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Calculus 4

The document summarizes key concepts from lectures 3 and 4 of a math course, including: - Definitions of one-sided limits and how to prove limit statements. - Limit laws that can be used to find limits of complicated functions rigorously. - Additional properties of limits like the triangle inequality, one-sided limits theorem, and squeeze theorem. - Extensions of limits to infinity and definitions of infinite, finite, and continuous limits.

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Germain Trugnan
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29 views10 pages

Calculus 4

The document summarizes key concepts from lectures 3 and 4 of a math course, including: - Definitions of one-sided limits and how to prove limit statements. - Limit laws that can be used to find limits of complicated functions rigorously. - Additional properties of limits like the triangle inequality, one-sided limits theorem, and squeeze theorem. - Extensions of limits to infinity and definitions of infinite, finite, and continuous limits.

Uploaded by

Germain Trugnan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH1.

1
Summary of Lecture #3+4

MATH1.1 1 / 10
• One-sided limits
lim f (x) = L
x→a−

if for every number ε > 0 there is a number δ > 0, such that

a−δ <x <a =⇒ |f (x) − L| < ε.

lim f (x) = L
x→a+

if for every number ε > 0 there is a number δ > 0, such that

a<x <a+δ =⇒ |f (x) − L| < ε.

MATH1.1 2 / 10
• The trick estimation
In general, it is not always easy to prove that limit statements
are true using the ε, δ definition.
The main idea of estimation

It basically means replacing a complicated piece of some


expression by something larger, but easier to understand,
easier to work on.

MATH1.1 3 / 10
Comment. It is not always easy to prove that limit statements
are true using the ε, δ definition.
• What to do?
The limits of complicated functions can be found rigorously from
the Limit Laws without resorting to the definition directly.

MATH1.1 4 / 10
• Limit Laws
If lim f (x) = L, lim g(x) = M, then TFAT:
x→a x→a

Sum/Difference rules: lim f (x) ± g(x) = L ± M
x→a

Constant multiple rule: lim k · f (x) = k · L
x→a

Product rule: lim f (x) · g(x) = L · M
x→a
f (x) L
Quotient rule: lim = , provided that M 6= 0
x→a g(x) M
n
Power rule: lim [f (x)] = Ln , n is a positive integer
x→a
p √
n
Root rule: lim n f (x) = L, n is a positive integer
x→a
(If n is even, we assume that f (x) ≥ 0 for all x in an interval
containing a.)

MATH1.1 5 / 10
• The triangle inequality

For any numbers a, b, we always have



|a| − |b|
|a + b| ≤ |a| + |b| =⇒ |a − b| ≥
|b| − |a|

MATH1.1 6 / 10
• The one-sided limits theorem

lim f (x) = L ⇐⇒ lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = L.


x→a x→a− x→a

The Limit Laws also hold for this type of limits.


• Limit does not exist
If
either of the one-side limits lim− f (x), lim+ f (x) does not
x→a x→a
exits,
or both one-side limits exit, but they are not equal,
then the limit lim f (x) does not exist.
x→a

MATH1.1 7 / 10
• Two additional properties of limits

1 Suppose
there exist the limits lim f (x) = A & lim g(x) = B
x→a x→a
f (x) ≤ g(x) for all x in some open interval containing a
(except possibly at x = a itself).
Then
lim f (x) ≤ lim g(x), that is A ≤ B.
x→a x→a

2 (The Squeeze Theorem) Suppose


f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) for all x in some open interval containing
a (except possibly at x = a itself).
lim f (x) = lim h(x) = L.
x→a x→a
Then there exists lim g(x) = L.
x→a

MATH1.1 8 / 10
• Extension of limits lim f (x) = L
x→a

Finite limits at infinity: lim f (x) = L


x→±∞
Infinite limits: lim f (x) = ±∞
x→a
(also one-side infinite limits lim± f (x) = ±∞)
x→a
Infinite Limits at Infinity: lim f (x) = ±∞
x→±∞

MATH1.1 9 / 10
• Continuity

A function f (x) is continuous at x = a, if

lim f (x) = f (a).


x→a

This means that 3 conditions are satisfied:


f (a) is defined
lim f (x) exists
x→a
lim f (x) = f (a).
x→a

It is “extended” to right-continuous and left-continuous at a.

MATH1.1 10 / 10

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