UNIT-N

put-Ouput 0rgaruigaio
The put output Grtgauizaluov Cobutek debend
upom Ha Size Coupute oud HA Pexipkonais omeded
to it. T
0 Subsys tem q He Gpukern, ovides
On
etuet mcde o Cowwwui Calion betuueun He Certal
Systëm nd t Ouutsde envivtomment.

4.1. Peipheal devices

eviceA hat ue Ha e c t Control
Umdur ka
Coupuuter a r sais to be Connected On-line.TKose
oleuites ara desigmed to Jaas inteMmMlin inso or
Outp He m e d uit upon Commamd om e
CPu aud ane Cosidored te be part a tota
Copude Systewn.
Tuput o Output deuics athached te he Coputer
are Calod eriphrad.
Tara
ae Hree tybes feiphoxals
i) Zput Penihiras
(1) Output feihorals
() t-Outpat foribhorals
TKa Paistoeas nay be. aalog ov
oligital autd
Sereial oY Yallel. Tha mast Comman orabhorols
are Keyboartd, Monaitor.oud ilees. feriphorals nat
rovid Qunilliay stonage. tov e Systm a a
Magmeli olisn ausl tabes tat aue elocita echsical
Oud elardrgmasmtic douice Son Couplouity. fike
Monitov od Kyboarcd
Pitee
Mlagmeic tepe
Magetic disk.
 Tu-Cutpet dextace TKis ravide a
mekod
camsfevi faaacn betun itetnal
Stenage ad exdertmal lo devices. ipharals ded
to a Coabuter med 6petal Commudtston liuks ka
ictetaung Ham i k Ha Contral ocaing Uuit,

Ta unbone OHa Comuacoom iu s to JteAalu

e Aeencas Hhat euist betuaa t Cadral
Cout ond each fanibheal.
T ajoy teanees a r e l

(i). eriphorals are elluironethannital auud elueaagnetio

deuices od Huin manne opeeTen ib olitaant
o HeOpeitM H CPU aue mAmohy, huhseh are
electtoit. deuites. Trafara, a ConuuuSin aSgnal jaluog
M mesoed.
ti).Ta olata Traster date Paraphanals is ususlly
Slouner han tansjer rat cPU ond Congantly,
a Seyn crtonigation machmidm may be nesaled.
(tid. Data Coses ad fonmuts ion Poihkorals dihe
eom Ae wond ovmal in the CPU 0ud memoJH

u). Tke openatimg mades reipharas a n e o{erent

ro ea.ch othu Ond eseh wust be Cotralled so a
mot to distrb Ha oporoation oHar oxiphrals
ConMeted to e CPU.
melude
To ealug has i t M s , Comput Syste
3peeial kancuaN CowponttA betuuum He CPU aud
Pexiphorals to Aperues ad Sqnchronizes all inuhut
colles
aud Cuut trans|es. Thasm Coutonntnts are

betueRm e
Interpeee uit becast thoy tauterkaue
o.
the roce%ey bu ad he fopheral deviws.
121I/o bus ad 1totacu Mlodulh, - Et defimsd the
typitalb betuuLm tHe NOCesdoy aud Seural
eripheral The /o us Conssts datu ines
adduinus ound oncralLinnts. TKe Ilo bus
ow Hhe oamery in attachos to all oiphals
iterpa. lo Co mnAymicate auh a fauiulan deuioe
H rotasev lacs a deuiu addu o»n addu
inas
Dada
tocesov Alaos
Condnal

ntenau Tdovase

Koyboand Magnelit

dk ose
ioploy Teoi
Conntcin o bus to 1lo devices
Eac dedac eradas H addaA ad Conntral eied
from t a 10 bus,
Tuterpreis fhan toy Poriphurals
oud
aud ovidas igals tev He Peöphoeal (outrallor.
a l A o Symckroniges he dada low aund
Superw
ta tawfer betuaum fenibhoal aud rocus éach
Peiphoal kas its Own Conttoller, fov exaul
Hh t e t Contaller Codrals t her motio,
H 4i
Th Comtsel i A a i JeeAs as an Zlo Gmland
The Command ore oAlousi
(a) ConAul Conmammd ! - A Corntril ommand is
iKsuedto actiuate t e feiphaal eaus te e m
 alhat fo alo. s
u ed
e .
A Status Comntand
b) Status Comand
He telace
fo s t vauiows Atats CondlitiomA in
oud the foiphoal.
kada Otput owiand
Cc) Output daa Commamd A
Cauie He ttnau to xespomd by anserviug
Oe Jegtdters.
(Tput data Commamd Ka odaA uput Cawmannd b
h oppoAite. q Hhe data dutput. m Hin ConL h
tugace drecenas on iftm o dasa rom ku loxipharel
aus lacas it in ito
bufker sugint.
2.2 0 esuA MenoNy us To amntnuicate hih o,
T oCAAov St Commynnicak. hit He nmay Ut,
ika Hh Il0 bu, ta mumay hu Contains
daste, addorres
G ead /wnite Coutrad lns. Thues are
S
Hat Suays
uay
Capute buA Cam be uses to owwwnitate uuih
Ct) U tus parate buses, oe toy memay aud oHu
tey Io.
(i) u t eve Com man huA ty bork namay and o but
paa Conbal lns eath.
egme Conmem bus tov mmoy auld
Conmmon Conttol lint
Ilo i t

4.2.3Io oc Tn hi aboue tisust nmehod,

ThaCouuputen ha imadepenialent AtA data, addra
O d Codro hu A,OuR ey acei memany aund oken
T o . T i s in done tn ulbuts a tovide a
Separat l o notuser (ZoP). TKe uvrpose. ) 10Pi
ovide dnlapemdeat laH u0ly v he
to am

Or Itoy Metim betuuim entstertvnal oevice od

Taner
mdenmal
1.3 Aaymchromous Date Tawstu
This 8chme ud len speld 1lo oauices do mot
id
Matth wit miots acak% av, aws Hdng
thaLkHstA
To deuies n not
litabl, Hi mehad, vo us
l tateA He aluuite ad ChUK Staus, AA a Aut,

dat. usn oaytu n naady CPo iMuus itwion tey

Ho twLa. Z Hi metad two tH
feckqua
Q Aed based om Siyoaals balora slad beanola
(i) &tobe Codr
l Hamdskaki&
(i tabe, Cano Tin melad q Aoynchromous olot
tans bloys a Sinde Cautdnok e to tine esck
TRawsla, Ta strahe noy bc actiasad by eitar H
H
Sore 0d lastinaion Uit

Sow Dau bu Aesfnao

Ud
Stohe Umit

Date
Stoh
TRoin diopom
Souwrs-hikoded Atrohe tar Dasta lurswdert U

ahous liagam, is Ha bimay inp

d a a bus C
to olastinaliom Uad.19pitally, Ha hus
nalion rom Sours
ka ultpll i n s to tuslur Qm euir byfe. wohol.
or

a a Snfe l i Hot inntatms a

dostiralon
T h Stabe
Unit a valid elae in avt uaikhlu.
Kaus
H Souru U t t i t
TTiing cliogham frali), bus. T
Om t e ota
iodmalon
H dat n He dada
bus aud St>ohe. Sig-nal nennain I Ke aclunt Stafe

los a destima om utt to JRCeiNHi dat

Bata bus Oestioali

SowtC
Unit Strob

BlocR
oliaghame
Date Valid alata

Sto
hin Diaplane

Destatdn-aithaed S>rohe er Data reafe

Zn Hin mehad, the oles tionali Unnt activales He
Ctob e , to iorim HhaouCL to Lrtovide,
olate, T Sout ulu JUApOnd by aing
Jeguasted bimay inbnmiliun o he ola/a bus.
TL late, n s t be. valid od uains m h bu
Jo
Jamg enough py olestimalonn Unl to acept t.

mti atc epled h dastinalim Uut e olinahlu

the Sttohe owd h SoutdL Unt Jomoues olate
o He bus.
Disaduonda, 0) SIrabe pal e .utee. (lantt
I Hades
losinaln y t ka4
aofuall Jzerahnod Aolata iln
H
uA.

ha a Kougui t t lu Senutea. s t l has

actuasiy ored olada o. bus, 7E Hanndshatig

tad d Snluns abl
 Hamskouk
(n) Hamd
kin Mekod
doluas A rablum
Strobe MUhod by
Signal Hat
imdrodvung a netsud
omtro
rovidas a Japty to H
Unid thot
Te baie imie o. handa kaAing i tuwa-
L u aA Ha dak ow IM Ha
to othnalion. huA bom
hom Soure
Soute
e d hy Sowe Ut
t deAHmatian Uut ulatut H to ian
MH bus. a mlid dot

H ineuton
H oleiinali tn to t So
H oleAtinalin Udto ionum H
&ouna wluH
Can aut t dada.
Souu Tihated 1hawt Ui9 Handdhaki41
T a9uim eeds Shawm e w os3ila, tase
Hat Ha Syotun c be at ay given time.T Soure
Unnit itiatA He Hawu by blaug Hu olata an
Hbus od enuahig it olosta hli Sgnal.
T olata aceested ijnal in atiaded by Ha dlasflj.
Ut qtn tauuptn h alataon thhus. TK
Sowrca u t ta dlisabis ds date aucebted Sipael
Od Hh Sytu Gaes i t do i n t Stak

o t a bus
Soww Dote Ualid dastiw
Unt
Dee acus ted

o c oliagam
 Place ha date
d Crn buA Hept olata from
ada volid bus
Ermahl date aeepted

Siaye ald BDae dasa

data
Lnyaliilate. olate auep ted.
OnA buA

Soun olosthmaon
Ut Unut

eAtimalio tialed ramafer Uig Hamddhalong

M a Signal qemeoted hy destialiin U t
h heam Chan-d t o a c y ter olata to e l s i t

M ing.he Sowtu t i n this Cscloes m

L _ e v data Srgal ran H olas tHnation Uit.

Sowue
ata hurA Desthmalia
ad yalid Unit
Uit Raady ey olata

ocR liagnan

Souu Urit estinalir Ut

aady a acuept
Cna huA. olah.
Enahll dae ul:4 Euahe 90ady taY
lat

sale losa t e s tbuA.

a om
Volcd
Tmvalida dlat
date
 vatay Olandshakjng
(i) Thio Schae -
ovl
degre a. -luhildy Ound
nd
nability bec the
Svful oiplehiorn
ate Danr nelis an
by both Ut. allnt ortiipans
(t) d tnaMir uill mot he
y Gulbks,

31Hsymchtomauw Se-il nsmiasionl-

T olat hetnn Two Uibs in a Seial
0Y onallal, Znnallel dack -bandnaission ,n hit ia
th MMage wst anAnitted tuug n Sepanat
Comeuuev oh.Im Seid
Tamssnm, each bit im
t m% a ib Sent iîra Sesunu Oe ata fi
ad binany jenmalin aaherdad duly uuhsn
tt auadahl. uhin tue mo ibamiom to h
tasLNDLdn m a i s id.
t h i » techmiGuA each chanate oniots q Hres
oids.
S t a r t bit
(ii) Chucter bi
(iC Stop hit
(i) Sted bit-tinot bit, calles Steod bit aluiays
zero asd usld to innditak H begining Chaadtr.

(iCAa& ttet hita Bito m betuueLn a Stett but oud

chara tten bt
Stp b t oue Kmguwn a

bit (alled Atob but b aluays d e

(Step hi Last
bit
ued to iudicate end a charackS.AAh
Oud end Janacer,
aluay tM t 1-8tau aud r a H
 C:9 The dada o tramorit b
1o0G 10,kam

Staut
bit
ChaaLtr bit-
bt

Serual IasniNim fAbymthran9us dona by tue up

(&) Asymchomoun omviliin nrlal
6) firot Z frst dut lupwr.
(a) Asyn chromos Owd (a i ntuau.-Zt woKA
buia JaLever aund a tanamitax. Jts o paghon in iwitialged
byCPo Aeneling a byte to a nlxal JaGidt ,
by
a dak byfes om CPy
Te trs itten giAtUL atepts
HSuh fhe daa bus aud thamsternad to a su# Jagiste
tov S i d taonisa ian.
into amoHu ShA
The ecain ixtian necetue îanmalyan
giste, Ornd uhin a Caunplete data by aeceind it
6

hamsderras fo J t e c e t u regibt.
fo nead he byte
CPU Cam Selet Ha tecemur see_ister
hrouh H dasa bus.ata inn Hi Atatus ragiAtr ue
toY i and (utut,
b) rirat In first Cud Bulter(ELFOJ|:>1 ba meuy

Uit hat imaamatievn is Svch a mame Hat A fiist

tone
Carns uuih
itun i te ite idt Out. A FLF0 bur
Separae input Ond Okput fenmas. 7k Jupotand fectue
Hin buAir Hhat it Cam iput alak aud usut dak at
n
t i clitenat a A . mhlM aces betueen to U ),

FLFO Can auept alaa prom h Saure Uuit at On

J r a t , a t 1 ransfer and dlelinex HA olata fo Ha
olestinauom Ua ad amoher J r a .
Mtoles Da
asha T Da ante
Can h by Vaous rModes. Saue q Ha
Modes um CPU am atMedia a, oes
t er olata oliutlyH to aud
om a nmertoy
Unit oud in Cam he handlud b
allouig woja
ogrammed Llo
detuht -itiadd 0
Diret Mentay Aruo (DMA)

Opeallov are JAu in lo mAtwlions

hit in a Pant
Counputer ogham. tach date
transte lmitiaded by a Itwdion im
aam. Nodmaly he tianKot iA rom a CPU Jentor
to
euhLnsl alovic or Uiu- vosa.
Omue doa in Ihakd a CPu Atads monitoing
tha u l a to ham t tasp Can made
He Intwuons
h e ogamm Kayp lam tabs
eeyting Hhas fafas lac im e utela
Uhit o uics.

ode hus tekaue lo bus

CPU Adbuo bu Da koginte
oR Valid
oletice
Slakus Donda
en a buk alafa n anailabla, he aluiccs h
RT t bu ound enables itA alaka valid ioa
Titt4au acuepts HA hyte. into is dak apdt
emahlas H data acieptes n t . TKe nakeapacu.
be
Sets a bit im HeSttus Jegiakr hot nill
iAe to as bit.
laj bit in -esual fe 1, H CPU Seads He
lak ron e date ejid-tex. Teag bit in Kan
liares to 0 by eihe te u ov hi ivtria
incuil a e olsg
oleberndi n hauð tha intnfaGe
ta inutaface dhabs Hi
ClLaned,
doa auehtede oud Ae device, (an H THaMpe
He n t dote byk
hat v Re abe epenal in aua zlod
T low

Kood olasa agistx

heck. fly bit

Kead satus nagiste

Tansfon clah o Nanday

No
oplle?

Candimu. i h Uom
cnbac_e Ttogawed The main brasnk
hMa agam fioked Ho wa hat he CPu hs
Units al fies han Hhe (rogham
Monitoy te
to
HA CPU Atay in a
hoghsm lnob
Uhtil t Ilo U IvditatA Hat it Jeady for
H due trao, Thia to aattnu Cosujgouns
Ld H CPU int in huasted a Jot t Kaipig Cn

To MOu He nahluwn an truuht auiliy aud

( teruuht nitiacted 0Ia #in nasha/ an

udernuht faciluty a nterht Comnad is uAe!

deuiu about He S+axt aue
ena
te inda H
une He CP eeLuks aHar
d e t r i n n S Aat
anan. uhl He tntodaci
da baler t gennats an
odeurce i neady
oud e t s t to HA lapukr.
Tnteruht Ksuest
i c e i u e s u t k an Stynal, it
konjoneily
IlA CPU
eyLulon agaM aud hngnchas to a
Stups th4 d
fo hatuM HA 0 asJAN
Sexuit a a m t
utunn ack. to tadK, lhat
o r oulahig

TEeueutin haes 0 dutrut-TnvifRated

epheneaked ion oustharet
 Raas claka nasioH

Chue bt

Read euA Najistur

Tano cdat to nMiLay

Cotnu Ha hoghamm

uaity -tervubt AiOMidy lnctrrubt ia a

Syttun Hat slahshas a ioniy olar Hhe yaious
SoursaAfe l k i s mhick, Candi Hiovn to ha seuiad
nAt hin tue av Ma JaguAtA a i Smulknlad,
SyA Hm may alno oletmie -uuhith CondihHowo ard
Yeritd to i t u b t ButiA e oututr ulil
notr inkeubt bein vied. Highor-ionity
imkroupt utls ae amigd t guss mhitkh,
Jelayed oy intrnupted,
Devices

iKA
iKA a
giun igh ruaruity, aud Alo
yb 0tds receiut. Jouo leyias Suc
iarity.
ioity o Simultamtou inntouts an he dont
by Sathuiu "or harduare.
iay ttduht

SoLtaru MRAn

Pallimnacudoe oisy-chainun Psrallel

iori
(1 A palba Kacedunu y used e idamuly Ha igest
iarity Sour by Sottuae M23s. n iin mehsd
Hhue i Ome Conmmen branc addra or all iukvrusta,
TAbogsm taut takes Care q dervupts beings
at H hand addre oud rls Ha tounipt
Sounias in Se_usnte.. " andare inn uhich. tay a
tested dektninus Ha rioy each inutetu

( Dady-thaiuig_ier yuiautt> i s mehas o, esahlidluiy

sioiy Cnists q a Seial Connelion f al devias
HLa hgust andenupt. a olui"uit haghast
iority Waud im hrst sitio, flUeed hy lewer
ioi devrcas u h the cevice i k Aguust ÍHiarÜty
udic in Ploced ont m tA Cloin.
TLinteuupt eguast L Comidn t all aleuics
Od onms a uined Jogic Connection. a v y deuice
has ds ntteuht Sig mal tnn He Joo-louel sde, H-e
oLtrUubt Ur gaes
fo he Jow-Loul stase amd enabes
Andenupt innput M He CPU.
/s) Karallel ioritynkaupr-
TYanallel

bis 4 spately by ha intovult Stral

2ach leuit. darity nepihlskod
osition s
atonatA tHe
He b i m Hhe agIaH.. L a a
fo e indrut negiotn Re inuut may inelud,
ihon
nish Jeitu nhos
a
Pabon. t o ocb-al
Stetus d each t-oupt AGuust.
T s K agidt lam b oamnmld to didahl
ou-iolty iternults b l a ishar -io-d
euice erwiced. t an alno 7
rovide a facility
Ht allows ign- Liority geuie dwic to
aa

innteyt He CPU hile a louuu- biarty dei

hein twied.
Dinect Mema Atucs (DMA) >
Tn H iMect Memay Atces (amA), Ha 1teacs
tHasfer tha olta t e Od bud h e mervMany U t
oug MaMANY buus. Te tramer olata betwean
a l a t staage olev ica Auch s agnede disk. Oud
momoy iqhm mited byH HA Speid Ha CPU.
Kemoving
KemoviA He CPU om t Po owndletig HHa
uipheral deui Mmag Ha nmemay buses linetly
Joull ipront H speLd q tgnsjr. Tis ranslar
feclig i Callled et Memoy A c e AMAJ.

Dwring h rMA t a s k u r , ha CPU i d l h n d

Du
hasMo Contral t a Memany buses, A OMA ntroller
takas 0we tha hues to manag Ha tramser olinedy
etneum He / o device amd memaly.
Ona Cammom meted eteyiuely u e d
m iooprouMor
t o adinahlu H buss HoohApecial Contral Stgralk
Suth a
(i) Sus reguat (GR), (ii) Bs (prt (K)
TTas two (Ondxol Shgnal im Hhe CPU Hat failitates
He mA tanAe.
TKi hut uses lay he DmA ts
(i) Ss negust (K-
HCPO. \Nhan hid Zput i
Caroller. to Jagust
UPU tetinates tA enetulon a th Cunet
actineHe
iMAUlian and lacs Ha acddr hus dlota hu
Owd e o d n i . ines into a high Thedesnce
Stak
TLe -

mcetak. bekaues ike Qn pe

TLe Hiyh iwhedomce
Hhat H Output io olisomnecA
Cincuut, MMich ans

Omol loes mot haue a dogic. >igilican.

il Bus utat> T CPu actinaks he ISuA brant(Bc)
humA
Ouuhut to ipeum t e exteMal mA Hat e
He High heesence Stats. T MA Hat
axe in
ontral
OrTimak Hi bus cegiAt an maw tall
huhout
He huAes t6 Cadret mernany transfer
HoteAov, Ialkem AA MA toumaka
t i trawjer,
toinables th iSus Rasuust (SK) in. T CPU disbbs
Hhe Sus C a t (BU, takus (ontral H buses
d w m to iks monal operalie

Har
k Aansur Cam h mala n Beveal halys
,
i) SmA t nust
Cyl Stealig
(i) AMA st Tm AMA Kust taser,
Reguemi Gnsidhg a a muubut q Merinly
a block
im ondindw bust kli
wonds is tasferad
bues,
te mA Comnolln i MastoN 4 Ha memaly

(i) Cyu stealiong Cyel. Atealing allous ha SMA

CAntralle to t r a o One slata niond ad aine,
ate l i k it must Jotum Comtol a buses
to Ha CPU.
AßUS A d u w bus

ABUS
Aak Bus

RD Reod

CPU IS Sipmals terr mA Dayer

 DMA C0mtralle
Te AMM orttrollo mesds
HL usUl CiuutA 0 am (mturaLe, ta ommumitat.
i CPu and o alevice. TKe AMA antalo
HLL agis to
(i AddM KagistrAdolreRs Kagistur Contains an
addrus fo Specity e olosirred Jocalicn in naariOy
to tean Hhe dat um ad
p Qmd meay
4ddnen.
(iil Word Coout Kogis ter-Wad Cout
H mUuhr
logister
wands to be raons foréd. The
halds
negistor
imnnntt er oleeemet by Gnul
4atr each Jord
tansr ad
memally tuuted 4ar Zero.
( Contbol ka_is tee Contral hegirter Specie
t Malh t-ofer.

ThUht ommunicate hum C9U Via H dat bus amd

Codrol ns, H Lgidte in Ha AMA a e deleeted
b the CPU Hhough t h addros bus by eMahling He
by
Ds (AMA Sehct ond RS (lozistt Seluui) naputs. "He
RA (ad) d WR (Mik iputs anL bidiauiovmal.
Ilhan 1eK4=0, a CPU Can Commuftate ni
H MA Rayistus HOugh i datA buA to ead
to or wik. fo ha AMA ragistra.
Whin K=l, H AMA Co Coninayuicate Anudly
KU HA Mtmaly by Apeilyig an addru iot ha
auddbus bus omd adtiyalig ts RA or wR ontrel.
 A d u s hus

n a l (Sus

dd hayis ter
s RS
Wand Gvd Kagister

i W
onbel Kesistue
Tatrut DMA Kaguust
AMAAtkvoulsdet

Uc Diagam AMA Cotallor

MA Tbadtu CPU Comwriot hk Ha
te addram ond aloA hus as l
mA Hwaugh
ary inderlas Unut. TKa AMA ha ito own adaru,

initoliges H }MA Hnough Ha alata hus, Onu

H MA e i s He Stat 9trol ommamd.
betweun HePeipkoral owd
Moy.
Gc0, H kD ad WlR eune h u t linss allainy
He CPu to (omvnnaitat u l t ha utetmal A M
agiirs. uhsn LGt2l, the RO od NRarre Output
JiA om h MA Contallave to t andom
a ce nMay fepecty He uad ov wie qoaton
dada.
 oupt
CPU RAM

RD wR Abes Dek, RD AR Alne

Read Codrol
ik_Gdrol
Addras bus

Adh Aaa bus4

SelLt

R wk Addbas Datk|
SMA ack nouulede
OS
MA
Comdrallr Yeiphul
SMA AGust Deuice
Ttoout

MA tramslhr i a npukr Syskm