Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Population of the

Republic of Tajikistan
Ministry of Education and Sciences of Tajikistan
SEI “Avicenna Tajik State Medical University”
BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

EXAM QUESTIONS
ON BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

FOR 2ND YEAR STUDENTS OF THE MEDICAL FACULTY

 Dushanbe 2023

Exam questions

1. General characteristic and function of proteins.

2. Physical and chemical properties of proteins
3. Amino acids: structure, properties and classification.
4. Hydrolysis and types of hydrolysis. Types of hydrolysis of proteins in the body
5. Simple proteins. Representatives. Classification and function of simple proteins.
6. Denaturation of proteins. Types of denaturation.
7. The total amount of serum protein is 50 g / l. Causes and consequences of such a
situation.
8. Stability factors of protein molecules. Ways of breaking these factors and their
consequences
9. Ways of isolation and purification of protein
10. Hyper-, hypo – and disproteinemia.
11. The total protein in the blood plasma is 95 g / l. Causes and consequences
12. Concepts of protein structures and its bonds.
13. Factors that can cause protein denaturation and its consequences
14. Haptoglobin protein, its structure and function.
15. Hypoalbuminemia. Causes and consequences.
16. Immunoglobulins, their representatives and functions.
17. Salting, the ways of using them in medicine..
18. General information about blood plasma globulin.
19. Albumin, its composition, properties, norms and functions.
20. Aminoacids. Structure , properties and classification.
21. Nucleoprotein- RNP, properties, structure and biological role.
22. Nucleoproteins- DNP, properties, structure and biological role. Chargaff rule .
23. Scheme of hydrolysis of nucleoproteins.Qualitative reaction to hydrolysate products.
24. Chemical composition of RNA, its types and their biological function.
25. The chemical composition of DNA, localization in the cell and its biorole.
26. Classification of complex proteins. Characteristics of prosthetic groups.
27. Hemoglobin F and A. Their difference in composition and function
28. Hemoglobin, structure, characteristics of protein and non-protein components and
function.
29. Chromoproteins, classification. The structure and biological role of hemoglobin.
30. Sickle anemia, its causes and consequences.
31. Characteristics of hemoglobin A, its types and function. period of its formation.
32. Characteristic of embryonic hemoglobin. The period of its formation, function.
33. Description of fetal hemoglobin, period of its formation, function.
34. Carbohydrate-protein complex. Classification, biological function
35. Glycoproteins, characteristic of carbohydrates component, representatives, biological
role.
36. Hyaluronic acid, structure, biological role in the body.
37. Chondroitin sulfate, structure, biological role in the body
38. Lipoproteins. Structural lipoproteins, characteristics of the lipid component and their
biological role.
39. Lipoproteins. Free lipoproteins, characteristics of the lipid component and their
biological role
40. Cell membrane, basic properties and biological role.

ENZYMES
41. General information about enzymes and their importance in the vital activity of
organisms. Proenzymes.
42. The chemical nature of enzymes and their general properties. Simple and complex
enzyme.
43. Methods for isolation and purification of enzymes.
44. Relative and absolute specificity of the enzyme.
45. Formation of an active site of enzyme. The main properties of enzymes and the
mechanism of their action.
46. Non-competitive inhibitors, mechanisms of action and their using in medicine. Their
difference from competitive inhibitors.
47. The enzyme ALT, its coenzyme, reactions which catalize by this enzyme. Its normal
level in blood serum and diagnostic value.
48. Nomenclature and classification of enzymes. Their location in the cell.
49. Enzymopathy. Enzymodiagnostics. Enzymotherapy.
50. Use of enzymes as medications in medicine.
51. The effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
52. Competitive inhibition. Their use in medicine.
53. Creatine kinase (CK), its normal level in blood serum and diagnostic value.
54. Allosteric center of the enzyme and its participation in the regulation of enzyme activity.
55. The activity of urinary amylase (diastase) is 128 IU on Volgelmut. Causes and
consequences.
56. Activators and inhibitors of enzyme activity.
57. Enzymes used to diagnose heart diseases.
58. Proenzyme. Factors affecting the activity of enzymes.
59. Oxidoreductase class enzymes, description, structure and function.
60. Indicator enzymes, their representatives and diagnostic significance in medicine.
61. Albinism, its causes and consequences.
62. Enzymo therapy. The main ways of the use of enzymes in medicine.
63. Dependence of the reaction rate on the substrate.
64. Irreversible inhibition. Irreversible inhibitors as drugs.
65. Isoenzymes. The enzyme creatine kinase, its isoenzymes. The diagnostic value of the
determination of this enzyme in medicine.
66. General characteristics of the enzyme (protein) alpha-1-antitrypsin. The cause of
insufficiency and consequences.
67. Regulation of the catalytic activity of enzymes.
68. The dependence of the enzymatic reaction rate on temperature.
69. Multienzymes and isoenzymes. Examples.

VITAMINS
70. The concept of vitamins, their role in metabolism. Provitamins, anti-vitamins.
71. Classification of vitamins, hypovitaminosis, avitaminosis, hypervitaminosis. Their
causes and consequences.
72. Vitamins as antioxidants.
73. Pellagra disease. Causes and symptoms of pellagra.
74. General characteristics of vitamin B6. Coenzymes B6 and their function.
75. Vitamin B1 hypovitaminosis, causes and consequences. Description of this vitamin.
76. Water-soluble vitamins, their coenzymes and function
77. General characteristics of vitamin riboflavin. Its coenzymes and function.
78. Beri-beri disease. Causes and consequences. Characteristics of the vitamin with which
this disease is associated.
79. Exogenous avitaminosis. Causes of hypervitaminosis.
 80. General information about vitamin B3. Function of coenzymes B3.
81. The necessity for the use of vitamins after prolonged use of antibiotics. The role of
vitamins in the body.
82. The cause of endogenous Avitaminosis. The biological significance of vitamins.
83. The cause and symptoms of xerophthalmia? Vitamin therapy.
84. Vitamin B2, structure, physico–chemical properties, dietary sources, daily requirement,
biochemical function, signs of hypo- and avitaminosis, use in medicine.
85. Vitamin C, structure, physico–chemical properties, dietary sources, daily requirement,
biochemical function, signs of hypo- and avitaminosis, use in medicine
86. Vitamin P, chemical nature, dietary sources, biochemical function, signs of defficiency,
use in medicine.
87. Vitamin B3 (nicotinamide), structure, physico–chemical properties, dietary sources,
daily requirement, biochemical function, signs of hypo- and avitaminosis, use in
medicine.
88. Vitamin "reproduction" or "antioxidant". Dietary sources, daily requirement, function.
89. General characteristics of vitamin B12, and biorole.
90. General characteristics of vitamin B5 and biorole.
91. Name the organ in which beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A. The chemical and
biological name of this vitamin and function.
92. Why is rickets observed in the absence of sunlight?
93. Iron deficiency Anemia. Causes and consequences.
94. Hypovitaminosis is associated with impaired digestion and fat absorption. Consequences
95. Hypovitaminosis A in the liver diseases. Description of vitamin A.
96. Recommendation of vitamin E intake under adverse conditions. Characteristic of
vitamin E.
97. Causes and consequences of a deficiency of B5 (PP) in the body.
98. General information about vitamin B9. Its biological role.
99. Which vitamins are synthesized by the intestinal microflora. Name these vitamins.
Explain their biological role.
100. General characteristics of vitamin C, biorole, hypovitaminosis.
101. With prolonged use of sulfonamides or antibiotics, a person may occur hypovitaminosis
B9. Cause and consequences. The general characteristic of this vitamin.
102. Provitamins of group D. Active forms of vitamins of group D. The role of renal and
hepatic hydroxylases in their formation.
103. General characteristics of ubiquinone. Biorole of ubiquinone.
104. Vitamins A and D are stored in the body at a level sufficient to maintain metabolism for
several weeks or even months. B complex vitamins should be used much more often.
The reason for this phenomenon. Biorole of vitamins A and D.
105. The main biochemical disorders in rickets, types of rickets, clinical manifestations.
106. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a necessary step in the catabolism of most
monomers in the process of production energy from nutrients. Vitamins involved in the
work of this complex. Their coenzymes.
107. Vitamin-like substances, the concept, differences from vitamins.
108. With hypovitaminosis of which vitamin, three main signs are observed that distinguish
them from a lack of other vitamins. These signs and their explanation.

HORMONES
109. Vasopressin: the place of synthesis, the mechanism of action. A disease that occurs
when it is deficient.
110. High biological activity and the distant action of hormones.
111. Calcitonin, the place of synthesis, the mechanism of action. The lack of this hormone
leads to which diseases and consequences.
112. The mechanism of action of insulin on blood glucose levels. Insulin antagonists.
113. Explain why insulin is administered subcutaneously, but not orally.
114. Characteristics of thyroid hormones.
115. Cytosolic mechanism of hormonеs action.
116. Additional endocrine gland formed during pregnancy and its function.
117. Membrane-intracellular mechanism. Hormones acting on the membrane-intracellular
mechanism.
118. Liberins, statins, chemical nature, representatives, mechanism of regulatory action
119. Increased levels of 17-ketosteroids in urine. The reasons for this situation. The
diagnostic value of its identification.
120. General biological properties of hormones.
121. The body of women has significantly more fat content than men, less muscle
development. What do you think what is the reason?
122. Will the intensity of the synthesis of ACTH and corticosteroids change in a patient who
is injected with glucocorticoids for therapeutic purposes? What is the mechanism?
123. Which fatty acid is the precursor of all prostaglandins? Name the groups of
prostaglandins.
124. Classification of hormones according to chemical structure and biological functions.
125. Target cells and cellular hormone receptors. Structure of the cellular receptor.
126. Glucagon, chemical structure, mechanism of action, effect on metabolism.
127. Regulation by hormones of the mediated (membrane) mechanism of action.
128. The role of hormones in the regulation of the reproductive function of the body.
129. The mechanism of action of aldosterone and its biological role.
130. Thyroxine, chemical structure, mechanism of action, effect on metabolism
131. Cushing's disease, causes and clinical manifestations
132. Тhyroid dysfunction and its consequences.
133. Vasopressin, chemical structure, mechanism of action, effect on metabolism

BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
134. Biological oxidation, its characteristics.
135. The concept of redox pairs of donor substrates and electron acceptors.
136. Structural organization of mitochondria. The main structural components of
mitochondria are the outer, inner membrane, and mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondrial
function.
137. The location of enzymes in the mitochondria and their function.
138. Dehydrogenases and primary receptors for hydrogen-NAD and flavoproteins, NADH-
dehydrogenases.
139. Cytochromes, cytochromoxidase, structure, biological function, their redox potential.
140. Ubiquinone, structure, biological function, the value of its redox potential
141. The concept of oxidative phosphorylation. The energy output in the respiratory chain
during the transfer of electrons and protons from hydrogen to oxygen.
142. General characteristics of the chemiosmotic hypothesis of oxidative phosphorylation.
143. Disorders of energy metabolism and hypoxic conditions.
144. The role of vitamins B3, B5, B2 and E in biological oxidation.
145. Diagram of the respiratory chain and its explanation.

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
146. Anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates in the body; its biological significance and its
end products and their fate in the body.
147. Glycolysis and glycogenolysis, their similarities and differences.
148. Glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation, similarities and differences.
149. The fate of lactic acid in the body as a product of the anaerobic breakdown of
carbohydrates. The reaction of the formation of lactic acid from pyruvate. Its enzymes
and coenzymes.
150. Glycogenolysis.The total equation of anaerobic glycogenolysis. Regulation of this
process.
151. Neuro-humoral regulation of the glycolysis process
152. Glucose phosphorylation reaction. The enzyme catalyzes it. Its humoral regulation.
153. Glycolytic oxidoreduction. Enzyme and its coenzyme.
154. The amount of pyruvate molecules formed during the glycolytic breakdown of glucose.
The formula of pyruvate. The amount of ATP is formed during the oxidation of
pyruvate.
155. Decomposition of glycogen in the liver during stress. Neuro- humoral regulation of this
process.
156. The number of pyruvate molecules during the breakdown of two glucose molecules.
Justify the answer. The further fate of Pyruvate in the body.
157. Neuro-humoral regulation of physiological hyperglycemia.
158. The total energy effect of anaerobic glycogenolysis. In what state of the body this
process takes place and its regulation.
159. Determine the number of oxidative reactions in the TCA. Energy effect of this cycle.
160. Dehydrogenation of the substrate and hydrogen oxidation as an energy source for ATP
synthesis.
161. The number of ATP molecules during aerobic glycogenolysis. Stages of aerobic
glycogenolysis.
162. Determine the number of non-oxidative reactions in the TCA cycle. Name them.
163. Oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acid occurs in the TCA cycle. Enzymes, coenzymes
and vitamins involved in this process. The amount of ATP formed during this reaction.
164. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate as a general pathway of catabolism, sequence of
reactions, structure of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
165. Indicate schematically the sources of glucose synthesis during prolonged physical work.
166. Specify the number of dehydrogenation reactions during the aerobic breakdown of
glucose.
167. Direct glucose oxidation (pentose cycle) and its significance.
168. Uridine cycle of glucose metabolism. The synthesis scheme and the biorole of this
cycle.
169. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Features of parietal digestion.
170. Similarities and differences between the effects of glucagon and adrenaline on
carbohydrate metabolism.
171. In some healthy people, after a sugar load, the glucose content in the blood may fall
below the initial level, which hormone does it depend on?
172. Define glucosuria, specify the renal threshold for glucose and in which conditions it is
observed.
173. List the main biochemical symptoms of diabetes mellitus and their characteristics.
174. Glycosylated hemoglobin. Its change in the blood in diabetes mellitus
175. Causes of acetonemia and acetonuria in diabetes mellitus.
176. Substrate included in the Krebs cycle. The final products of the TCA cycle. The
biological role of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
177. Basic carbohydrates of animals, content in tissues, physiological role.
178. Substrate phosphorylation. It differs from oxidative phosphorylation.
179. After prolonged physical activity in students developed muscle pain. The reason for this
condition.
180. After the restoration of blood circulation in the damaged tissue, the accumulation of
lactate stops and the rate of glucose consumption decreases. Activation of what process
is caused by these metabolic shifts?
181. When running short distances, in untrained person obsreves muscle hypoxia. Which
metabolite does this lead to the accumulation in the muscles and why? The fate of this
product.
182. Ways of breaking down glycogen in muscles. Chemistry, energy, physiological
significance.
183. Possible ways of converting glucose-6-phosphate.
184. Show the main difference between glycolysis and glycogenolysis.
185. Show the main difference between substrate phosphorylation and oxidative
phosphorylation.
186. The Krebs cycle and its role in energy metabolism.
187. Glycogenosis, its types
188. The metabolism of galactose in the body and the violation of this process.
189. Metabolism of glucose in erythrocytes. Consequences of metabolic disorders in
erythrocytes.
190. Glycogenosis. Gierke's disease.

II Semester
LIPID MTABOLISM

191. Information on lipids and their classification. Composition of natural fats.

192. The chemistry of simple fats – triacylglycerols. Fatty acids characteristics of human
triacylglycerols. Physical and chemical properties of fats.
193. Phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids. Their structure, properties and biological
function.
194. Sterols and steroids. Their structure, properties and biological function.
195. Digestion and absorption of lipids in the digestive system. The role of bile acids in
digestion and absorption of fats.
196. Transport of fats, blood lipoproteins, The role of the enzyme liporoteid lipase.
197. Catabolism of triacylglycerides in the body. Tissue lipases. Glycerin oxidation and its
importance.
198. Oxidation of high fatty acids, the biological significance of this process in the body and
its hormonal regulation
199. The intermediate product during oxidation of the fatty acids, which enters the Krebs
cycle. Its final products and the amount of ATP.
200. Cholesterol metabolism in the body. Exogenous and endogenous cholesterol levels.
201. The main ways of production and use of acetyl-CoA in the body.
202. Synthesis of triacylglycerols and its importance in the body.
203. Formation of acetone bodies. Accumulation of acetone bodies during starvation and
diabetes. Their role in the body.
204. The normal level of cholesterol in the blood. Disorders of cholesterol metabolism in
atherosclerosis and gallstones. Atherosclerosis.
205. Daily requirements of the lipids. The reason for recommending vegetable oil to the
elderly. The biological role of lipids in the body.
206. The role of bile in lipid digestion. Bile formation and composition. Representatives.
207. Chylomicrone, their composition, where is form and role in the body.
208. Neutral fat (TG) exchange. Storage and mobilization of fats in adipose tissue.
209. Absorption of fatty acids in the intestine. Formation of micelles. Non-esterified fatty
acids.
210. Dyslipoproteinemia. Types of dyslipoproteinemia. Causes and consequences.
211. Atherogenic lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis. Causes and consequences.
212. The patient was diagnosed with steatorrhea. The cause and consequences of steatorrhea
213. The ratio of which substances maintain the liquid state of the bile. Explain your answer
214. List the main stages of cholesterol synthesis. Expain its initial phase reaction.
215. What is the transport form of exogenous cholesterol from enterocytes to the liver? Its
composition
216. The bile acids that are synthesized from cholesterol. Their conjugated form. Biological
role
217. Gall stone disease. Causes and consequences.
218. Why is gallstone disease 3-4 times more common in women than in men? Explain your
answer.
219. What is the normal amount of cholesterol in the blood of healthy people? What is
hypercholesterolemia?
220. Ketonuria, causes of ketonuria and its consequences. Representatives of ketone bodies
and synthesis.
221. The main reason of LDL modification and LDL receptors in diabetes mellitus.
222. Risk factors of heart attack as clinical signs of atherosclerosis
223. Primary and secondary obesity. Causes and consequences.
224. Hypovitaminosis in lipid digestion disorders and its consequences.
225. One of the reasons for the heart attack in old age is associated with a violation of the
structure of LDL receptors in the liver. What disease that precedes myocardial
infarction is caused by these disorders?
226. Fatty liver. Causes and consequences.
227. Classification of phospholipids. Their biological role in the body.
228. Classification of sphingolipids. Their biological role in the body.
229. The mechanism of digestion and absorption of cholesterol esters. Biorole of cholesterol
in the body.
230. Blood lipoproteins. Representatives and their biorole in the body.

METABOLISM OF AMINOACIDS AND PROTEINS

231. Essential and non-essential amino acids. The biological value of protein.
232. Digestion of proteins in the digestive system, the fate of absorbed amino acids.
233. «Decomposition» (rotting) of amino acids in the large intestine. Serotonin production
and its biological role in the body.
234. Ways of neutralization of toxic substances in the liver. Histamine synthesis. Its function.
235. Phenylketonuria, causes and consequences.
236. The chemical composition of gastric juice in normal and in pathology. Types of acidity
of gastric juice.
237. In liver disease the detoxification function is impaired. In this case, does the amount of
indican in urine change? Indican formation.
238. Transamination. Enzymes and their coenzymes
239. Nitrogen equlibrium. Negative nitrogen balance.
240. The transport of ammonia to the kidneys and its transformation pathways.
241. Violations of the acidity of the gastric juice.
242. Synthesis of urea. The significance of this process in the body.
243. Creatinine synthesis, its norm. The significance of this process in the body.
244. Some amino acids can form biologically active compounds. Name the biogenic amines
formed from the following amino acids: 1) serine; 2) tyrosine; 3) glutamate; 4) histidine.
245. Dairy requirement of proteins. Protein minimum. Reserve proteins. Protein value.
246. Metabolism of the amino acid tyrosine in the body.
247. The role of aspartic and glutamic acids in the body.
248. Albinism. Causes and its clinical manifestations.
249. Residual nitrogen elements in blood serum and its diagnostic value.

METABOLISM OF COMPLEX PROTEINS – NUCLEOPROTEINS

250. Nucleoprotein metabolism (NP). Types of NP, their location and function.
251. The final products of the decomposition of purine nucleosides.
252. End products of pyrimidine nucleoside degradation.
253. Give a description of Gout. Mechanism of action of allopurinol in the treatment of gout.
254. Digestion of NP.
255. Lesch-Niechen syndrome, cause and its clinical manifestations.
256. Biological role of t-RNA in protein synthesis
257. Biological role of m-RNA in protein synthesis
258. Biological role of r-RNA in protein synthesis
259. Genetic code, its properties.
260. The structure and function of the ribosome. Formation of an active ribosome.
261. Modern concept of protein biosynthesis.

CHROMOPROTEINS METABOLISM. BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE LIVER

262. Can hemochromatosis be one of the reasons for the development of diabetes?
263. Hemosiderosis Causes and consequences.
264. A protein that is a source of iron for heme synthesis. Its location in the body
265. Тhe breakdown of endogenous hemoglobin. Total bilirubin, normal. Diagnostic value of
the determination of bilirubin.
266. The chemical composition of the liver and its functions.
267. Physiological jaundice Causes and consequences.
268. Obstructive jaundice. Causes and consequences
269. Parenchimatic jaundice. Causes and consequences
270. Detoxification function of the liver
271. Illnesses related to iron deficiency.in the liver.
272. The role of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids.
273. The role of the liver in the metabolism of proteins and pigments.
274. The content of g-globulin in plasma is 30 g / l (the norm is 5.3–16.4 g / l.). Causes of
this state and consequences.
275. Violation of hemoglobin synthesis - Porphyria. Causes and consequences.
276. Metabolism of iron in the body.
277. List the functions of the liver and give an explanation.
278. Types of jaundice, general characteristic.

BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE BLOOD

279. Children in underdeveloped countries have hypoproteinemia. Specify the possible cause
of its occurrence and prevention.
280. Show the protein fraction in which concentrated ‘acute phase protein’. Description of
these proteins.
281. Blood serum proteins and their functions.
282. Acid-base balance and its types
283. As a result of the analysis of the patient's serum C-reactive protein was detected. Is it
possible to be considered a healthy person?
284. The child had an infectious disease. What changes in blood protein fractions can be
expected?
285. Types of blood buffer system and their functions.
286. Hemoglobinopathies. Causes and consequences.
287. Hemoglobin buffer system
288. Blood clothing system
289. Hemolytic erythro cytopathy. With what substances is associated metabolism disorder
and the consequences of this disease.
290. Blood cells and their characteristics.
291. Proteins of the "acute phase", representatives and their characteristics.
292. Protein "acute phase" alpha-1-antitrypsin, biological role.
293. The mechanism of blood clotting. The role of vitamin K in blood clotting.

BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE KIDNEY

294. Biochemical functions of the kidneys and their description.
295. Changes in the composition of the primary urine in different parts of the nephron.
296. Organic and inorganic substances in urine.
297. The chemical composition of the urine of a healthy person and the pathological
components of the urine and their diagnostic value.
298. Mechanisms of renal hypertension and renal edema. Restoring blood flow after blood
loss
299. Regulation of water and electrolyte metabolism. Structure and functions of aldosterone,
vasopressin and renin-angiotensin system, mechanism of regulatory action
300. Pathological components of urine (protein, acetone, glucose, bilirubin, blood)
 List of practical skills оn biochemistry
1. Quantitative determination of ALT and AST in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic value.
2. Quantitative determination of amylase in blood serum and urine. Diagnostic value.
3. Quantitative determination of LDH. Isoenzymes of LDH. Diagnostic value.
4. Quantitative determination of CPK /creatine phosphokinase/. Isoenzymes. Diagnostic
value.
5. Secretory and indicator enzymes.
6. Quantitative determination of pyruvate. Norm. Diagnostic value.
7. Quantitative determination of glucose in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic value.
8. Quantitative determination of glycated hemoglobin in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic
value.
9. Determination of acidity of the gastric juice /common, free and bind/. Norm.
Diagnostic value.
10. Quantitative determination of protein in blood serum. Norm. Hypo-, hyper- and dis-
proteinemia. Diagnostic value.
11. Quantitative determination of protein fractions. Diagnostic value.
12. Quantitative determination of urea in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic value.
13. Quantitative determination of creatinine in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic value.
14. Quantitative determination of uric acid in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic value.
15. Residual nitrogen components in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic value.
16. Quantitative determination of hemoglobin in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic value.
17. Quantitative determination of bilirubine in blood serum. Types of bilirubine. Norm.
Diagnostic value.
18. Quantitative determination of triacylglicerols in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic
value.
19. Quantitative determination of phospholipids in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic value.
20. Quantitative determination of cholesterol in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic value.
21. Quantitative determination of lipoproteins in blood serum. Types of LP/LDL, HDL,
VLDL/. Norm. Diagnostic value.
22. Quantitative determination of syalic acid in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic value.
23. Quantitative determination of calcium in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic value.
24. Quantitative determination of phosphorus in blood serum. Norm. Diagnostic value.
25. Sedimentary tests /hepatic tests/, types. Diagnostic value.
26. Chemical composition of healthy person urine. Diagnostic value.
27. Pathological components of urine. Diagnostic value.
28. Steroid hormones, their representatives. Diagnostic value of determination of 17-
ketosteroids in blood.
29. Insulin. Mechanism of action. Determination of the protein nature of insulin.
30. Vitamin C. Determination, diagnostic value.