Research Group

1: Types, Variables, Operators

 Goal
Learn enough Java to do something useful

Examples
– Automate mathematical operations
– Process data
– Create and play around with objects
– Draw some graphics

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 Assignments

• View and submit via Codeboard.io

• Collaborate with others
• Write your own code
• Must submit every assignment

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 The Computer

Memory

Central
Processing Unit
(CPU)

Input/Output
(IO) Devices

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 CPU Instructions

z=x+y Read location x

Read location y
Add

Write to location z

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 Programming Languages
• Easier to understand than CPU instructions
• Needs to be translated for the CPU to
understand it

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 Java
• “Most popular” programming language
• Runs on a “virtual machine” (JVM)
• More complex than some others (eg. Python)
• Simpler than others (eg. C++)

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 Java
What is Java
– Object Oriented programming language
from the 90s
– A programming tool developd by 13
people manged by James Gosling for
the *7 project
– Syntactically similar to C/C++ but much more simple
– Platform independent: ”write once, run anywhere”
– Oak à Green à Java
• Just Another Vague Acronym
• James Gosling, Arthur Van Hoff, Andy Bechtolsteim
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 Java
Java history
– Java 1.0 -1995
– Java 1.1 - 1997
– Java 1.2 - 1998 (Playground) à Java 2
– Java 1.3 - 2000 (Kestrel)
– Java 1.4 - 2002 (Merlín)
– Java 1.5 - 2004, (Tiger) à Java 5
– Java 1.6.0 - 2006, (Mustang) à Java 6
– Java SE7 - 2011, (Dolphin) à Java 7
– Java SE8 - 2014, (Spider) à Java 8
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 Compiling Java
Java Virtual Machine

Source Code Byte Code

javac java
(.java) (.class)

– A JVM is needed to run a Java program

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 Compiling Java

Compilador Java

Traduce código fuente a código

intermedio.

Interprete de Java

ByteCodes interpretados
(ejecutados)

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 Compiling Java
Bytecode
– Native language for any JVM.
– A Java program runs in any
platform

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 First Program

class Hello {
public static void main(String[] arguments)
{
// Program execution begins here
System.out.println("Hello
world.");
}
}

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 Program Structure

class CLASSNAME {
public static void main(String[]
arguments) {
STATEMENTS
}
}

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 Output

System.out.println(some String) outputs to the

console

Example:
– System.out.println(“output”);

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 Second Program

class Hello2 {
public static void main(String[] arguments) {
System.out.println("Hello world."); // Print once
System.out.println("Line number 2"); // Again!
}
}

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 Types
Kinds of values that can be stored and manipulated.
– boolean: Truth value (true or false).
– int: Integer (0, 1, -47).
– double: Real number (3.14, 1.0, -2.1).
– String: Text (“hello”, “example”).

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 Variable declaration
Named location that stores a value of one particular type.
– Form:
• TYPE NAME;
– Example
String foo;

Start with lower case and use an upper case for every new “word”
– Use intuitive and significative names for variables

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 Assignment
Use = to give variables a value.
– Computes right part of the assignment and assigns the result to the
variable on the left

foo
Example:
String foo;
foo = "IAP 6.092";

foo

“IAP 6.092”

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 Assignment
Can be combined with a variable declaration.

Example
double badPi = 3.14;
boolean isJanuary = true;

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 class Hello3 {
public static void main(String[] arguments)
{
String foo = "IAP 6.092";
System.out.println(foo);
foo = "Something else";
System.out.println(foo);
}
}

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 Operators
Symbols that perform simple computations
– Simple arithmetic

– Combined arithmetic

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 String Concatenation (+)
The + operator is overriden
– Conventional add operator when used with numbers
– String concatenation when used with Strings
int a = 3;
int b = 2;
int c = a + b;
// c = 5
String text = a + "000" + b;
// text = “30002“
System.out.println(c);
System.out.println(text);

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 Operators

Relational
Logical

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 Truth tables

A B A OR B A B A AND B A NOT A

F F F F F F F V

F V V F V F V F

V F V V F F

V V V V V V

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 Order of Operations
Follows standard (math) rules:
1. Parentheses

2. Arithmethic operators
1. Multiplication and division
2. Addition and subtraction
3. Relational operators
4. Logic operators

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 Operators
Which is the resut of the following expression?

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 Operators
Which is the resut of the following expression?

10 <= 2 * 5 && 3 < 4 || !(8 > 7) && 3 * 2 <= 4 * 2 - 1

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 Operators
Which is the resut of the following expressions?
Datos Expresión Resultado
int x = 3;
!(x<5)&&!(y>=7)
int y = 6;
int i = 22;
!((22>4)||(3<=6))
int j = 3;
int a = 34;
int b = 12; !(a+b==c)||(c!=0)&&(b-c>=19)
int c = 8;

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 Operators
Which is the resut of the following expressions? int i = 7;
float f = 5.5F;
char c = ‘w’;

Expresión Resultado
(i >= 6) && (c == ‘w’)

(i >= 6) || (c == 119)

(f < 11) && (i > 100)

(c != ‘p’) || ((i + f) <= 10)

i + f <= 10

i >= 6 && c == ‘w’

c != ‘p’ || i + f <= 10

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 class DoMath {
public static void main(String[] arguments) {
double score = 1.0 + 2.0 * 3.0;
System.out.println(score);
score = score / 2.0;
System.out.println(score);
}
}

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 class DoMath2 {

public static void main(String[] arguments) {

double score = 1.0 + 2.0 * 3.0;
System.out.println(score);
double copy = score;
copy = copy / 2.0;
System.out.println(copy);
System.out.println(score);
}
}

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 Hands on
Every Java program must contains at least one Class
– Java methods container
A Java file could contain several classes, but just one of them being
Public
– File name must be that of the Public class (ClassName.java)
public class PayrollApp {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int hours = 40;
double payRate = 25.0, grossPay;

grossPay = hours * payRate;

System.out.print(″Gross Pay: $″);
System.out.println(grossPay);
}
}

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 Hands on
Defining classes
– Class definition starts with the Class keyword
– Every declaration and instruction is located between the start and end
brackets of the class
– They are referred to as the body of the class

public class PayrollApp {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int hours = 40;
double payRate = 25.0, grossPay;
Body
grossPay = hours * payRate; Class
System.out.print(″Gross Pay: $″);
System.out.println(grossPay);
}
}

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 Hands on
The main method
– Every program needs a main method
– It is the starting point of the program
– Always the same heading
– Always invoked when the program is run
public class PayrollApp {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int hours = 40;
double payRate = 25.0, grossPay;

grossPay = hours * payRate;

System.out.print(″Gross Pay: $″);
System.out.println(grossPay);
}
}

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 Punctuation | Indentation
Each pair of brackets identifies a code block
class DoMath2 {

public static void main(String[] arguments) {

double score = 1.0 + 2.0 * 3.0;
System.out.println(score);
double copy = score;
copy = copy / 2.0;
System.out.println(copy);
System.out.println(score);
}
}

Code inside each block is indented to ease identificaction

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 Comments
Human readable information in the code
– Comments are intended to introduce information that will be ignored by the
compiler inside the code
– End line comment (//) int usu = 0; // el número de usuarios

– Block comment (/* … */)

– Javadoc comment (/** ...*/)

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 Hands on
Punctuation symbols have well-defined purposes
– ; à end of instruction
– “” à Strings are located between
– {} à blocks delimitation
– () à methods arguments
– [ ] à arrays indexing
They also guide indentation and ease the identification of the different
blocks

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Research Group

1: Types, Variables, Operators