519722, 225 PM Essential Pytion Concepts & Structures Any Serious Programmer Needs to Know, Explained | by Andre Ye | Towards Data Science Open in app You have 2 free member-only stories left this month. Sign up for Medium and get an extra one é Andre Ye J Apr 30, 2020 - 6 minread * - Qtisten [save ‘Source: Pixabay Essential Python Concepts & Structures Any Caviane Dranrammar Mande ta Kuna . hitps:/towardsdatascience.com/essential-pythor-concepts-any-serous-programmer-nesds-1o-know-sxplained-420aad86692¢ ne519722, 225 PM Essential Pytion Concepts & Structures Any Serious Programmer Needs to Know, Explained | by Andre Ye | Towards Data Science Open in app te ing Medium, VSHTAWID, VUJSLE jpojucin) More ium log user data, By Fy WEUUIAWID, & This article will outline some essential Python concepts that any serious programmer should know and understand to implement. These concepts form a framework of advanced Python programming to approach and implement problems intelligently. Generators Building an iterator, an object that can be iterated upon, in Python is a lot of work. A class (object-oriented programming) must be built with an _iter_() and _next__«) methods, internal states must be stored and updated, and a stoptteration error must be raised when there is no value to be returned. For item Do something Iterations in Python. Image created by author, To avoid this lengthy process, Python generates can automatically create iterators. All the processes described above to create an iterator are automatically done by Python with generators. A generator is a function that returns an object (iterator) which can be iterated (covered one value at a time). A generator function is defined as a function, but uses the yicid keyword instead of the traditional return . If the body of a function contains yieid , then itis i Q hitpsiltowardsdatascience.com/essential-pythor-concepts-any-serous-programmer-nesds-o-know-sxplained-420aad80b978 ana519722, 225 PM Essential Pytion Concepts & Structures Any Serious Programmer Needs to Know, Explained | by Andre Ye | Towards Daa Science Open in app yield 2 yield 3 for value in simple generator (): print (value) The first four lines of code define the generator, which will iteratively return 1, 2, and 3, The last two lines demonstrate the iteration by iteratively printing out values, outputting: A generator object would still require a function to outline the object, but needs to be set equal to a variable, in this case x. x = simple_generator () print (next (x) ) print (next (x)) print (next (x) For example, the following code creates a Fibonacci sequence generator, where each term is the sum of the two preceding terms (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,13, «). def fibonacei (1i a, b= 0, 1 it) while a < limit: yield a a, b= b, atb tl Q hitpsiltowardsdatascience.com/essential-pythor-concepts-any-serous-programmer-nesds-t-know-explained-420aad80b978 ana519722, 225 PM Essential Pytion Concepts & Structures Any Serious Programmer Needs to Know, Explained | by Andre Ye | Towards Data Science Open in app te parameter in the funct ae Then, » and » are updated simultaneously, where « is set to » and » is set to itself log user data, By ing Medium, » our Privacy Poll ue of a. plus a. This shifts the sequence one to the right while keeping relevant information for generating the next sequence value (the previous two numbers). initialization repeat per iteration Fibonacci sequence generator logic. Image created by author. ‘The generator can then be iterated over, in this case with a for-loop: for i in fibonacci (8): print (i) The output will hence iterate across all elements of the Fibonacci sequence under the value of 8: i Q hitpsiltowardsdatascience.com/essential-pythor-concepts-any-serous-programmer-nesds-to-know-explained-420aad80b978 ana519722, 225 PM Essential Pytion Concepts & Structures Any Serious Programmer Needs to Know, Explained | by Andre Ye | Towards Data Science Open in app Object-Oriented Programming Object-Oriented Programming is a feature of Python that allows for clean and organized storage of methods and variables. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python consists of ciass objects, which contain information about that object. For example, say we want to create a virtual dog in Python. A class’ personal attributes are stored ina _init__ function. The ses parameter must be included, and any other attributes of that object that need to be defined upon creation, such as the dog’s species and age. class do: def in The object's variables and functions can be called inside the <1as> object with . , with the preceding element referencing the object and the item after the period referencing the object being called, se1s.species = species sets the internal variable to whatever the input parameter species is. We can also create functions in the class: class dog: def hitpsiltowardsdatascience.com/essential-pythor-concepts-any-serous-programmer-nesds-o-know-sxplained-420aad80b978 ez519722, 225 PM Essential Pytion Concepts & Structures Any Serious Programmer Needs to Know, Explained | by Andre Ye | Towards Data Science .dium work, we log user data, By Open inane (cetsians Pe voain vor wolog sr a These two internal functions, »ark and reveal information , are methods performed and attached by the class. We can then set a variable, pepper , to the dog class. We must specify initialization parameters, species and ase. pepper = dog(species='German Shepard", Then, we can call sepper’s attributes: pepper. reveal_information() This will output: I am a German Shepard I am 3 years old hitpsitowardsdatascience.com/essential-pythor-concepts-any-serous-programmer-nesds-o-know-sxplained-420aad80b978 en2519722, 225 PM Essential Pytion Concepts & Structures Any Serious Programmer Needs to Know, Explained | by Andre Ye | Towards Data Science pen in app C aig TO make Medlum work, we log user data, By ng Medium, you agree to our Privacy Pol Object-Oriented Progr incising cookie policy urposes. Even though it may take some more typing to set up, it allows for much more readable code. Closure Closures can avoid the use of global values and provides a form of data hiding, providing an object-oriented solution to the problem. When there are few methods to be implemented in a class, closures can provide an alternate and more elegant solution. When the number of attributes and methods grow larger, a class is more fitting. The following criteria demonstrate closure in Python when a nested function references a value in its enclosing scope: There exists a nested function (a function inside a function) The nested function refers to a value declared in the enclosing function * The enclosing function returns the nested function ate function f with n Return function f create function creator instance Closure diagram. Image created by author. Tat’c demanctrata elacnra with an evamnle fimotian asia mteinriae whieh take ina tl Q hitpsiltowardsdatascience.com/essential-pythor-concepts-any-serous-programmer-nesds-o-know-sxplained-420aad80b978 m2519722, 225 PM Essential Pytion Concepts & Structures Any Serious Programmer Needs to Know, Explained | by Andre Ye | Towards Data Science Open in app return x return mult Creating a function that multiplies something by 3 would be done like this: times3 = make_multiplier (3) Because the function maxe_muitip: returns a function, times3 is a function. pri mes3 (9) ) -.returms... ..because 3 times 9 is 27. Closure is probably the best way to accomplish this task in Python. Built-In Enumeration Python’s built-in enumeration is awesome. Perhaps the most often task a developer faces is iterating through an item in a list while keeping track of an index. In many other languages without enumeration, the programmer would need to do this manually, for example in Python here: hitpsiltowardsdatascience.com/essential-pythor-concepts-any-serous-programmer-nesds-t-know-explained-420aad80b978 ana519722, 225 PM Essential Pytion Concepts & Structures Any Serious Programmer Needs to Know, Explained | by Andre Ye | Towards Daa Science Open in app However, Python’s enunezate() function automatically keeps track of the counter with each iteration by returning an unpackable tuple: for index, item in enumer do_something_with (item) do_ something with (index) (a_list): As a demonstration, the following code... for index, item in enumer: print (index, item) (tat, tbt,tet}): ...would output... Decorators Decorators take in a function, adds some functionality to the function, and returns it. ‘This is very helpful in cases where small variations of a parent function are needed because the function can be varied and changed with a decorator instead of being rewritten for each variation of the function that is needed. Say we have a function oreinary«) whose sole purpose is to print out a string *: an ordinary function.” hitpsiltowardsdatascience.com/essential-pythor-concepts-any-serous-programmer-nesds-t-know-explained-420aad80b978 ona519722, 225 PM Essential Pytion Concepts & Structures Any Serious Programmer Needs to Know, Explained | by Andre Ye | Towards Data Science Open in app Say we would also like to add another message, ~: » We may create a function decorate() that takes in a function, print the addition message, and then call the original function, whose object is inputted as a parameter in thefunction cecorate() . The process of adding an additional string and calling the original function can be stored in an inner function, whose object is returned with decorate () . def decorate (function) : inner_function () print ("I was decorated! function () rn inner_function ‘To decorate the original function orainary() , we would call the function cecoratet) on the original function. The variable we store the output a in the function decorate.) ). of decorate’) to, decorated, is a function (inner decorated = decorate (ordinary) decorated (} Calling decoratea() yields the output... s decorated! am an ordinary function. Decorators use the e symbol to automatically decorate a function. tl Q hitpsiltowardsdatascience.com/essential-pythor-concepts-any-serous-programmer-nesds-o-know-sxplained-420aad0b978 sore519722, 225 PM Essential Pytion Concepts & Structures Any Serious Programmer Needs to Know, Explained | by Andre Ye | Towards Data Science Open in app Using the ¢ symbol abo o. cse cece Ge esas weeeesnsdttically decorates the function. It is computed the same way as the earlier outlined method to decorate a function. Multiple decorators can be chained on top of each other by adding several lines of adecorate before a function. Thanks for reading! Ifyou have any questions about the code samples or concepts, do not hesitate to ask in the responses below. 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