal planes at height A metres and (A+ Ah) metres respectively, above the sea level, Further let the atmospheric pressures be p kg'cm? and (p+Ap) kg/cm’ respectively. Thus element of this air column is subjected to an upward force p kg, downward force (p+ Ap) kg and the weight of element acting downward along with the horizontal forces. Since the clement of the air column is in equilibriam, these forces must balance. Equating the vertical forces, p=(p+Ap)+pgAh, (where ep kg/cm®, is the average density of the element)APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 579 Ap _ or Bir =e Proceeding to limits as Ah—O0, we get dp _ , Gh Pk ++ @) which is the differential equation, giving the atmospheric pressure at a height 4 metres above the sea level. Now, when the temperature remains constant, air obeys Boyle's law, 1 pay where » is the volume of the air at the pressure p. or PEP, (+ step ) or p=ke, or e=plk. Substituting the value of e in eqn. (i), we get dp Sp ~~ FE =—Kp (where K=4. ) Separating the variables and integrating, c/o { J 3 K | dht+e or log p=—Kh-+e --(i) when h=0, p=1, . c=0. Substituting the valuc of ¢ in eqn. (ii), log p=—Kh or Gti) when or 08 _, or K= 3g" "00016. Substituting value of K in eqn. (iii), the required relation bet- ween atmospheric press arc p kg/cm* at a height 4 metres above sea is given b: level is given by pen 5 Note. In case temperature varies, the air obeys the adiabatic law PvY=k, Generally, for air y=1"°4.