The Trajectory and Work of Fernando Gonz Lez Rey Paths To His Theory of Subjectivity Trayectoria y Obra de Fernando Gonz Lez Rey Caminos Hacia Su
The Trajectory and Work of Fernando Gonz Lez Rey Paths To His Theory of Subjectivity Trayectoria y Obra de Fernando Gonz Lez Rey Caminos Hacia Su
The Trajectory and Work of Fernando Gonz Lez Rey Paths To His Theory of Subjectivity Trayectoria y Obra de Fernando Gonz Lez Rey Caminos Hacia Su
Estudios de Psicología
To cite this article: Daniel M. Goulart, Albertina Mitjáns-Martínez & Moisés Esteban-Guitart
(2020) The trajectory and work of Fernando González Rey: paths to his Theory of Subjectivity
(Trayectoria y obra de Fernando González Rey: caminos hacia su Teoría de la Subjetividad),
Studies in Psychology, 41:1, 9-30, DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2019.1710800
Article views: 23
RESUMEN
El objetivo del siguiente artículo es presentar y discutir algunos aspec-
tos biográficos y teóricos significativos en la propuesta y desarrollo de
la Teoría de la Subjetividad de Fernando González Rey. En este sentido,
se destaca su temprana participación en la Revolución Cubana, los
primeros avances en sus años de estudiante (1968–1973), su
preocupación alrededor del estudio de la Personalidad (1973–1997)
y, finalmente, el desarrollo de la Teoría de la Subjetividad y de la
Epistemología Cualitativa (1997–2019). Se destaca el diálogo crítico
con la psicología histórico-cultural, sobre todo con la obra de
L. Bozhovich y L. Vygotski. Se introducen sus principales conceptos
teóricos vinculados a la Teoría de la Subjetividad. Finalmente, se con-
cluye considerando la Teoría de la Subjetividad como una ‘macroteoría’
compleja, con una vocación crítica y subversiva, abierta a la generación
de nuevos espacios de inteligibilidad que permitan dar cuenta del
carácter creativo y productor de los fenómenos humanos.
‘I am I and my circumstance; and, if I do not save it, I do not save myself’. With this
fortunate expression, Ortega y Gasset (1914/1966, p. 322) confirmed the existential
impossibility of separating the person from their surroundings, context or particular
situation. This thesis can be distributed and developed within the framework of the
historical-cultural theory or perspective.
It is impossible to understand creative and genuine works — for example, Vygotsky’s
legacy or, what concerns us here, the work authored by González Rey — without placing it in
the cultural-historical context of where and when it was produced. That is, the ‘text’ — in this
case the work of González Rey — can only be understood within the historical and cultural
moment he wrote it in. Furthermore, the subjectivity of an individual, with its historical,
relational, affective and intellectual history and experiences, is permanently articulated with
spaces of social subjectivity. Thus, subjective production itself is a theoretical witness of the
inseparability between individual, society and culture (González Rey, 2017).
We can affirm, without the risk of being mistaken, that González Rey’s Theory of
Subjectivity is an attempt to understand the complexity of human functioning within the
conditions of culture, which implies, among other aspects, supporting the generative, creative
and countercultural character of individuals and social groups against the normative status
quo of a given institution or social, political, cultural reality. Only thus are the following
expressions understood:
Subjectivity, according to this definition, is a subversive concept, because its definition
implies continuous resistance to and confrontation with the social hegemonic status quo
throughout the history of mankind, opening a theoretical pathway to explain this resis-
tance. At the same time, subjective phenomena are intrinsically polychromatic inside one
culture, making impossible any attempt to standardize subjectivity or to submit it to
control. Change and development are intrinsic to subjectivity, so any form of resistance
is engendered from inside one structure of power, within new subjective productions that
may lead to non-predictable changes and consequences, transcending the dominant
established rationality (González Rey, 2017, p. 6)
That said, the purpose of this article, as an introduction to this special issue of the journal,
is to present and discuss key aspects about the origins and background, developments and
prospects, of the central contribution to González Rey’s work, i.e., his Theory of
Subjectivity. And to do this, we must, as mentioned above, place this theory, text, in the
specific context of when it was produced. To this end, we have divided the article into four
sections. We first explore the author’s biographical trajectory, with a focus on his academic
training, as that is especially relevant for understanding his theory. We then expose the
critical dialogue he established with cultural-historical psychology, in particular with the
work of Lidiya Bozhovich and Lev Vygotsky. Thirdly, we describe the central concepts of
the Theory of Subjectivity and, finally, draw conclusions to be used as invitations and
openings to the themes developed in this special issue.
character who were hard-workers, González Rey, an only child, was the first member of
his family to devote himself to studies and become an academic. Working for a meagre
income to pay for rent, the remaining part of what the family earned was used to
educate the household’s only child. However, aspects of his popular neighbourhood and
baseball were subjectively configured passions even before books and science were.
González Rey was 10 years old when the Cuban Revolution began. His family,
especially his father, sensitive to the exploitation of popular classes and sympathetic
to Marxist ideas, was in favour of the Revolution. An example of the impact that this
had on him was that, at the age of only 12, González Rey participated in the National
Literacy Campaign, through which in a little more than a year the whole country
became literate. During his experience as an adult literacy teacher, he spent much
time with farmers’ families, expanding his knowledge on social experiences and repre-
sentation of different ways of life. In fact, González Rey frequently commended the
spontaneous character, pride and strength that the Cuban population had during the
first 10 years after the Revolution, which would change the course of the country’s
social development.
Like the great majority of his generation, he was integrated into the Cuban revolu-
tionary process, actively participating in the tasks that the Cuban Revolution assigned to
young people. During his university studies he was part of the Communist Youth and
subsequently entered the ranks of the Communist Party of Cuba. During his militancy
in these political organizations he was often characterized by his capacity to reflect on
and constructively criticize what he considered to be bureaucratic and dogmatic. He
maintained this critical capacity throughout his career as a teacher. He was Dean of the
Faculty of Psychology and Vice-Rector of the University of Havana, which sometimes
caused friction with higher levels of institutional management. During the following
years, his critical perspective on the orthodoxy and dogmatism that characterized
institutional and partisan policies and decisions intensified.
As a student, between 1968 and 1973, González Rey was vocally critical of the
fragmented psychology dominant at the time, divided according to specific fields of
application, but with little capacity for articulation and to consider complex psychic
systems. During his undergraduate years, his studies focused on humanism and psycho-
analysis, and he became interested in clinical psychology and was inspired by
G. Allport’s critique of instrumental-based psychology, but was influenced mainly by
the texts of L. Bozhovich. In a recent interview, González Rey explains that the texts on
the formation of personality within a historical-cultural framework impressed him
significantly. According to González Rey, Bozhovich ‘[…] takes giant strides, stating
how personality is not only the expression of the environment, but a way of creating the
social environment’ (González Rey & Goulart, 2019, p. 10). Inspired by these texts, his
first research studies explored students’ self-assessment and the way they reacted to
school failure, and analysed the issue of moral ideals.
Based on these theoretical interests, he carried out a PhD in psychological sciences at
the Moscow Institute of General and Pedagogical Psychology, under the guidance of
V. Chudnovski, in L. Bozhovich’s laboratory. He then moved into a new conception of
personality and its expression in different areas of psychology, with an emphasis on
education and health. Gradually, he also elaborated on the concept of communication,
based on the contributions of B. Lomov, and deepened his criticism of the limits of the
12 D. M. Goulart et al.
dominant concept of activity in Soviet psychology (González Rey, 1983a, 1983b, 1985).
The articulation between communication and personality was developed in the thesis
he wrote for his title of Doctor of Science in 1987 at the Institute of Psychology of the
USSR Academy of Sciences. It is important to note that González Rey was, and still is,
the only Latin American to obtain this science degree.
As we argued in another publication: ‘By working in that Institute, González Rey
realized it would be impossible to sustain a cultural–historical psychology centred on
individual concepts, as well as the importance of finding ways capable of advancing
a theoretical definition of human psyche that was not restricted to individuals’
(González Rey, Mitjáns Martínez, & Goulart, 2019, p. 10). In this sense, the progress
of his studies into the association between communication and personality led him to
a favourable exchange in social psychology in a Soviet context, which further developed
after the integration of two traditions: (1) the research line directed by Rubinstein,
whose main disciples and colleagues were Abuljanova, Antsiferova and Bruschlinsky;
and (2) the research line directed by Ananiev and Miasichev in Leningrad, whose
disciple was B. Lomov.
González Rey’s dialogue and contribution to social psychology, which began in Moscow,
continued in Latin America, after his return to Havana as a result of his participation in the
Critical Social Psychology movement that had begun on the continent during the mid-
eighties. At this time, González Rey highlighted the importance of the concepts of subject
and social subjectivity in connection with that of personality, for social psychology
(González Rey, 1991; González Rey & Mitjáns Martínez, 1989). These concepts allowed
him, on the one hand, to develop the idea of the creative subject in a social psychology
where the subject had disappeared. And on the other hand, the concept of social subjectivity
represented ‘a theoretical search to open a new path in the study of personality that would
allow the study of the complex and multiple ways through which personality emerges as
inseparable from social reality’ (González Rey et al., 2019, p. 10). His intense exchange with
authors such as Ignacio Martin-Baró, Maritza Montero, José Miguel Salazar, Bernardo
Jiménez and Silvia Lane, who criticized the reproductive emphasis of psychology in Latin
America and sought to advance a psychology committed to the specific problems of the
continent, was extremely important at this moment in his intellectual production. In
recognition of his significant contribution to psychology, in 1991 González Rey received
the Inter-American Prize for Psychology.
In 2000, as a result of political tensions with more orthodox wings of the Ministry of
Higher Education and the Communist Party, González Rey and Albertina Mitjáns
Martínez, his academic and life partner, were not allowed to return to Cuba, after
living in Brazil as visiting professors from 1995 to 1999. This would mark the beginning
of a new chapter in his life and in his career. Now based in Brazil because of these
circumstances, González Rey worked in different universities throughout the country
but chose the Centro Universitario of Brasilia as his main workplace. He gradually
emerged as the leader of different research groups that worked on his theoretical
contributions while also collaborating closely with other leaders from different research
groups and Brazilian states. His internationalization, which at the time was quite
consolidated in Latin America, was extended to other continents, such as Europe and
Oceania. His academic effort contributed to the development of multiple lines of
research and the training of dozens of PhDs.
The trajectory and work of Fernando González Rey / Trayectoria y obra de Fernando González Rey 13
Mitjáns Martínez (in press) categorizes González Rey’s work into two periods:
Personality (1973–97) and Theory of Subjectivity and Qualitative Epistemology
(1997–2019). This first topic, together with biographical information related to his
context and training, focused on outlining key elements of the first of these two periods,
facilitating an understanding of his theoretical production on the topic of Personality.
However, before moving on to a discussion of the second period, we will first explore
González Rey’s critical and creative reading of cultural-historical psychology, to fully
understand that this is an original and significant contribution from the author.
occurs between 1928 and 1931. During this second phase, the human species is
defined and singled out as a result of the creation and use of psychological and
cultural instruments, signs and symbols, to regulate one’s own and other people’s
behaviour. During this period, the bases of official scientific Marxism had already
been established and determined a variety of guidelines or conditions — objectivity,
scientism, naturalness, reflection — that conditioned the development of psychology
at the time (Esteban-Guitart, 2018; González Rey, 2014). In this context, Vygotsky
defines the psyche as a result of the internalization of external operations, which are
reduced to operations with objects and signs (Vygotsky, 1978). Following this, the
social and cultural origin of the psyche and human behaviour was thus assumed,
which was integrated with Marxist principles on the social and material character of
human consciousness and behaviour. It was from this perspective that the static and
erroneous representation that equated Vygotsky, Luria and Leontiev was distributed
(González Rey, 2013).
Finally, in the third and final stage of Vygotsky’s work, according to González Rey’s
analysis (2011, 2013), the focus shifts from the sign, mediating operations and the
passage of inferior to higher psychological functions, towards the relationships between
functions or psychological processes, pointing out that what changes and is modified,
throughout development, are these relationships, from which new constellations or
‘neoformations’ emerge — psychological systems — in the course of human develop-
ment. This change was also ratified by authors such as Del Río and Álvarez (2017). In
fact, today we know that one of Vygotsky’s unfinished projects was the development of
a general theory of consciousness (Zavershneva & van der Veer, 2018), as well as
a concern for the ages or psychological development of these functions. In one of his
posthumous texts, Thought and Language, the author hypothesizes that thought or
intelligence works in close functional relationship with other psychic functions such as
perception, emotion or affectivity, never as isolated processes or functions (Vygotsky,
1987). It is in this work that Vygotsky proposes concepts that have great value from
González Rey’s perspective, such as that of sense, defined as a constellation of all the
psychological factors that appear in human consciousness developed from the word.
However, for González Rey (2013) it is, like other Vygotskian notions, about intuitions,
rather than completed developed concepts, in the sense that a new ontological defini-
tion is absent from the traditional categories that were hegemonic in Soviet psychology,
an aspect that González Rey tries to correct in his Theory of Subjectivity that will be
briefly defined and outlined below.
In any case, although other authors have also recently vindicated the final phase of
Vygotsky’s review and theoretical creation (Del Río & Álvarez, 2017; Esteban-Guitart,
2008, 2013; Yasnitsky & van der Veer, 2016), the conventional reading and reception of
his work, especially in the West, praised his instrumental and mechanistic phase
(Esteban-Guitart, 2018; González Rey, 2013). An exception to this and, on the other
hand, a fundamental influence without which the origin of the Theory of Subjectivity
cannot be understood, was, as already mentioned above, the figure of L. I. Bozhovich,
a former collaborator of Vygotsky and director of the research laboratory at the
Institute of General Psychology and Pedagogy of Moscow, in which González Rey
collaborated. A good example of this influence is one of the author’s posthumous
texts, specifically dedicated to her life and work (González Rey, 2019a).
The trajectory and work of Fernando González Rey / Trayectoria y obra de Fernando González Rey 15
As González Rey et al. (2019) explain, two principles advanced by Bozhovich were
especially significant to the development of González Rey’s thinking: (1) understanding
motives as psychological formations that are integrated by different needs, desires, aspira-
tions and other motivational elements; and (2) the capacity of the personality to transcend
the limits of any immediate situation, which denotes its generating character.
Inspired by notions such as the ‘social situation of development’ (Bozhovich, 2009),
and sourced from the psychology of human development, for decades Bozhovich (1981)
coordinated the only laboratory that emphasized human personality and motivation
from a perspective that was removed from mechanistic and categorical concepts emer-
ging from the West, such as the proposal of personality traits (González Rey, 2019a;
Mitjáns Martínez, 2016). The author made an explicit and frontal criticism of the
limitations of the concept of activity that was imposed by the work of A. N. Leontiev
and that became synonymous with a type of official Marxist psychology in the Soviet
Union (González Rey, 2013). Bozhovich progressed in the elaboration of constructs that
emphasized the active and productive character of the person. Moral ideals, self-
assessment, affect of inadequacy, psychological formations, motivational formations
or living experience (perezhivanie) as self-generating productions are some of the
terms that characterize Bozhovichian language, which we can consider González Rey
to have inherited (González Rey, 2019a). For González Rey, as for Bozhovich, person-
ality ceases to be the product of a direct superposition of external influences and
manifests itself as what individuals make of themselves. ‘Therefore, it is a subjective
system that allows us to emancipate the immediacy of the external environment. When
we are able to organize our projections, our projects and our ideas within the fertility of
our imagination and our fantasy, we are already within the domain of the subjective’
(González Rey & Patiño, 2017, p. 123).
Despite Bozhovich’s advances, a Theory of Subjectivity is not organically categorized
within the framework of psychology, neither in the West nor in the East. For González
Rey, subjectivity unfolded within the field of philosophy, related to misconceptions of
subject–object dualism (González Rey, 2019b), and in the case of Soviet psychology, the
links of emotional experience and symbolic forms were not taken into account — albeit
some exceptions such as the incipient work by Davydov (1992). In any case, it is in this
context of ontological and theoretical deficit that the most prominent proposal, in our
opinion, emerges from the life and work of González Rey, i.e., his Theory of
Subjectivity. And we will focus on this below.
intelligibility pathways, that is, new issues, new problems to analyse and new ‘horizons
of meaning’ or fields of theoretical and applied significance. We believe that the Theory
of Subjectivity, while supported by an ontological, epistemological and methodological
basis, is a macro-theory that has an impact on understanding and acting in different
fields such as health, education, psychotherapy and community practices, among
others. This idea is explored in different papers in this special issue. The Theory of
Subjectivity is a genuine way of understanding human behaviour and motivation.
González Rey began to discuss the topic of subjectivity on the basis of a new
ontological definition, which defines it as a ‘[…] symbolic-emotional system oriented
to the creation of a particularly human reality — culture — of which subjectivity itself is
a condition of its development and within which it has its own, socially institutionalized
and historically situated, genesis’ (González Rey & Mitjáns Martínez, 2017, p. 27).
From this perspective, subjectivity is not a product or adaptation of the environment,
nor is it a process determined by characteristics that are external to the individual: it is
a production that characterizes the quality of the experiences lived, whether individually
or socially. As stated in another work: ‘Subjectivity is a motivational system through
which imagination emerges as the cornerstone of all human creations. These creations
are the basis on which culture and social order are continually renewed, as they have
a historical path’ (González Rey et al., 2019, p. 14).
The concept of subjective sense represents the most basic symbolic-emotional unit of
the system of subjectivity (González Rey, 2002, 2018). The subjective sense is not
associated with the word, as in Vygotsky’s (1987) definition of sense, but with any
significant experience for the individual or the social group. Its emergence marks
a singular and unconscious process, located in culture, emphasizing the generating
character of human subjectivity, which is never defined by the processes involved in its
genesis.
González Rey and Mitjáns Martínez (2017) explain that subjective senses emerge
during the course of experience, defining what individuals feel and generate in this
process. However, they do not emerge as isolated units, but as flows that are organized,
in relation to the most significant processes and that acquire certain stability for an
individual or social group, in subjective configurations. The authors define subjective
configuration as self-generating formation, which produces convergent groups of sub-
jective senses that are expressed in the relatively more stable stages of individuals and
social groups. In their words:
Past, present and future are organized as a unit within the movement of subjective
configurations, which gives temporality, as a dimension in the subjective sense, a heavily
imaginary character in our lives, a fact that differentiates the chronological temporalities of
times that are lived (González Rey & Mitjáns Martínez, 2017, p. 63)
González Rey (2015, 2018) argues that subjectivity is integrated into two different levels,
but that they emerge closely interrelated in their subjective configurations: individual
subjectivity and social subjectivity. ‘The subjective senses of each of these levels are not
related as if they were external to each-other, influencing each-other through an
externality. Each level is intrinsically organized within the other, in the specificity of
its unique production of subjective senses’ (González Rey & Mitjáns Martínez, 2017,
p. 64). In this sense, individual subjectivity refers to the processes and forms of the
The trajectory and work of Fernando González Rey / Trayectoria y obra de Fernando González Rey 17
Dicho esto, nuestro propósito en este artículo, a modo de introducción de este número
especial de la revista, consiste en presentar y discutir aspectos-clave sobre los orígenes
y antecedentes, así como desarrollos y prospectivas, del aporte nuclear de la obra de
González Rey, a sabre: su Teoría de la Subjetividad. Para ello, insistimos, debemos
ubicar dicha teoría, texto, en el específico contexto de producción. Con este fin,
dividimos el artículo en cuatro secciones. En primer lugar, destacamos algunos datos
biográficos del autor, enfatizando su formación académica, especialmente relevantes
para comprender su teoría. En segundo lugar, exponemos el diálogo crítico que
estableció con la psicología histórica-cultural, en particular con la obra de Lidiya
20 D. M. Goulart et al.
es solamente la expresión del medio, pero una forma de construir el medio social’
(González Rey & Goulart, 2019, p. 10). Inspirado en estos textos, sus primeras inves-
tigaciones fueron relacionadas con la autovaloración de los estudiantes y la forma como
reaccionaban al fracaso escolar, así como al tema de los ideales morales.
Con estos intereses teóricos, hace su doctorado em Ciencias Psicológicas en el
Instituto de Psicología General y Pedagógica de Moscú, bajo la orientación de
V. Chudnovski, en el laboratorio de L. Bozhovich. Desde entonces, pasa a avanzar en
una nueva concepción de la personalidad y en su expresión en diferentes áreas de la
psicología, con énfasis en la educación y en la salud. Gradualmente, avanzó también
elaboraciones sobre el concepto de comunicación, fundamentado en los aportes de
B. Lomov, y profundizó sus críticas a los límites del concepto dominante de actividad
en la psicología soviética (González Rey, 1983a, 1983b, 1985). La articulación entre
comunicación y personalidad se desarrolló en su tesis para obtener el título de Doctor
en Ciencias en 1987 en el Instituto de Psicología de la Académica de Ciencias de la
Unión Soviética. Es importante decir que González Rey fue, hasta hoy, el único
latinoamericano a obtener este grado científico.
Como argumentábamos en otra publicación: ‘By working in that Institute, González
Rey realized it would be impossible to sustain a cultural–historical psychology centred
on individual concepts, as well as the importance of finding ways capable of advancing
a theoretical definition of human psyche that was not restricted to individuals’
(González Rey, Mitjáns Martínez, & Goulart, 2019, p. 10). En este sentido, el avance
en los estudios sobre el vínculo entre comunicación y personalidad lo llevó a un
intercambio proficuo con la psicología social en el contexto soviético, que se
desarrolló luego de la integración de dos tradiciones: (1) la línea de investigación
dirigida por Rubinstein, cuyos principales discípulos y colegas fueron Abuljanova,
Antsiferova y Bruschlinsky, y (2) la línea de investigación dirigida por Ananiev
y Miasichev en Leningrado, que tuvo como discípulo B. Lomov.
El diálogo y contribución de González Rey a la psicología social, que empezó en
Moscú, continuó en América Latina, luego de su regreso a La Habana como resultado
de su participación en el movimiento de la Psicología Social Crítica en el continente
desde mediados de los años ochenta. En este momento, González Rey destacó la
importancia de los conceptos de sujeto y subjetividad social, en articulación con el de
personalidad, para la psicología social (González Rey, 1991; González Rey & Mitjáns
Martínez, 1989). Estos conceptos le permitieron, por una parte, desarrollar la dimensión
del sujeto creador en una psicología social donde el sujeto había desaparecido. Por otra
parte, el concepto de subjetividad social representó ‘a theoretical search to open a new
path in the study of personality that would allow the study of the complex and multiple
ways through which personality emerges as inseparable from social reality’ (González
Rey et al., 2019, p. 10). Su intenso intercambio con autores como Ignacio Martin-Baró,
Maritza Montero, José Miguel Salazar, Bernardo Jiménez y Silvia Lane, que criticaban el
énfasis reproductivo de la psicología en América Latina y buscaban avanzar en una
psicología comprometida con los problemas específicos del continente, fue sumamente
importante en este momento de su producción intelectual. Como reconocimiento de su
significativa contribución a la psicología, en 1991, González Rey recibió el Premio
Interamericano de Psicología.
22 D. M. Goulart et al.
o funciones aisladas (Vygotsky, 1987). Es en dicha obra que Vygotski propone con-
ceptos que tienen un gran valor desde la perspectiva de González Rey, como el de
sentido, definido como una constelación de todos los factores psicológicos que apa-
recen en la consciencia humana a partir de la palabra. Sin embargo, para González Rey
(2013) se trata, al igual que otras nociones vygotskianas, de intuiciones, más que
desarrollos acabados, en el sentido de que está ausente una definición ontológica
nueva en relación con las categorías tradicionales que eran hegemónicas en la
psicología soviética, aspecto que González Rey intenta subsanar a partir de su
Teoría de la Subjetividad que será brevemente descrita y expuesta en la siguiente
sección.
En cualquier caso, a pesar de que recientemente otros autores también han reivindi-
cado la fase última de revisión y creación teórica de Vygotski (Del Río & Álvarez, 2017;
Esteban-Guitart, 2008, 2013; Yasnitsky & van der Veer, 2016), la lectura y recepción
convencional de su obra, especialmente en occidente, ensalzó su fase instrumental
y mecanicista (Esteban-Guitart, 2018; González Rey, 2013). Una excepción a dicho
escenario y, por otra parte influencia fundamental sin la cual no se entiende el origen de
la Teoría de la Subjetividad, fue precisamente, como ya se ha mencionado anterior-
mente, la figura de L. I. Bozhovich, antigua colaboradora de Vygotski, y directora del
laboratorio de investigación en el que González Rey colaboró en el Instituto de
Psicología General y Pedagogía de Moscú. Buena muestra de esta influencia es uno
de los textos póstumos del autor precisamente dedicado a su vida y obra (González Rey,
2019a).
Como explican González Rey, Mitjáns Martínez, y Goulart (2019), dos principios
avanzados por Bozhovich fueron especialmente importantes para el desarrollo del
pensamiento de González Rey: (1) la comprensión de los motivos como formaciones
psicológicas que se integran por diferentes necesidades, deseos, aspiraciones y otros
elementos motivacionales; y (2) la capacidad de la personalidad trascender los límites de
cualquier situación inmediata, lo que denota su carácter generador.
Inspirada por nociones como las de ‘situación social de desarrollo’ (Bozhovich,
2009), y con vocación diríamos de psicóloga del desarrollo humano, Bozhovich
(1981) coordinó, por décadas, el único laboratorio que enfatizó la personalidad y la
motivación humana en una perspectiva alejada de visiones mecanicistas y categóricas
como la propuesta de los rasgos de personalidad, en Occidente (González Rey, 2019a;
Mitjáns Martínez, 2016). La autora hizo una crítica explícita y frontal a las limitaciones
del concepto de actividad que se impuso desde la obra de A. N. Leontiev y que se volvió
sinónimo de una especie de psicología marxista oficial en la Unión Soviética (González
Rey, 2013). Bozhovich avanza en la elaboración de constructos que enfatizaban el
carácter activo y productor de la persona. Ideales morales, autovaloración, afecto de
inadecuación, formaciones psicológicas, formaciones motivacionales o vivencia (perez-
hivanie) en tanto que producciones autogeneradoras son algunos de los términos que
caracterizan el lenguaje bozhovichiano, del cual podemos considerar González Rey
heredero (González Rey, 2019a). Para González Rey, al igual que para Bozhovich, la
personalidad deja de ser producto de la superposición directa de las influencias externas
y se manifiesta como aquello que el hombre hace de sí mismo. ‘Por tanto, se trata de un
sistema subjetivo, al permitirnos la emancipación de la inmediatez del medio externo.
Cuando somos capaces de organizar nuestras proyecciones, nuestros proyectos
The trajectory and work of Fernando González Rey / Trayectoria y obra de Fernando González Rey 25
Gonzalez Rey (2015, 2018) argumenta que la subjetividad se integra en dos niveles
diferentes, pero que emergen estrechamente interrelacionados en sus configuraciones
subjetivas: la subjetividad individual y la subjetividad social. ‘Los sentidos subjetivos de
cada uno de estos niveles no se relacionan como si fueron externos entre ellos,
influenciándose por medio de una externalidad. Cada nivel está intrínsecamente orga-
nizado en el otro, en la especificidad de su producción singular de sentidos subjetivos’
(González Rey & Mitjáns Martínez, 2017, p. 64). La subjetividad individual se refiere, en
este sentido, a los procesos y a las formas de organización subjetiva del individuo, que
incorporan, contradicen o confrontan los espacios sociales de subjetivación (González
Rey, 2002). En este nivel, emergen las historias singulares constituyentes de diferentes
individuos. Por otra parte, la subjetividad social es ‘la compleja red de configuraciones
subjetivas sociales dentro de las cuales todo funcionamiento social tiene lugar’
(Gonzalez Rey, 2015, p. 13). Ella se configura en la dimensión subjetiva de los indivi-
duos que forman parte de ese espacio social, los que, a su vez, a partir de sus acciones
e interrelaciones contribuyen para su constitución. En esta perspectiva, como argumen-
tan González Rey y Mitjáns Martínez (2017), la subjetividad social no es un macro-
sistema que representa un todo que determina, por su estructura, el carácter de los
fenómenos sociales. Este concepto genera inteligibilidad sobre la dinamicidad de la vida
social, que depende de los sistemas de acciones de sujetos individuales y sociales, que se
implican activamente, de manera que las subjetividades individuales son partes insepa-
rables de las configuraciones subjetivas sociales en niveles diferentes.
Como explica González Rey (2017, 2018), la subjetividad representa un sistema
generativo, que, siendo cultural, social e históricamente localizado, no se reduce a un
epifenómeno de otras dimensiones, como discursivas, simbólicas, políticas
o económicas. Esta capacidad generativa imprevisible, que se produce singularmente,
The trajectory and work of Fernando González Rey / Trayectoria y obra de Fernando González Rey 27
es representada por los conceptos de agente y sujeto. Estos conceptos son definidos de
manera inseparable de los conceptos brevemente presentados anteriormente de sub-
jetividad (individual y social), sentido subjetivo y configuración subjetiva. Ningún de
los dos conceptos es a-histórico, estático o substanciado en alguna supuesta condición
subjetiva original. Ellos representan individuos o grupos sociales con capacidad de
posicionarse, generando procesos que están más allá de su control y de su consciencia.
Representan momentos activos frente al establecido y presentan desdoblamientos
imprevisibles en los procesos sociales, porque están inseridos en redes
sociales múltiples y singulares.
El concepto de agente representa el individuo o grupo social situado en el devenir de
los acontecimientos en el campo actual de sus experiencias, vinculado a la toma de
decisiones cotidianas, reacciones con lo que uno o una está de acuerdo o no, dando a la
persona un papel protagonista en la participación en el transcurso social (González Rey
& Mitjáns Martínez, 2017). Más allá de este proceso, ‘el concepto de sujeto representa
aquel que abre su propio camino de subjetivación, que trasciende el espacio social
normativo dentro del cual tienen lugar sus experiencias, ejerciendo opciones creativas
en el curso de las mismas, que pueden o no expresarse en acción’ (González Rey &
Mitjáns Martínez, 2017, p. 73).
Esta breve sección no tiene obviamente como objetivo agotar las posibilidades de
discutir matices diversos de los conceptos que constituyen la Teoría de la Subjetividad.
Sin embargo, la presentación de sus conceptos centrales es suficiente para defender esta
teoría como una alternativa al tradicional reduccionismo individual e intrapsíquico que
ha caracterizado el uso de la categoría de subjetividad en la psicología y otras ciencias
sociales. Por otra parte, es un marco teórico que implica en la superación del reduccio-
nismo social que ha prevalecido en las versiones dominantes de la psicología histórica-
cultural. En este sentido, la Teoría de la Subjetividad de González Rey se sustenta como
un marco crítico que abre una nueva vía para explicar las producciones humanas
individuales y sociales como inseparables de las dinámicas sociales más amplias.
Acknowledgements / Agradecimientos
This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness
(MINECO), the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and The European Regional Development
Fund (European Union) [grant number EDU2017-83363-R]. / Este trabajo ha sido financiado por
el Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO), la Agencia Estatal de
Investigación (AEI) y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, UE) [número de referencia
del proyecto: EDU2017-83363-R].
ORCID
Daniel M. Goulart http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0254-0137
Albertina Mitjáns-Martínez http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3094-2886
Moisés Esteban-Guitart http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1700-8792
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