9/7/2022

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical Engineering

MEP434/431L:
POWER PLANT DESIGN
WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY

Engr. Marc Florenz P. Arnaldo

Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical Engineering

TOPIC:
STEAM POWER PLANTS

Engr. Marc Florenz P. Arnaldo

Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completion of the discussion, the students should be able to:

• Explain the types, concepts, and principles related to steam power plants
• Identify the different components of a steam power plants
• Perform energy analysis to solve related steam power plant problems

Source: Engineering Thermodynamics 3rd Edition by R.K. Rajput

STEAM POWER PLANTS

Properties of Pure Substances
Pure Substance
A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called a pure
substance, such as water, air, and nitrogen.
A pure substance does not have to be of a single element or compound. A mixture
of two or more phases of a pure substance is still a pure substance as long as the
chemical composition of all phases is the same.
Phases of a Pure Substance
A pure substance may exist in different phases. There are three principal phases
solid, liquid, and gas.

Source: Properties of Pure Substances by Bahrami, S.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

Properties of Pure Substances
A phase is defined as having a distinct molecular arrangement that is homogenous
throughout and separated from others (if any) by easily identifiable boundary
surfaces.
A substance may have several phases within a principal phase, each with a
different molecular structure.

For example, carbon may exist as graphite or diamond in the solid phase, and ice
may exist in seven different phases at high pressure.

Molecular bonds are the strongest in solids and the weakest in gases.

Source: Properties of Pure Substances by Bahrami, S.

STEAM POWER PLANTS

Properties of Pure Substances
Solid. The molecules are arranged in a three-dimensional pattern (lattice)
throughout the solid. The molecules cannot move relative to each other; however,
they continually oscillate about their equilibrium position.
Liquid. The molecular spacing in liquid phase is not much different from that of the
solid phase (generally slightly higher), except the molecules are no longer at fixed
positions relative to each other.
Gas. The molecules are far apart from each other, and a molecular order does not
exist. Gas molecules move randomly, and continually collide with each other and
the walls of the container they are in.
Molecules in the gas phase are at a considerably higher energy level than they are
in liquids or solid phases.

Source: Properties of Pure Substances by Bahrami, S.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

Properties of Pure Substances
Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances
Consider a process where a pure substance starts as a solid and is heated up at
constant pressure until it all becomes gas. Depending on the prevailing pressure,
the matter will pass through various phase transformations. At 𝑃 :
1. Solid
2. Mixed phase of liquid and solid
3. Sub-cooled or compressed liquid (means it is not about to vaporize)
4. Wet vapor or saturated liquid-vapor mixture, the temperature will stop rising until
the liquid is completely vaporized.
5. Superheated vapor (a vapor that is not about to condense).

Source: Properties of Pure Substances by Bahrami, S.

STEAM POWER PLANTS

Properties of Pure Substances

Figure 1.1 T-V Diagram for the Heating Process of a Pure Substance

Source: Properties of Pure Substances by Bahrami, S.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

Properties of Pure Substances
 At a given pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance starts boiling is
called the saturation temperature, 𝑇 .
 Likewise, at a given temperature, the pressure at which a pure substance starts
boiling is called the saturation pressure, 𝑃 .
 During a phase-change process, pressure and temperature are dependent
properties, 𝑇 = 𝑓 𝑃 .
 The critical point is the point at which the liquid and vapor phases are not
distinguishable.

Source: Properties of Pure Substances by Bahrami, S.

STEAM POWER PLANTS

Properties of Pure Substances
 The “triple point” is the point at which the liquid, solid, and vapor phases can
exist together. On 𝑃 − 𝑣 or 𝑇 − 𝑣 diagrams, these triple-phase states form a line
called the triple line.

SUBSTANCE CRITICAL POINT TRIPLE POINT

P (atm) T (K /°C) P (atm) T (K /°C)
H2O 218 647.30/(374.14) 0.006 273.17 (0.01)
O2 50.136 154.80/(−118.36) 0.0015 54.16/(−219)

Table 1.1 T-V Critical and Triple Point for Water and Oxygen

Source: Properties of Pure Substances by Bahrami, S.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

Vapor Dome
The general shape of a 𝑃 − 𝑣 diagram for a pure substance is very similar to that of
a 𝑇 − 𝑣 diagram.
P critical point
sat. vapor line
SUPERHEATED VAPOR
REGION

COMPRESSED LIQUID
REGION T2 = const. >T1

sat. liquid line

SATURATED LIQUID-VAPOR REGION
T1 = const

v
Figure 1.2 P-V Diagram of a Pure Substance

Source: Properties of Pure Substances by Bahrami, S.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

Vapor Dome
The general shape of a 𝑃 − 𝑣 diagram for a pure substance is very similar to that of
a 𝑇 − 𝑣 diagram.

Figure 1.3 P-V Diagram of a Pure Substance

(Pressure is Increasing)
Source: Properties of Pure Substances by Bahrami, S.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

Vapor Dome
The general shape of a 𝑃 − 𝑣 diagram for a pure substance is very similar to that of
a 𝑇 − 𝑣 diagram.

Figure 1.3 P-V Diagram of a Pure Substance

(Temperature is Increasing)
Source: Properties of Pure Substances by Bahrami, S.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

Steam is used as a working fluid in a steam power plant, also known as a thermal
power plant. Steam is generated in a boiler using, for example, coal as a fuel, and
it is used to power the prime mover, the steam turbine. Heat energy is turned into
mechanical energy in a steam turbine, which is then utilized to generate electricity
through the generator.

Figure 1.4 Heat Exchanger

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Arnaldo, M.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

There are four different steam cycles in design a steam power plant. They are as
follows: Rankine cycle, reheat cycle, regenerative cycle, and reheat-regenerative
cycle.
The Rankine cycle performance and efficiency can be improved with the reheat
cycle as well as by regenerative cycle. It can be improved by increasing the
thermodynamic properties of the steam entering into the turbine. At the initial
stage, increased pressure results in increased expansion ratio. But as gradually
progressing almost at the end of expansion wet steam is observed. This
observation is due to increased moisture content of the steam. This is not desirable
because it leads to wearing away of turbine blades and its loss which finally results
in reduction of efficiency of nozzle and blade. Reheating cycle play a role in solving
these problems.

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Arnaldo, M.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Steam Rankine cycle is known as one of
the main power-generating cycles, which
consists of four key devices, namely a
boiler (heat exchanger), a steam turbine,
a condenser (heat exchanger), and a
pump, as illustrated in Fig. 1.5.

Figure 1.5 Schematic Diagram of

an Ideal Rankine Cycle

Source: Comprehensive Energy Systems by Dincer, I.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Rankine cycle is the most ideal cycle for steam power plants; it is used as the
standards for comparing performance evaluations for designing steam power
plants. The diagrams shown in Figure 1.5 and 1.6 describe the operation of the
cycle.

Figure 1.5 Schematic Diagram of Figure 1.6 T-S Diagram of

an Ideal Rankine Cycle an Ideal Rankine Cycle
Source: Power Plant Planning and Design by Garrett, S.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Processes of Rankine Cycle:
1 – 2: Isentropic expansion in the steam turbine (S=C)
2 – 3: Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser (P=C)
3 – 4: Adiabatic pumping (S=C; Q=0)
4 – 1: Constant pressure heat addition in the boiler (P=C)

Figure 1.6 T-S Diagram of an Ideal Rankine Cycle

Source: Power Plant Planning and Design by Garrett, S.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Thermal Power Plant
The thermal power plant works on the
Rankine cycle. A one-line diagram or
layout of the thermal power plant is as
shown in the figure.

Figure 1.7 Layout of a Thermal Power Plant

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Components of a Thermal Power Plant
In a thermal power plant, various components are used in the cycle. Here we have
listed, main components of the thermal power plant.

Figure 1.7 Components of a Thermal Power Plant

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Components of a Thermal Power Plant
Boiler. The fuel oil or pulverized coal is fed to the boiler with preheated air. The boiler
is used to produce high-pressure steam.

Figure 1.7 Components of a Thermal Power Plant

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Components of a Thermal Power Plant
Turbine. The high pressure and high-temperature steam are fed to the boiler. This
superheated steam is a strike on the turbine blade. And the turbine starts rotating.

Figure 1.7 Components of a Thermal Power Plant

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Components of a Thermal Power Plant
Superheater. In a steam turbine, super-heated steam is used to rotate the turbine.
The wet and saturated steam is supplied to the super-heater. And it is a device that
converts it into dry and superheated steam.

Figure 1.7 Components of a Thermal Power Plant

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Components of a Thermal Power Plant
Condenser. When the steam release from the turbine, the temperature and pressure
is decreased. The exhaust steam of the turbine reuse in the cycle. To increase the
turbine efficiency, we need to condense this steam to maintain a proper vacuum.

Figure 1.7 Components of a Thermal Power Plant

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Components of a Thermal Power Plant
Economizer. The economizer is a heat exchanger device that is used to reduce
energy consumption. In the boiler, flue gases are exhausted into the atmosphere.
These gases have a high temperature. So, the economizer uses the heat of flue
gases to heat the water.

Figure 1.7 Components of a Thermal Power Plant

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Components of a Thermal Power Plant
Feedwater Pump. A feedwater pump is used to supply water into the boiler. The
water may be from the condenser or freshwater. This pump is used to pressure the
water. Generally, the feedwater pump is a centrifugal type or positive displacement
type of pump.

Figure 1.7 Components of a Thermal Power Plant

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Components of a Thermal Power Plant
Alternator. The alternator and turbine are connected on the same shaft. The turbine
rotates with the flow of steam and the turbine rotates. The rotor of the alternator
rotates and generates electrical energy. Therefore, the alternator is a device that
converts kinetic energy or rotational energy into electrical energy.

Figure 1.7 Components of a Thermal Power Plant

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Components of a Thermal Power Plant
Chimney/Smoke Stack. In most of the thermal power plants, coal is used as fuel.
During the combustion of coal, the flue gases are generated in the boiler. The
chimney provides a path to the flue gas and exhaust to the atmosphere..

Figure 1.7 Components of a Thermal Power Plant

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Components of a Thermal Power Plant
Cooling Tower. As the name suggests, the cooling tower is used to reject waste heat
in the atmosphere. Different heat transfer methods are used in the cooling tower. The
heat of the water evaporates into the atmosphere. And remains cool water that further
use in the cycle.

Figure 1.7 Components of a Thermal Power Plant

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Site Evaluation of a Thermal Power Plant
Various factors affect for selection of the site of a thermal power plant. The following
factors should be considered while a selection of thermal power plants.
 Availability of Fuel
 Transportation System
 Availability of Water
 Availability of Land
 Far from Populated Areas
 Waste/Ash Disposal Facility

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Efficiency of a Thermal Power Plant
In a thermal power plant, the electrical energy is generated from two energy
conversion. The chemical energy of coal is converted into thermal energy of heat
energy. After the thermal energy is converted into kinetic energy or mechanical
energy. And finally, the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. So, due
to the number of energy conversions, the efficiency of thermal power plants is very
low around 20-29%.
The efficiency of a thermal power plant is also depending on the size of the plant and
the quality of coal. In a thermal power plant, the heat energy is lost in the condenser.
There are two types of efficiency in thermal power plants.
• Thermal Efficiency
• Overall Efficiency

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Efficiency of a Thermal Power Plant
The overall efficiency of a thermal power plant depends on its size and rating of a
power plant in MW. Lower the capacity, lower the efficiency.

AVERAGE OVERALL
INSTALLED PLANT CAPACITY
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Up to 1 MW 4%
1 MW – 10 MW 12%
10 MW – 50 MW 16%
50 MW – 100 MW 24%
More than 100 MW 27%

Figure 1.7 Components of a Thermal Power Plant

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Advantages of a Thermal Power Plant
• The overall efficiency of a thermal power plant depends on its size and rating of
a power plant in MW. Lower the capacity, lower the efficiency.
• The initial cost of this plant is less compared to other power plants.
• The cost of fuel is less.
• Running cost is less compared to a diesel power plant.
• It is less depending on the seasons. Most thermal power plants running
throughout the year.
• The coal is easily available and easy to transport in bulk quantity.
• Compared to hydropower plants, it requires less space.
• The maintenance of thermal power plants is less compared to the other power
plants.
• This plant can be installed in any location where adequate transport facility and
bulk water is available.
Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Disadvantages of a Thermal Power Plant
• The thermal power plant uses coal as a fuel. And it is a conventional source of
energy. So, we need to use less conventional sources for a better future.
• Coal is a commodity. So, the price of coal depends on the commodity market
and it varies day by day.
• The running cost of this plant is high compared to a hydro power plant.
• It produces ash as a by-product. And it is necessary to dispose of ash without
harming the environment.
• Due to the combustion of coal, flew gases and smoke are released into the
atmosphere. Therefore, this plant is not environmentally friendly.
• It produces harmful noise in the surrounded area. So, it affects workers and the
people leave nearby areas.
• The overall efficiency of the thermal power plant is very less. It is approx. 30%.

Source: Thermal Power Plant – Components, Working and Site Selection by Electrical Technology

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WORKING PRINCIPLES OF A THERMAL POWER PLANT

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ABOITIZ POWER’S COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT IN MINDANAO

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DINGININ POWER PLANT: THE LARGEST COAL POWER PLANT IN THE PHILIPPINES

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SUAL COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT: THE MASSIVE 1200 MEGAWATT FACILITY BUILT ON A 900 MILLION DOLLAR

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Ideal Rankine Cycle:
1. Boiler: Heat Added in the Boiler, 𝑸𝑨
𝑄 +ℎ =ℎ
𝑄 =ℎ −ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

where:
ℎ = ℎ at 𝑃 and 𝑇 (at Steam Table: Superheated Steam), 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = Heat Added , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ = mass flow rate of steam, 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Ideal Rankine Cycle:
1. Steam Turbine: Turbine Work, 𝑾𝑻
𝑊 +ℎ =ℎ
𝑊 = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

Note: If change in Kinetic Energy is given,

𝑊 = ℎ − ℎ + ∆KE , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ + ∆KE , 𝑘𝑊
For Actual Turbine Work
𝑊 , =𝑒 𝑊 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 ,̇ = 𝑒 𝑊̇ , 𝑘𝑊

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Ideal Rankine Cycle:
1. Condenser: Heat Rejected in the Condender, 𝑸𝑹
𝑄 +ℎ =ℎ
𝑄 = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄 ̇ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

Note: The heat rejected in the condenser is equal to

the heat absorbed by the cooling water.

𝑄 ̇ = 𝑚 ̇ 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 , 𝑘𝑊
𝑄 ̇ = 𝑚 ̇ 𝐶𝑝 𝑇 , − 𝑇 , , 𝑘𝑊

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Ideal Rankine Cycle:
1. Condenser: Heat Rejected in the Condender, 𝑸𝑹
By heat balance: 𝑄 = 𝑄
𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ = 𝑚 ̇ 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ
𝑚̇ = , 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
where:
𝑄 = Heat rejected in the condenser, 𝑘𝑊
ℎ = ℎ at 𝑃 and 𝑠 = 𝑠 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ = ℎ at 𝑃 = 𝑃 (at Steam Table: Sat. Water – Pressure), 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄 ̇ = Heat absorbed by the cooling water, 𝑘𝑊
𝑚 ̇ = mass flow rate of cooling water, 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
∆𝑇 = Change in temperature of the cooling water, 𝐾
𝐶𝑝 = Specific heat of water at constant pressure = 4.187 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Ideal Rankine Cycle:
1. Pump: Pump Work, 𝑾𝑷
Exact Pump Work
𝑊 +ℎ =ℎ
𝑊 = ℎ −ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

Approximate Pump Work

𝑊 = 𝑣 , 𝑃 − 𝑃 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ 𝑣 , 𝑃 − 𝑃 , 𝑘𝑊

Actual Pump Work

𝑊 , = 𝑊 /𝑒 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
̇
𝑊 , = 𝑊 /𝑒̇ , 𝑘𝑊
Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Ideal Rankine Cycle:
1. Net Cycle Work, 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻

𝑊 =𝑊 −𝑊 =𝑄 −𝑄 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇ = 𝑊̇ − 𝑊̇ = 𝑄 ̇ − 𝑄 ̇ , 𝑘𝑊

1. Thermal Efficiency, 𝒆𝒕𝒉

𝑊 𝑄
𝑒 = = 1−
𝑄 𝑄
𝑊̇ 𝑄̇
𝑒 = = 1−
𝑄̇ 𝑄̇

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Ideal Rankine Cycle:
1. Steam Rate, 𝑺𝑹

3600 𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑅 = ,
𝑊 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Ideal Rankine Cycle:
1. Actual Rankine Cycle

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Ideal Rankine Cycle:
1. Actual Rankine Cycle
Actual Turbine
𝑊 ′=𝑊 , =𝑒 𝑊 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 ′ ℎ −ℎ ′
𝑒 = =
𝑊 ℎ −ℎ
Actual Pump
𝑊 ′ = 𝑊 , = 𝑊 /𝑒 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 ℎ −ℎ
𝑒 = =
𝑊 ′ ℎ ′−ℎ
Heat Addition and Rejection in the Heat Exchangers
𝑄 ′ = ℎ − ℎ ′ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄 ′ = ℎ ′ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. Ideal Rankine Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Ideal Rankine Cycle:
1. Actual Rankine Cycle
Actual Net Cycle Work
𝑊 =𝑊 = 𝑊 ′ − 𝑊 ′ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 =𝑊 = 𝑄 ′ − 𝑄 ′ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Actual Thermal Efficiency
𝑊 𝑄 ′
𝑒 = =1−
𝑄 𝑄 ′

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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PROBLEM SOLVING: IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

1. A steam power plant running on an ideal Rankine cycle operates with steam at 600 𝑙𝑏 /𝑖𝑛 abs. and
800℃ from the evaporator and a condenser pressure of 1 𝑖𝑛𝐻 abs. Determine the following parameters
for the cycle:
a. Enthalpy for the working substance leaving the evaporator; enthalpy for the working substance
leaving the expander; enthalpy for the working substance leaving the condenser; enthalpy for the
working substance leaving the pump, (𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏 );
b. Pump work, (𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏 );
c. Heat Supplied, (𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏 );
d. Heat Rejected, (𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏 );
e. Net Cycle Work, (𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏 );
f. Turbine Work, (𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏 ); and
g. Thermal Efficiency, %.

Given: An Ideal Rankine Cycle

𝑃 = 600 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇 = 800℃
𝑃 = 1 𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔 𝑎𝑏𝑠

49

PROBLEM SOLVING: IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

1. A steam power plant running on an ideal Rankine cycle operates with steam at 600 𝑙𝑏 /𝑖𝑛 abs. and
800℃ from the evaporator and a condenser pressure of 1 𝑖𝑛𝐻 abs. Determine the parameters required.
Solution:
Using the Steam Tables:
a. For the enthalpy leaving the boiler: Superheated Steam Table (Table A.4E)
@ 𝑃 = 600 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 & 𝑇 = 800℉
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟕. 𝟔 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒍𝒃𝒎
𝒔𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒍𝒃𝒎 − 𝑹

For the enthalpy leaving the turbine: Saturated Mixture Pressure Table
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
@ 𝑃 = 1 𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔 = 0.49 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 ≈ 0.5𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
29.92 𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔 𝑎𝑏𝑠.
𝒔𝟏 = 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒍𝒃𝒎 − 𝑹
ℎ @ = ℎ , = 47.105 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
ℎ @ = ℎ , = 1048.85 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
𝑠 @ = 𝑠 , = 0.09145 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏 − 𝑅
𝑠 @ = 𝑠 , = 1.9472 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏 − 𝑅

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PROBLEM SOLVING: IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

1. A steam power plant running on an ideal Rankine cycle operates with steam at 600 𝑙𝑏 /𝑖𝑛 abs. and
800℃ from the evaporator and a condenser pressure of 1 𝑖𝑛𝐻 abs. Determine the parameters required.
Solution:
Calculating for the quality of steam at State 2:
𝑠 =𝑠 , +𝑥 𝑠 ,
𝑠 −𝑠 , =𝑥 𝑠 ,
𝑠 −𝑠 , 1.6343 − 0.09145
𝑥 = =
𝑠 , 1.9472
𝑥 = 0.7923 = 79.23%
ℎ =ℎ , +𝑥 ℎ ,
ℎ = 47.105 + 0.7923 1048.85
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟖𝟕𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒍𝒃𝒎

For the enthalpy leaving the condenser: Saturated Liquid PressureTable

@ 𝑃 ≈ 0.5𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝒉𝟑 = 𝒉𝒇 @ 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊𝒂 = 𝒉𝒇,𝟐 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒍𝒃𝒎
𝒔𝟑 = 𝒔𝒇 @ 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊𝒂 = 𝒔𝒇,𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒍𝒃𝒎 − 𝑹
𝑣 , @0.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 0.016075 𝑓𝑡 /𝑙𝑏

51

PROBLEM SOLVING: IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

1. A steam power plant running on an ideal Rankine cycle operates with steam at 600 𝑙𝑏 /𝑖𝑛 abs. and
800℃ from the evaporator and a condenser pressure of 1 𝑖𝑛𝐻 abs. Determine the parameters required.
Solution:
For the enthalpy leaving the pump: (Note: 𝑃 = 𝑃 & 𝑃 = 𝑃 )
𝑊 =𝑣 , 𝑃 −𝑃 =ℎ −ℎ
∴ℎ =𝑣 , 𝑃 −𝑃 +ℎ
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏 1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 12 𝑖𝑛 𝐵𝑇𝑈
ℎ = 0.016075 600 − 0.5 + 47.105
𝑙𝑏 𝑖𝑛 778 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏
𝒉𝟒 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒍𝒃𝒎

b. For the pump work

𝑊 =𝑣 , 𝑃 −𝑃 =ℎ −ℎ
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏 1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 12 𝑖𝑛
𝑊 = 0.016075 600 − 0.5
𝑙𝑏 𝑖𝑛 778 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏 1 𝑓𝑡
𝑾𝑷 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒍𝒃𝒎

c. For the heat supplied

𝑄 =ℎ −ℎ
𝑄 = 1407.6 − 48.89 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
𝑸𝑨 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟏 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒍𝒃𝒎

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PROBLEM SOLVING: IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

1. A steam power plant running on an ideal Rankine cycle operates with steam at 600 𝑙𝑏 /𝑖𝑛 abs. and
800℃ from the evaporator and a condenser pressure of 1 𝑖𝑛𝐻 abs. Determine the parameters required.
Solution:
d. For the heat rejected
𝑄 =ℎ −ℎ
𝑄 = 878.11 − 47.105 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
𝑸𝑹 = 𝟖𝟑𝟏 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒍𝒃𝒎

e. For the net cycle work

𝑊 =𝑄 −𝑄
𝑊 = (1358.71 − 831) 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = 𝟓𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟏 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒍𝒃𝒎

f. For the turbine work

𝑊 =ℎ −ℎ
𝑊 = 1407.6 − 878.11 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
𝑾𝑻 = 𝟓𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟗 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒍𝒃𝒎

53

PROBLEM SOLVING: IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

1. A steam power plant running on an ideal Rankine cycle operates with steam at 600 𝑙𝑏 /𝑖𝑛 abs. and
800℃ from the evaporator and a condenser pressure of 1 𝑖𝑛𝐻 abs. Determine the parameters required.
Solution:
g. For the thermal efficiency
𝑊 𝑄 −𝑄
𝑒 = =
𝑄 𝑄
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
𝑒 = − = 1−
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
831
𝑒 = 1−
1358.71
𝒆𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟒 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟖𝟒%

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PROBLEM SOLVING: IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

2. In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 2.5 MPa and condenser of 50 kPa. Determine the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
Steam Properties:
At 2.5 MPa, ℎ = 2803.1 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, 𝑠 = 6.2575 −𝐾
At 50 kPa, 𝑠 = 1.0910 𝑘𝐽/ 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾, 𝑠 = 6.5029 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾, ℎ = 340. 49 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, ℎ = 2305.4 𝑘𝐽/ 𝑘𝑔, 𝑣 =
0.00103000 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔.
Given: An Ideal Rankine Cycle
𝑃 = 2.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
ℎ , = ℎ = 2803.1 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠 , = 𝑠 = 6.2575 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑠 , = 𝑠 = 1.0910 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑠 , = 6.5029 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
ℎ , = ℎ = 340. 49𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ , = 2305.4𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑣 , = 𝑣 = 0.00103000 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔
Required: Thermal Efficiency of the Cycle, 𝑒

55

PROBLEM SOLVING: IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

2. In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 2.5 MPa and condenser of 50 kPa. Determine the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
Solution:
For the thermal efficiency of the cycle,
𝑊
𝑒 =
𝑄
𝑊 𝑄
𝑒 = = 1−
𝑄 𝑄
ℎ − 𝒉𝟑
𝑒 = 1−
𝒉𝟏 − ℎ
Solving for ℎ and ℎ ,
For ℎ ,
𝑠 = 𝑠 , + 𝑥𝑠 ,
6.2575 = 1.0910 + 𝑥 6.5029
𝑥 = 0.7945 = 79.45%
ℎ = ℎ + 𝑥ℎ ,
ℎ = 340.49 + 0.7945(2305.4)
𝑘𝐽
ℎ = 2172.13
𝑘𝑔

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PROBLEM SOLVING: IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

2. In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 2.5 MPa and condenser of 50 kPa. Determine the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
Solution:
Solving for ℎ and ℎ ,
For ℎ ,
𝑊 =𝑣 , 𝑃 −𝑃 =ℎ −ℎ
ℎ = 340.49 + 0.00103 2500 − 50
𝑘𝐽
ℎ = 342.98
𝑘𝑔

Finally, solving for the thermal efficiency of the cycle

ℎ −ℎ
𝑒 = 1−
ℎ −ℎ
2172.13 − 340.49
𝑒 = 1−
2803.10 − 342.98
𝒆𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟓%

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PROBLEM SOLVING: IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

3. A back pressure steam turbine of 100,000 kW serves as a prime mover in a cogeneration system. The
boiler admits the return water at a temperature of 66°C and produces the steam at 6.5 MPa and 455°C.
Steam then enters a back pressure turbine and expands to the pressure of the process, which is 0.52
MPa. Assuming a boiler efficiency of 80% and neglecting the effect of pumping and the pressure drops at
various location, what is the incremental heat rate for electric? The following enthalpies have been found :
turbine entrance = 3306.8 kJ/kg, exit = 2700.8 kJ/kg; boiler entrance = 276.23 kJ/kg, exit = 3306.8 kJ/kg.
Given: An Ideal Rankine Cycle
𝑊̇ = 100,000 𝑘𝑊 = 100 𝑀𝑊
𝑃 = 6.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑇 = 455℃
𝑃 = 0.52 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑒 = 80%
ℎ = 3306.80 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ = 2700.80 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ = 276.23 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Required: Heat Rate, 𝐻𝑅

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PROBLEM SOLVING: IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

3. A back pressure steam turbine of 100,000 kW serves as a prime mover in a cogeneration system. The
boiler admits the return water at a temperature of 66°C and produces the steam at 6.5 MPa and 455°C.
Steam then enters a back pressure turbine and expands to the pressure of the process, which is 0.52
MPa. Assuming a boiler efficiency of 80% and neglecting the effect of pumping and the pressure drops at
various location, what is the incremental heat rate for electric? The following enthalpies have been found :
turbine entrance = 3306.8 kJ/kg, exit = 2700.8 kJ/kg; boiler entrance = 276.23 kJ/kg, exit = 3306.8 kJ/kg.
Solution:
For the heat rate, 𝐻𝑅
𝑄 𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝑅 = ,
𝑊 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟

Solving for the turbine work, 𝑊

𝑊 =ℎ −ℎ
𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 3306.80 − 2700.80
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 606.00
𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ 𝑊
𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ = 165.02
𝑠

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PROBLEM SOLVING: IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

3. A back pressure steam turbine of 100,000 kW serves as a prime mover in a cogeneration system. The
boiler admits the return water at a temperature of 66°C and produces the steam at 6.5 MPa and 455°C.
Steam then enters a back pressure turbine and expands to the pressure of the process, which is 0.52
MPa. Assuming a boiler efficiency of 80% and neglecting the effect of pumping and the pressure drops at
various location, what is the incremental heat rate for electric? The following enthalpies have been found :
turbine entrance = 3306.8 kJ/kg, exit = 2700.8 kJ/kg; boiler entrance = 276.23 kJ/kg, exit = 3306.8 kJ/kg.
Solution:
Solving for the heat supply, 𝑄 𝐤𝐉
𝑯𝑹 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟒. 𝟔𝟗
𝑄 =ℎ −ℎ 𝒌𝑾 − 𝒉𝒓
𝑄_𝐴 = (ℎ − ℎ )/𝑒
𝑄 = (3306.80 − 276.23) 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔/0.80
𝑄 = 3788.21 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

For the heat rate, 𝐻𝑅

𝑄 𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝑅 = ,
𝑊 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
𝑚̇ 𝑄
𝐻𝑅 =
𝑊̇
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 3600 𝑠
165.02 3788.21
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 1 ℎ𝑟
𝐻𝑅 =
100000 𝑘𝑊

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

2. Rankine Reheat Cycle
The efficiency of the plant sometimes can be increased by withdrawing the steam
from the steam turbine after it has partially expanded and piping the steam back
to the steam generator for reheating. This also has the effect of reducing the
moisture content of the steam in the steam turbine limiting the amount of moisture
to 10 to 12%. This is important because water can cause increased turbine-blade
corrosion.

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

61

STEAM POWER PLANTS

2. Rankine Reheat Cycle
Advantages of Rankine Reheat Cycle:
• The net cycle work is increased as compared to the ideal Rankine cycle
• The heat supplied by the evaporator and reheater is increased
• The thermal efficiency is increased
• As the dryness fraction of the steam turbine's exhaust steam increases,
moisture decreases. As a result, blade erosion is reduced to a minimum,
extending the steam turbine's service life.
Disadvantages of Rankine Reheat Cycle:
• The net cycle work is increased as compared to the ideal Rankine cycle
• The heat supplied by the evaporator and reheater is increased
• The thermal efficiency is increased
• As the dryness fraction of the steam turbine's exhaust steam increases,
moisture decreases. As a result, blade erosion is reduced to a minimum,
extending the steam turbine's
Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

2. Rankine Reheat Cycle

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

63

STEAM POWER PLANTS

2. Rankine Reheat Cycle
Processes of Rankine Reheat Cycle:
1 – 2: Partial isentropic expansion in
the steam turbine (S=C)
2 – 3: Constant pressure
resurperheating / reheating in
the boiler / reheater (P=C)
3 – 4: Complete isentropic expansion
in the steam turbine (S=C)
4 – 5: Constant pressure heat
rejection in the condenser
(P=C)
5 – 6: Adiabatic pumping (S=C; Q=0)
6 – 1: Constant pressure heat
addition in the boiler (P=C)
Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

2. Rankine Reheat Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Rankine Reheat Cycle:
1. Boiler and Reheater: Heat Added in the Boiler and Reheater, 𝑸𝑨
𝑄 +ℎ =ℎ
𝑄 = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄 ̇ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊
𝑄 +ℎ =ℎ
𝑄 = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄 ̇ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

𝑸𝑨 = 𝑸𝑩 + 𝑸𝑹𝑯 , 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
𝑸𝑨̇ = 𝑸𝑩̇ + 𝑸𝑹𝑯
̇ , 𝒌𝑾

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

65

STEAM POWER PLANTS

2. Rankine Reheat Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Rankine Reheat Cycle:
2. Steam Turbine: Turbine Work, 𝑾𝐓
𝑊 , +ℎ =ℎ
𝑊 , = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 ,̇ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊
𝑊 , +ℎ =ℎ
𝑊 , = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 ,̇ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

𝑾𝑻 = 𝑾𝑻,𝑯𝑷 + 𝑾𝑻,𝑳𝑷 , 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

𝑾̇ 𝑻 = 𝑾𝑻,𝑯𝑷
̇ + 𝑾𝑻,𝑳𝑷
̇ , 𝒌𝑾
where:
𝑊 , = High − pressure Turbine work, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 , = Low − pressure Turbine work, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 = Total Turbine Work, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

2. Rankine Reheat Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Rankine Reheat Cycle:
3. Condenser: Heat Rejected in the Condenser, 𝑸𝑹
𝑄 +ℎ =ℎ
𝑄 = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄 ̇ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

Note: The heat rejected in the condenser is equal to the heat absorbed by
the cooling water.
𝑄 ̇ = 𝑚 ̇ 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 , 𝑘𝑊
̇
𝑄 = 𝑚 ̇ 𝐶𝑝 𝑇 , − 𝑇 , , 𝑘𝑊
By heat balance: 𝑄 = 𝑄
𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ = 𝑚 ̇ 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ
𝑚̇ = , 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

67

STEAM POWER PLANTS

2. Rankine Reheat Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Rankine Reheat Cycle:
3. Condenser: Heat Rejected in the Condenser, 𝑸𝑹

where:
𝑄 = Heat rejected in the condenser, 𝑘𝑊
ℎ = ℎ at 𝑃 and 𝑠 = 𝑠 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ = ℎ at 𝑃 = 𝑃 (at Steam Table: Sat. Water – Pressure), 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄 ̇ = Heat absorbed by the cooling water, 𝑘𝑊
𝑚 ̇ = mass flow rate of cooling water, 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
∆𝑇 = Change in temperature of the cooling water, 𝐾
𝐶𝑝 = Specific heat of water at constant pressure = 4.187 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

2. Rankine Reheat Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Rankine Reheat Cycle:
4. Pump: Pump Work, 𝑾𝑷
Exact Pump Work
𝑊 +ℎ =ℎ
𝑊 = ℎ − ℎ , 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

Approximate Pump Work

𝑊 = 𝑣 , 𝑃 − 𝑃 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ 𝑣 , 𝑃 − 𝑃 , 𝑘𝑊
Actual Pump Work
𝑊 , = 𝑊 /𝑒 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 ,̇ = 𝑊̇ /𝑒 , 𝑘𝑊
Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

69

STEAM POWER PLANTS

2. Rankine Reheat Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Rankine Reheat Cycle:
5. Net Cycle Work, 𝑾𝑷
𝑊 = 𝑊 − 𝑊 = 𝑄 − 𝑄 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 ̇ = 𝑊̇ − 𝑊̇ = 𝑄 ̇ − 𝑄 ̇ , 𝑘𝑊

6. Thermal Efficiency, 𝒆𝒕𝒉

𝑊 𝑄
𝑒 = =1−
𝑄 𝑄
𝑊̇ 𝑄̇
𝑒 = =1−
𝑄̇ 𝑄̇

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

2. Rankine Reheat Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Rankine Reheat Cycle:
7. Steam Rates, 𝑺𝑹
3600 𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑅 = , ← 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑊 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
3600 𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑅 = , ← 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑊 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟

8. Heat Rates, 𝑯𝑹
𝐻𝑅 = 𝑆𝑅 ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝐻𝑅 = 𝑆𝑅 ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REHEAT CYCLE

1. An evaporator of a Rankine Reheat cycle produces steam at 10 MPa and 500℃ which enters in the
expander that has one-stage of reheat; the expander exhausts the steam at 0.05 MPa with 85% quality.
The work produced by the expander is 800 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 of high quality steam. Determine the overall thermal
efficiency of the cycle?
Given: Rankine Reheat Cycle
𝑃 = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑇 = 500℃
𝑃 = 0.05 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑊 = 800 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑥 = 85%
Required: Overall Thermal Efficiency of the Cycle, 𝑒

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PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REHEAT CYCLE

1. An evaporator of a Rankine Reheat cycle produces steam at 10 MPa and 500℃ which enters in the
expander that has one-stage of reheat; the expander exhausts the steam at 0.05 MPa with 85% quality.
The work produced by the expander is 800 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 of high quality steam. Determine the overall thermal
efficiency of the cycle?
Solution: Rankine Reheat Cycle
For the enthalpy entering the expander:
Using the Superheated Steam Table
@ 𝑃 = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 & 𝑇 = 500℃
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟓. 𝟏 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈𝒎
𝒔𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟗𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 − 𝑲
For the enthalpy entering the condenser:
Using the Saturated Mixture Pressure Table
@ 𝑃 = 0.05 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝐽
ℎ , = 340.54
𝑘𝑔
ℎ , = 2304.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ =ℎ , +𝑥 ℎ ,
𝑘𝐽
ℎ = 340.54 + 0.85 2304.7
𝑘𝑔
𝒉𝟒 = 𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

73

PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REHEAT CYCLE

1. An evaporator of a Rankine Reheat cycle produces steam at 10 MPa and 500℃ which enters in the
expander that has one-stage of reheat; the expander exhausts the steam at 0.05 MPa with 85% quality.
The work produced by the expander is 800 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 of high quality steam. Determine the overall thermal
efficiency of the cycle?
Solution:
Using the pump work equation: For the heat added to the steam:
𝑊 =𝑣 , 𝑃 −𝑃 =ℎ −ℎ 𝑊 =𝑄 −𝑄
𝑣 , = 𝑣 @ 0.05 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.00103 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔 𝑄 =𝑊 + ℎ −ℎ
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
ℎ = ℎ @ 0.05 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 340.54 𝑄 = 789.75 + 2299.54 − 340.54
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = 2748.75 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Using the net cycle work equation:
𝑊 =𝑊 −𝑊 =𝑄 −𝑄 For the overall thermal efficiency of the Rankine
where: reheat cycle:
𝑊 789.75
𝑊 =𝑣 , 𝑃 −𝑃 𝑒 = =
𝑄 2748.75
𝑄 =ℎ −ℎ
𝒆𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟑 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟕𝟑%
∴𝑊 =𝑊 −𝑊
𝑘𝐽 𝑚 1000𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 800 − 0.00103 10 − 0.05 𝑀𝑃𝑎 1
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 𝑚 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 789.75
𝑘𝑔

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PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REHEAT CYCLE

2. A reheat steam has 13,850 kPa throttle pressure at the turbine and a 2800 kPa reheat pressure, the
throttle and reheat temperature of the steam is 540°C, condenser pressure is 3.4 kPa, engine efficiency of
high pressure and low pressure is 75%. Find the cycle thermal efficiency.
Given: Rankine Reheat Cycle
𝑃 = 13850 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃 = 𝑃 = 2800 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇 = 540℃
𝑃 = 𝑃 = 3.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑒 = 75%
Required: Cycle Thermal Efficiency, 𝑒

75

PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REHEAT CYCLE

2. A reheat steam has 13,850 kPa throttle pressure at the turbine and a 2800 kPa reheat pressure, the
throttle and reheat temperature of the steam is 540°C, condenser pressure is 3.4 kPa, engine efficiency of
high pressure and low pressure is 75%. Find the cycle thermal efficiency.
Solution:
Solving for the cycle thermal efficiency, 𝑒 Solving for the enthalpy leaving the pump, ℎ
𝑊 𝑾 𝑷 = 𝒉𝟔 − 𝒉 𝟓
𝑒 = 𝑾𝑷 = 𝒗𝟓 (𝑷𝟔 − 𝑷𝟓 )
𝑄
ℎ − ℎ = 𝑣 (𝑃 − 𝑃 )
Solving for the enthalpy leaving the boiler, ℎ : ℎ = ℎ + 𝑣 (𝑃 − 𝑃 )
Using the Steam Tables: Superheated Water 𝑘𝐽 𝑚 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝐽
@ 𝑃 = 13,850 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 13.85 𝑀𝑃𝑎 & 𝑇 = 540℃ ℎ = 109.84 + 0.0010032 13850 − 3.4 1
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
ℎ = 3434.10 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ℎ = 123.73 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑃 = 2800 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 2.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎 & 𝑇 = 540℃ 𝑚 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝐽
ℎ = 3548.50 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑊 = 0.0010032 13850 − 3.4 1
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Using the Mollier Diagram: 𝑊 = 13.89 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ = 2974.90 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Solving for the total turbine work, 𝑊
ℎ = 2204.50 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑾𝑻 = 𝑾𝑻,𝑳𝑷 + 𝑾𝑻,𝑯𝑷
ℎ = ℎ @ 3.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 109.84 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 = ℎ −ℎ + ℎ −ℎ
𝑣 = 𝑣 @ 3.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.0010032 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 3434.10 − 2974.90 + 3548.50 − 2204.50
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑊 = 1352.40 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

3. Rankine Regenerative Cycle
Cycle efficiency can be increased by bleeding a fraction of steam from the steam
turbine and using this steam for regenerative heating of the feedwater. The device
where the feedwater is heated by regeneration is called a regenerator, or a
feedwater heater (FWH). Furthermore, the steam may be fed either to an open
feedwater heater or a closed feedwater heater. Basically, a feedwater heater is a
heat exchanger in which heat is transferred from the steam to the feedwater.

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

3. Rankine Regenerative Cycle
Advantages of Rankine Regenerative Cycle:
• Compared to the ideal Rankine Cycle, the Regenerative cycle reduces the
evaporation time of water to steam in the boiler
• Thermal stresses are reduced due to the reduction of temperature ranges in the
boiler
• The thermal efficiency is increased due to the increased heat addition in the cycle
• The size of the condenser is reduced due to the small heat transfer surface area
Disadvantages of Rankine Regenerative Cycle:
• The layout of the cycle or power plant is more complex compared to the ideal
Rankine cycle
• Due to the inclusion of feedwater heaters and additional pumps, the operation and
maintenance cost significantly increases
• By cost-benefit analysis, the inclusion of feedwater heaters does not provide
significant change in the thermal efficiency of the cycle in relation to its operation
and maintenance cost
Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

3. Rankine Regenerative Cycle

Summary of the Advantages of Feed Water Heaters::

Open Feedwater Heaters Closed Feedwater Heaters

1. Simple and inexpensive 1. Complex and expensive
2. More efficient heat transfer 2. Less efficient
due to direct contact 3. One pump can be used for
3. Each FWH requires separate several FWHs
pump 4. Up to seven closed FWHs are
4. Usually, only one open FWH is used
used

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

3. Rankine Regenerative Cycle

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

3. Rankine Regenerative Cycle
Processes of Rankine Reheat Cycle:
1 – 2: Partial isentropic expansion in the steam turbine (S=C)
2 – 6: Constant pressure heat rejection in the feedwater heater (P=C)
2 – 3: Complete isentropic expansion in the steam turbine (S=C)
3 – 4: Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser (P=C)
4 – 5: Adiabatic pumping in the first pump (S=C; Q=0)
5 – 6: Constant pressure heat addition in the feedwater heater (P=C)
6 – 7: Adiabatic pumping in the second pump (S=C; Q=0)
7 – 1: Constant pressure heat addition in the boiler (P=C)

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

3. Rankine Regenerative Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Rankine Regenerative Cycle:
1. Boiler: Heat Added in the Boiler and Reheater, 𝑸𝑨
𝑄 +ℎ =ℎ
𝑄 = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄 ̇ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

2. Steam Turbine: Turbine Work, 𝑾𝑻

𝑊 +ℎ +ℎ =ℎ
𝑊 = ℎ − ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑊̇ + 𝑚 ̇ , ℎ + 𝑚̇ − 𝑚 ̇ , ℎ = 𝑚̇ ℎ
𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − 𝑚 ̇ , ℎ − 𝑚̇ − 𝑚 ̇ , ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

3. Rankine Regenerative Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Rankine Regenerative Cycle:
3. Condenser: Heat Rejected in the Condenser, 𝑸𝑹
𝑄 +ℎ =ℎ
𝑄 = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑄 + ℎ (𝑚̇ − 𝑚 ̇ , ) = ℎ (𝑚̇ − 𝑚 ̇ , )
𝑄 = (𝑚̇ − 𝑚 ̇ , )(ℎ − ℎ ), 𝑘𝑊

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

3. Rankine Regenerative Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Rankine Regenerative Cycle:
4. Pump: Pump Work, 𝑾𝑷
Exact Pump Work
𝑊 , +ℎ =ℎ
𝑊 , = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
̇
𝑊 , = 𝑚̇ − 𝑚 ̇ , ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

𝑊 , +ℎ =ℎ
𝑊 , = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 ̇ , = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

3. Rankine Regenerative Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Rankine Regenerative Cycle:
4. Pump: Pump Work, 𝑾𝑷
Approximate Pump Work
𝑊 , = 𝑣 , 𝑃 − 𝑃 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇, = 𝑣 , 𝑚̇ − 𝑚 ̇ , 𝑃 − 𝑃 , 𝑘𝑊

𝑊 , =𝑣 , 𝑃 − 𝑃 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 ̇ , = 𝑣 , 𝑚̇ 𝑃 − 𝑃 , 𝑘𝑊

Total Work Pump

𝑊 = 𝑊 , + 𝑊 , , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇ = 𝑊 ̇ , + 𝑊 ̇ , , 𝑘𝑊

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

3. Rankine Regenerative Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Rankine Regenerative Cycle:
5. Net Cycle Work, 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻

𝑊 = 𝑊 − 𝑊 = 𝑄 − 𝑄 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 ̇ = 𝑊̇ − 𝑊̇ = 𝑄 ̇ − 𝑄 ̇ , 𝑘𝑊

6. Thermal Efficiency, 𝒆𝒕𝒉

𝑊 𝑄
𝑒 = =1−
𝑄 𝑄
𝑊̇ 𝑄̇
𝑒 = =1−
𝑄̇ 𝑄̇

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

3. Rankine Regenerative Cycle
Cycle Analysis of an Rankine Regenerative Cycle:
7. Steam Rate, 𝑺𝑹
3600 𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑅 = ,
𝑊 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟

6. Mass Flow Rate of Extracted Steam, 𝒎𝒔,𝟏

𝑚 ̇ , ℎ + 𝑚̇ − 𝑚 ̇ , ℎ = 𝑚̇ ℎ
𝑚 ̇ , ℎ + 𝑚̇ ℎ − 𝑚 ̇ , ℎ = 𝑚̇ ℎ
𝑚 ̇ , ℎ − 𝑚 ̇ , ℎ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − 𝑚̇ ℎ
𝑚 ̇ , ℎ − ℎ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ
𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ
𝑚 ̇, =
ℎ −ℎ

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

87

PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

1. A steam power plant operating on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater
produces steam that enters the expander with the conditions: 15 MPa and 600℃, is condensed at a
condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Some of the steam leaves the expander at a pressure of 1.2 MPa and
enters the open feed water heater. Determine the fraction of the steam extracted from the expander and
the overall thermal efficiency of the regenerative cycle.
Given: A Rankine Regenerative Cycle
𝑃 = 15 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑇 = 600℃
𝑃 = 10 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃 = 1.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Required:
a. The fraction of the steam extracted from
the expander, 𝑚 , ; and
b. The overall thermal efficiency of the
regenerative cycle, 𝑒

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PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

1. A steam power plant operating on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater
produces steam that enters the expander with the conditions: 15 MPa and 600℃, is condensed at a
condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Some of the steam leaves the expander at a pressure of 1.2 MPa and
enters the open feed water heater. Determine the fraction of the steam extracted from the expander and
the overall thermal efficiency of the regenerative cycle.
Solution:
Solving for the enthalpies at each State, ℎ
For State 1: Using the Steam Tables For State 2: Using the Steam Tables
@ P = 15 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and T = 600°𝐶 @ 𝑃 = 1.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑠 = 𝑠 = 6.6796 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟑. 𝟏𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 ℎ , = 798.33 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝒔𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 − 𝑲 ℎ , = 1985.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠 , = 2.2159 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑠 , = 4.3058 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒%
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

89

PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

1. A steam power plant operating on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater
produces steam that enters the expander with the conditions: 15 MPa and 600℃, is condensed at a
condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Some of the steam leaves the expander at a pressure of 1.2 MPa and
enters the open feed water heater. Determine the fraction of the steam extracted from the expander and
the overall thermal efficiency of the regenerative cycle.
Solution:
For State 3: Using the Steam Tables For State 4: Using the Steam Tables
@ P = 10 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑠 = 𝑠 = 𝑠 = 6.6796 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 @ 𝑃 = 𝑃 = 10 𝑘𝑃𝑎
ℎ , = 191.81 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝒉𝒇,𝟑 = 𝒉𝟒 = 𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
ℎ , = 2392.1 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠 , = 0.6492 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑠 , = 7.4996 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑣 , = 0.001 010 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟒𝟏 = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟒𝟏%
𝒉𝟑 = 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟓. 𝟑 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

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PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

1. A steam power plant operating on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater
produces steam that enters the expander with the conditions: 15 MPa and 600℃, is condensed at a
condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Some of the steam leaves the expander at a pressure of 1.2 MPa and
enters the open feed water heater. Determine the fraction of the steam extracted from the expander and
the overall thermal efficiency of the regenerative cycle.
Solution:
For State 5: Using the Work Pump
𝑊 , =𝑣 , 𝑃 −𝑃 =ℎ −ℎ
Note: 𝑃 = 𝑃 & 𝑃 = 𝑃 & 𝑣 =𝑣 ,

ℎ =ℎ +𝑣 , 𝑃 −𝑃
𝑘𝐽 𝑚 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝐽
ℎ = 191.81 + 0.001 010 1200 − 10 1
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝒌𝑱
𝒉𝟓 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟎𝟏
𝒌𝒈

For State 6: Using the Steam Tables

@ 𝑃 = 𝑃 = 1.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝒉𝟔 = 𝒉𝒇 @𝟏. 𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂 = 𝟕𝟗𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
𝒗𝟔 = 𝒗𝒇 @𝟏. 𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈

91

PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

1. A steam power plant operating on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater
produces steam that enters the expander with the conditions: 15 MPa and 600℃, is condensed at a
condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Some of the steam leaves the expander at a pressure of 1.2 MPa and
enters the open feed water heater. Determine the fraction of the steam extracted from the expander and
the overall thermal efficiency of the regenerative cycle.
Solution:
For State 7: Using the Work Pump
𝑊 , =𝑣 , 𝑃 −𝑃 =ℎ −ℎ
Note: 𝑃 = 𝑃 & 𝑃 = 𝑃 & 𝑣 , =𝑣
ℎ =ℎ +𝑣 𝑣 , 𝑃 −𝑃
𝑘𝐽 𝑚 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝐽
ℎ = 798.33 + 0.001 138 15000 − 1200 1
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝒌𝑱
𝒉𝟕 = 𝟖𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟑
𝒌𝒈

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PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

1. A steam power plant operating on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater
produces steam that enters the expander with the conditions: 15 MPa and 600℃, is condensed at a
condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Some of the steam leaves the expander at a pressure of 1.2 MPa and
enters the open feed water heater. Determine the fraction of the steam extracted from the expander and
the overall thermal efficiency of the regenerative cycle.
Solution:
a. Solving of the fraction of the steam
extracted from the expander, 𝑚 ,
Assuming 𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚,

By energy balance,
𝑚 , ℎ + 𝑚 −𝑚 , =𝑚 ℎ
𝑚 , ℎ +𝑚 ℎ −𝑚 , ℎ =𝑚 ℎ
𝑚 , ℎ −𝑚 , ℎ =𝑚 ℎ −𝑚 ℎ
𝑚 , ℎ −ℎ =𝑚 ℎ −ℎ
𝑚 ℎ −ℎ
𝑚, =
ℎ −ℎ
𝑘𝐽
798.33 − 193.01
𝑘𝑔
𝑚, =
𝑘𝐽
(2860.2 − 193.01)
𝑘𝑔
𝒎𝒔,𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝒈 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎/𝒌𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎

93

PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

1. A steam power plant operating on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater
produces steam that enters the expander with the conditions: 15 MPa and 600℃, is condensed at a
condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Some of the steam leaves the expander at a pressure of 1.2 MPa and
enters the open feed water heater. Determine the fraction of the steam extracted from the expander and
the overall thermal efficiency of the regenerative cycle.
Solution:
b. Solving for the overall thermal efficiency of the regenerative cycle, 𝑒

𝑊 𝑄
𝑒 = = 1−
𝑄 𝑄
ℎ −ℎ
𝑒 = 1−
ℎ −ℎ
𝑘𝐽
(2115.3 − 191.81)
𝑘𝑔
𝑒 = 1−
𝑘𝐽
(3583.1 − 814.03)
𝑘𝑔
𝒆𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟒 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝟒%

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PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

2. Steam at 6 MPa and 455°C is received by regenerative engine. Extraction for feed water heating occurs at
2.8 MPa and again at 1.20 MPa. With the remaining steam expanding to 0.006 MPa for the ideal engine
with a throttle flow of 54500 kg/hr.

Given: A Rankine Regenerative Cycle Required:

𝑃 = 6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 a. the amount of steam extracted per hour, 𝑚
𝑇 = 455℃ b. the turbine work, 𝑘𝑊
𝑃 = 2.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎 c. the thermal efficiency, 𝑒
𝑃 = 1.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑃 = 𝑃 = 0.006 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚̇ = 54500 𝑘𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚/ℎ𝑟

95

PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

2. Steam at 6 MPa and 455°C is received by regenerative engine. Extraction for feed water heating occurs at
2.8 MPa and again at 1.20 MPa. With the remaining steam expanding to 0.006 MPa for the ideal engine
with a throttle flow of 54500 kg/hr.
Solution:
Solving for the enthalpies at each State, ℎ
For State 1: Using the Steam Tables For State 2: Using the Steam Tables
@ P = 6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and T = 455°𝐶 @ P = 2.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑠 = 𝑠 = 6.73797 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 ℎ , = 981.728 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝒔𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟑𝟕𝟗𝟕 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 − 𝑲 ℎ , = 1812.98 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠 , = 2.60892 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑠 , = 3.60476 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓%
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

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PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

2. Steam at 6 MPa and 455°C is received by regenerative engine. Extraction for feed water heating occurs at
2.8 MPa and again at 1.20 MPa. With the remaining steam expanding to 0.006 MPa for the ideal engine
with a throttle flow of 54500 kg/hr.
Solution:
For State 3: Using the Steam Tables For State 4: Using the Steam Tables
@ P = 1.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑠 = 𝑠 = 6.73797 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 @ 𝑃 = 0.006 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑠 = 𝑠 = 6.73797 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
ℎ , = 798.33 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑣 , = 0.001 006 2 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔
ℎ , = 1985.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ℎ , = 150.15 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠 , = 2.2159 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 ℎ , = 2415.92 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠 , = 4.3058 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑣 , = 0.001 138 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓%
𝒉𝟑 = 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟑. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

𝑠 , = 0.51624 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠 , = 7.82008 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟔 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟓𝟔%

𝒉𝟒 = 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟐. 𝟐𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

97

PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

2. Steam at 6 MPa and 455°C is received by regenerative engine. Extraction for feed water heating occurs at
2.8 MPa and again at 1.20 MPa. With the remaining steam expanding to 0.006 MPa for the ideal engine
with a throttle flow of 54500 kg/hr.
Solution:
For State 5: Using the Steam Tables Solving for the work pump, 𝑊
@ P = 𝑃 = 0.006 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑊 = 𝑣 , (𝑃 − 𝑃 )
𝑣 , = 𝑣 , = 0.001 006 2 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝐽
𝒉𝒇,𝟒 = 𝒉𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 𝑊 = 0.001 006 2 6000 − 6 1
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
For State 6: Using the Steam Tables 𝒌𝑱
𝑾𝑷 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟑
@ P = 𝑃 = 1.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝒌𝒈
𝒉𝒇,𝟑 = 𝒉𝟔 = 𝟕𝟗𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
For State 7: Using the Steam Tables
@ P = 𝑃 = 2.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝒉𝒇,𝟐 = 𝒉𝟕 = 𝟗𝟖𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

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PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

2. Steam at 6 MPa and 455°C is received by regenerative engine. Extraction for feed water heating occurs at
2.8 MPa and again at 1.20 MPa. With the remaining steam expanding to 0.006 MPa for the ideal engine
with a throttle flow of 54500 kg/hr.
Solution:
a. Solving for the amount of steam extracted
per hour, 𝑚

𝑚 ℎ + ℎ (𝑚 − 𝑚 ) = ℎ 𝑚
ℎ −ℎ
𝑚 =
Assuming that 𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 ℎ −ℎ
𝑚 ℎ + ℎ (1 − 𝑚 )=ℎ 981.728 − 798.33
𝑚 =
𝑚 ℎ +ℎ −𝑚 ℎ =ℎ 3066.655 − 798.33
𝑚 ℎ −ℎ =ℎ −ℎ 𝑚 = 0.0809 𝑘𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚/𝑘𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
ℎ −ℎ 𝑘𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑚 = 𝑚 = 0.0809 54500
ℎ −ℎ 𝑘𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 ℎ𝑟
𝒎𝟏 = 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝒈 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎/𝐡𝐫

99

PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

2. Steam at 6 MPa and 455°C is received by regenerative engine. Extraction for feed water heating occurs at
2.8 MPa and again at 1.20 MPa. With the remaining steam expanding to 0.006 MPa for the ideal engine
with a throttle flow of 54500 kg/hr.
Solution:
a. Solving for the amount of steam extracted per hour, 𝑚

𝑚 ℎ + ℎ (𝑚 − 𝑚 − 𝑚 ) = ℎ (𝑚 − 𝑚 )

Assuming that 𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑚 ℎ + ℎ (1 − 𝑚 − 𝑚 ) = ℎ (1 − 𝑚 )
𝑚 ℎ +ℎ −𝑚 ℎ −𝑚 ℎ =ℎ −𝑚 ℎ
𝑚 ℎ −𝑚 ℎ =ℎ −𝑚 ℎ −ℎ +𝑚 ℎ 798.33 − 150.15 1 − 0.0809
𝑚 (ℎ − ℎ ) = ℎ − ℎ + 𝑚 ℎ −𝑚 ℎ 𝑚 =
2883.00 − 150.15
𝑚 (ℎ − ℎ ) = (ℎ − ℎ )(1 − 𝑚 ) 𝑚 = 0.2180 𝑘𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚/𝑘𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
ℎ −ℎ 1−𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑚 = 𝑚 = 0.2180 54500
ℎ −ℎ 𝑘𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 ℎ𝑟
𝒎𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎/𝐡𝐫

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PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

2. Steam at 6 MPa and 455°C is received by regenerative engine. Extraction for feed water heating occurs at
2.8 MPa and again at 1.20 MPa. With the remaining steam expanding to 0.006 MPa for the ideal engine
with a throttle flow of 54500 kg/hr.
Solution:
b. Solving for the turbine work, 𝑊

𝑚 ℎ =𝑚 ℎ +𝑚 ℎ + 𝑚 −𝑚 −𝑚 ℎ +𝑊
𝑊 = 𝑚 ℎ −𝑚 ℎ −𝑚 ℎ − 𝑚 −𝑚 −𝑚 ℎ

Assuming that 𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑊 = ℎ −𝑚 ℎ −𝑚 ℎ − 1−𝑚 −𝑚 ℎ
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑒 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑒 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑒 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 3314.92 − (0.0809 ) 3066.655 − 0.2180 2883.00 − 1 − 0.0809 − 0.2180 2072.26
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑒 𝑘𝑔 𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑒 𝑘𝑔 𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑒
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑡 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑊 − 𝑠
𝑊 = 985.47 54500 (1 )
𝑘𝑔 𝑡 ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠 𝑘𝐽
𝑾𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟐 𝐤𝐖

101

PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REGENERATIVE CYCLE

2. Steam at 6 MPa and 455°C is received by regenerative engine. Extraction for feed water heating occurs at
2.8 MPa and again at 1.20 MPa. With the remaining steam expanding to 0.006 MPa for the ideal engine
with a throttle flow of 54500 kg/hr.
Solution:
c. Solving for the thermal efficiency, 𝑒

𝑊
𝑒 =
𝑄
𝑊 −𝑊
𝑒 =
ℎ −ℎ
985.47 − 6.03
𝑒 =
3314.92 − 981.728

𝒆𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟖 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟗𝟖%

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4. Rankine Reheat–Regenerative Cycle
The Rankine Reheat and Regenerative cycles are combined to further improve
the overall thermal efficiency and further reduce the moisture content of steam to
minimize corrosion.

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

103

STEAM POWER PLANTS

4. Rankine Reheat–Regenerative Cycle
Processes of Rankine Reheat – Regenerative Cycle:
1 – 2: Partial isentropic expansion in the steam turbine (S=C)
2 – 3: Intermediate isentropic expansion in the steam turbine (S=C)
2 – 8: Constant pressure heat rejection in the
feedwater heater (P=C)
3 – 4: Constant pressure resuperheating in the
reheater (P=C)
4 – 5: Complete isentropic expansion in the
steam turbine (S=C)
5 – 6: Constant pressure heat rejection in the
condenser (P=C)
6 – 7: Adiabatic pumping in the first
pump (S=C; Q=0)
7 – 8: Constant pressure heat addition in the
feedwater heater (P=C)
8 – 9: Adiabatic pumping in the second pump (S=C; Q=0)
9 – 1: Constant pressure heat addition in the boiler (P=C)

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

4. Rankine Reheat–Regenerative Cycle
Cycle Analysis of a Rankine Reheat–Regenerative Cycle:
1. Boiler and Reheater: Heat Added in the Boiler and Reheater, 𝑸𝑨
𝑄 +ℎ =ℎ
𝑄 = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄 ̇ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊
𝑄 +ℎ =ℎ
𝑄 = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄̇ = 𝑚̇ − 𝑚̇ , ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

𝑸𝑨 = 𝑸𝑩 + 𝑸𝑹𝑯 , 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
𝑸𝑨̇ = 𝑸𝑩̇ + 𝑸̇𝑹𝑯 =, 𝒌𝑾

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

105

STEAM POWER PLANTS

4. Rankine Reheat–Regenerative Cycle
Cycle Analysis of a Reheat–Regenerative Cycle:
2. Steam Turbine: Turbine Work, 𝑾𝑻
𝑊 + 𝑚 −𝑚 , ℎ +𝑚 , ℎ + 𝑚 −𝑚 , ℎ =𝑚 ℎ + 𝑚 −𝑚 , ℎ
𝑊 =𝑚 ℎ + 𝑚 −𝑚 , ℎ − 𝑚 −𝑚 , ℎ −𝑚 , ℎ − 𝑚 −𝑚 , ℎ

𝑊 =𝑚 ℎ −𝑚 , ℎ + 𝑚 −𝑚 , ℎ −ℎ −ℎ

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

4. Rankine Reheat–Regenerative Cycle
Cycle Analysis of a Reheat–Regenerative Cycle:
3. Condenser: Heat Rejection in the Condenser, 𝑸𝐑
𝑄 +ℎ =ℎ

𝑄 = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄 ̇ = 𝑚̇ − 𝑚 ̇ , ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

4. Rankine Reheat–Regenerative Cycle
Cycle Analysis of a Reheat–Regenerative Cycle:
4. Pump Work, 𝑾𝑷
𝑊 , +ℎ =ℎ

𝑊 , = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 ̇ , = 𝑚̇ − 𝑚 ̇ , ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊

𝑊 , +ℎ =ℎ
𝑊 , = ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 ̇ , = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ , 𝑘𝑊
Approximate Pump Work
𝑊 , = 𝑣 , 𝑃 − 𝑃 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊 ̇ , = 𝑣 , 𝑚̇ − 𝑚 ̇ , 𝑃 − 𝑃 , 𝑘𝑊
𝑊, =𝑣 , 𝑃 − 𝑃 , 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇ , = 𝑣 , 𝑚̇ 𝑃 − 𝑃 , 𝑘𝑊
𝑾𝑷 = 𝑾𝑷,𝟏 + 𝑾𝑷,𝟐 , 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
𝑾̇ 𝑷 = 𝑾𝑷,𝟏
̇ + 𝑾𝑷,𝟐
̇ , 𝒌𝑾
Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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4. Rankine Reheat–Regenerative Cycle
Cycle Analysis of a Reheat–Regenerative Cycle:
5. Thermal Efficiency, 𝒆𝒕𝒉
𝑊 𝑄
𝑒 = =1−
𝑄 𝑄
𝑊̇ 𝑄̇
𝑒 = =1−
𝑄̇ 𝑄̇

6. Steam Rate, 𝑺𝑹
3600 𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑅 = ,
𝑊 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

4. Rankine Reheat–Regenerative Cycle
Cycle Analysis of a Reheat–Regenerative Cycle:
7. Mass flow rate of extracted steam, 𝒎𝒔,𝟏

𝑚̇, ℎ + 𝑚̇ − 𝑚 ̇ , ℎ = 𝑚̇ ℎ
𝑚̇, ℎ + 𝑚̇ ℎ − 𝑚 ̇ , ℎ = 𝑚̇ ℎ
𝑚̇, ℎ − 𝑚 ̇ , ℎ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − 𝑚̇ ℎ
𝑚̇, ℎ − ℎ = 𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ

𝑚̇ ℎ − ℎ
𝑚 ̇, =
ℎ −ℎ

Source: Power Plant Engineering by Capote, R. and Mandawe, J.

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PROBLEM SOLVING: RANKINE REHEAT–REGENERATIVE CYCLE

1. A Batangas base industrial company operates a steam-power plant with reheat and refrigeration. The
steam enters a turbine at 200 bar and 900 K and expands to 1 bar. Steam leaves the first stage at 30 bar
and part of it entering a closed heater while the rest reheated to 800K. Both section of the turbine have
adiabatic efficiency of 93%. A condensate pump exist between the heater and condensate outlet line from
the heater (condensed extracted steam). Compute for the extracted fraction of the total mass flow to the
heater.
Given: A Rankine Reheat–Regenerative Cycle
𝑃 = 200 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇 = 900 𝐾
𝑃 = 30 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇 = 800 𝐾
𝑃 = 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑒 = 93%

Required:
The extracted fraction of the total mass flow to the heater, 𝑚

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SAMPLE EXERCISES: STEAM POWER PLANTS

1. A Rankine Reheat cycle operates with a turbine inlet throttling pressure of 13.85 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and the reheater has
an operating pressure and temperature of 2.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 540℃, respectively. The steam then leaves the
turbine with a condenser pressure of 3.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Determine the overall cycle thermal efficiency when the turbine
efficiency is 75%. Provide a sketch of the schematic and T-S diagrams. (Ans. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟒𝟓%)
2. An evaporator of an ideal Rankine cycle produces steam at 1.24 𝑀𝑃𝑎𝑎 and delivers high quality and
saturated steam to the expander, which is expanded to 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎. The temperature of the feedwater entering
the pump is 93℃. Find the overall Rankine cycle thermal efficiency. Provide a sketch of the schematic and T-
S diagrams. (Ans. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟓%)
3. During the process of raising steam in a boiler, when the pressure was 1.9 Bar gauge the temperature inside
the boiler was 130℃ and when the pressure was 6.25 Bar gauge (0.625 MPag) the temperature was 165℃.
If the volume of the steam space is constant at 4.25 𝑚 . Calculate the mass of steam. (Ans. 𝒎𝒔 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝒈)
4. A 50 MW thermal plant has a thermal efficiency of 32% based on its combined output. If the plant operates
continuously (24 ℎ𝑟/𝑑𝑎𝑦). How many tons of coal is burned per day at 30,000 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 to produce the desired
output. Take boiler efficiency as 85%, and how many 𝑚 per ℎ𝑟 sea water (SG=1.05) is required in the
𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔
condenser if 𝐶 , = 4.2 and ∆𝑡 = 10℃. (Ans. 𝒎𝑭 = 𝟓𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟏 and 𝒗𝑾 = 𝟖, 𝟔𝟕𝟑. 𝟒𝟕 𝒎𝟑 /𝒉𝒓)
𝒅𝒂𝒚
5. A reheat steam cycle has 13,850 kPa throttle pressure at the turbine inlet and a 2,800 kPa reheat pressure,
the throttle and reheat temperature of the steam is 540℃, condenser pressure is 3.4 kPa, engine efficiency of
high pressure and low pressure is 75%. Find the cycle thermal efficiency. (Ans. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟒𝟔%)

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Questions?
Clarifications?
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Engr.MarcFlorenzArnaldo,throughemail or MS Teams.

Email Address MS Teams Consultation Hours

[email protected] Marc Florenz Arnaldo Tuesday - Friday 1 PM to 4 PM

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For more inquiries, message me at:

[email protected]

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[email protected]

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