APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại

HoChiMinh City University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
Email: [email protected]

HCMC — 2018.
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 1 / 24
OUTLINE

1 NETWORK ANALYSIS

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OUTLINE

1 NETWORK ANALYSIS

2 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

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 Network Analysis

DEFINITION 1.1
A network is a set of branches through which
something "flows".

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 3 / 24

 Network Analysis

DEFINITION 1.1
A network is a set of branches through which
something "flows".

EXAMPLE 1.1
The branches might be electrical wires
through which electricity flows, pipes
through which water or oil flows, traffic
lanes through which vehicular traffic
flows,...

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 3 / 24

 Network Analysis

DEFINITION 1.2
In most networks, the branches meet at
points, called nodes or junctions, where the
flow divides.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 4 / 24

 Network Analysis

DEFINITION 1.2
In most networks, the branches meet at
points, called nodes or junctions, where the
flow divides.

DEFINITION 1.3
There if generally some numerical measure
of the rate at which the medium flows
through a branch.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 4 / 24

 Network Analysis

DEFINITION 1.2
In most networks, the branches meet at
points, called nodes or junctions, where the
flow divides.

DEFINITION 1.3
There if generally some numerical measure
of the rate at which the medium flows
through a branch. For example, the flow rate of
electricity is measured in amperes, the flow rate of
water or oil in gallons per minute, the flow rate of
traffic in vehicles per hour,...
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 4 / 24
 Network Analysis

FLOW CONSERVATION AT EACH NODE.

The rate of flow into any node is equal to
the rate of flow out of that node.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 5 / 24

 Network Analysis

FLOW CONSERVATION AT EACH NODE.

The rate of flow into any node is equal to
the rate of flow out of that node.
EXAMPLE 1.2
Find the flow rates and directions of flow in
the branches

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 5 / 24

 Network Analysis

Solution. We will assign arbitrary directions

to the unknown flow rates x1, x2, and x3. We
need not be concerned if some of the
directions are incorrect, since an incorrect
direction will be signalled by a negative
value for the flow rate when we solve for the
unknowns.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 6 / 24

 Network Analysis

Node Flow In Flow Out

A 30 = x1 + x2
B x2 + x3 = 35
C 60 = x3 + 15
D x1 + 15 = 55

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 7 / 24

 Network Analysis

Node Flow In Flow Out

A 30 = x1 + x2
B x2 + x3 = 35
C 60 = x3 + 15
D x1 + 15 = 55
These conditions produce the linear system

x1 + x2 = 30 
 x1 = 40



 x + x = 35 
2 3
⇒ x2 = −10

 x 3 + 15 = 60 
 x = 45
 3
x1 + 15 = 55


Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 7 / 24

 Network Analysis

Node Flow In Flow Out

A 30 = x1 + x2
B x2 + x3 = 35
C 60 = x3 + 15
D x1 + 15 = 55
These conditions produce the linear system

x1 + x2 = 30 
 x1 = 40



 x + x = 35 
2 3
⇒ x2 = −10

 x 3 + 15 = 60 
 x = 45
 3
x1 + 15 = 55

The flow in branch x2 is into node A.
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 7 / 24
 Network Analysis

EXAMPLE 1.3 (DESIGN OF TRAFFIC PATTERNS.)

The following network shows a proposed plan for the
traffic flow around a new park that will house the
Liberty Bell in Philadelphia. The plan calls for a
computerized traffic light at the north exit on Fifth
Street, and the diagram indicates the average number
of vehicles per hour that are expected to flow in and
out of the streets that border the complex. All streets
are one-way.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 8 / 24

 Network Analysis

1
How many vehicles per hour should the
traffic light let through to ensure that the
average number of vehicles per hour
flowing into the complex is the same as
the average number of vehicles flowing
out?

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 9 / 24

 Network Analysis

1
How many vehicles per hour should the
traffic light let through to ensure that the
average number of vehicles per hour
flowing into the complex is the same as
the average number of vehicles flowing
out?
2
Assuming that the traffic light has been
set to balance the total flow in and out of
the complex, what is the average number
of vehicles per hour that will flow along
the streets that border the complex?
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 9 / 24
 Network Analysis

Solution. Let x denote the number of

vehicles per hour that the traffic light must
be let through, then the total number of
vehicles per hour that flow in and out of the
complex will be
Total Flowing In Flowing Out
500 + 400 + 600 + 200 = x + 700 + 400
x + 1100 = 1700 ⇒ x = 600.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 10 / 24

 Network Analysis

To avoid traffic congestion, the flow in must

equal the flow out at each intersection.

Intersection Flow In Flow Out

A 400 + 600 = x1 + x2
B x2 + x3 = 400 + x
C 500 + 200 = x3 + x4
D x1 + x4 = 700
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 11 / 24
 Network Analysis

Because the total flow in and out of the

complex are equal, so x = 600. We obtain
 

 x 1 + x 2 = 1000 
 x1 = 700 − t

 x + x = 1000 
 x = 300 + t
2 3 2
⇒

 x3 + x4 = 700 
 x3 = 700 − t
 
x1 + x4 = 700 x4 = t
 

The average flow rates must be

non-negative since we have assumed the
streets to be one-way. Therefore,
0 É t É 700 ⇒ 0 É x1 É 700; 300 É x2 É 1000;
0 É x3 É 700; 0 É x4 É 700.
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 12 / 24
 Electrical Circuits Definition

DEFINITION 2.1
A battery is a source of electric energy, and a
resistor is an element that dissipates electric
energy.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 13 / 24

 Electrical Circuits Definition

DEFINITION 2.1
A battery is a source of electric energy, and a
resistor is an element that dissipates electric
energy.
THEOREM 2.1 (OHM’S L AW )
If a current of I amperes passes through a
resistor with a resistance of R ohms, then
there is a resulting drop of E volts in
electrical potential

E = IR (1)
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 13 / 24
 Electrical Circuits Definition

DEFINITION 2.2
A typical electrical network will have
multiple batteries and resistors joined by
some configuration of wires. A point at
which three or more wires in a network are
joined is called a node (or junction point). A
branch is a wire connecting 2 nodes, and a
closed loop is a succession of connected
branches that begin and end at the same
node.
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 Electrical Circuits Definition

EXAMPLE 2.1

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 Electrical Circuits Definition

EXAMPLE 2.1

This electrical network has 2 nodes and three

closed loops - 2 inner loops and 1 outer loop.
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 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

DEFINITION 2.3
As current flows through an electrical
network, it undergoes increases and
decreases in electrical potential, called
voltage rises and voltage drops, respectively.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 16 / 24

 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

DEFINITION 2.3
As current flows through an electrical
network, it undergoes increases and
decreases in electrical potential, called
voltage rises and voltage drops, respectively.

THEOREM 2.2 (KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT L AW )

The sum of the currents flowing into any
node is equal to the sum of the currents
flowing out.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 16 / 24

 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

THEOREM 2.3 (KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE L AW )

In one traversal of any closed loop, the sum
of the voltage rises equals the sum of the
voltage drops.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 17 / 24

 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

THEOREM 2.3 (KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE L AW )

In one traversal of any closed loop, the sum
of the voltage rises equals the sum of the
voltage drops.
In circuits with multiple loops and batteries
there is usually no way to tell in advance
which way the currents are flowing, so for
consistency we will always take the
direction of travel for each closed loop to be
clockwise.
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 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

EXAMPLE 2.2

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 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

EXAMPLE 2.2

I1 = I2 + I3 .

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 18 / 24

 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

EXAMPLE 2.2

I1 = I2 + I3 . Clockwise closed-loop convention

with arbitrary direction assignments to
currents in the branches.
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 18 / 24
 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

THEOREM 2.4 (CONVENTION FOR RESISTOR)

1
A voltage drop occurs at a resistor if the
direction assigned to the current through
the resistor is the same as the direction
assigned to the loop.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 19 / 24

 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

THEOREM 2.4 (CONVENTION FOR RESISTOR)

1
A voltage drop occurs at a resistor if the
direction assigned to the current through
the resistor is the same as the direction
assigned to the loop.
2
A voltage rise occurs at a resistor if the
direction assigned to the current through
the resistor is the opposite to that assigned
to the loop.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 19 / 24

 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

THEOREM 2.5 (CONVENTION FOR BATTERY )

1
A voltage drop occurs at a battery if the
direction assigned to the loop is from + to
- through the battery.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 20 / 24

 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

THEOREM 2.5 (CONVENTION FOR BATTERY )

1
A voltage drop occurs at a battery if the
direction assigned to the loop is from + to
- through the battery.
2
A voltage rise occurs at a battery if the
direction assigned to the loop is from - to
+ through the battery.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 20 / 24

 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

THEOREM 2.5 (CONVENTION FOR BATTERY )

1
A voltage drop occurs at a battery if the
direction assigned to the loop is from + to
- through the battery.
2
A voltage rise occurs at a battery if the
direction assigned to the loop is from - to
+ through the battery.
Those currents whose directions were
assigned correctly will have positive values
and those whose directions were assigned
incorrectly will have negative values.
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 20 / 24
 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

EXAMPLE 2.3
Determine the currents I1, I2, and I3 in the
following circuit.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 21 / 24

 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT L AW

Using the assigned directions for the

currents, Kirchhoff’s current law provides
one equation for each node.
Node Current In Current Out
A I1 + I2 = I3
B I3 = I1 + I2

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 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE L AW

Voltage Rises Voltage Drops

Left Inside Loop 50 = 5I1 + 20I3
Right Inside Loop 30 + 10I2 + 20I3 = 0
Outside Loop 30 + 50 + 10I2 = 5I1

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2018. 23 / 24

 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE L AW

Voltage Rises Voltage Drops

Left Inside Loop 50 = 5I1 + 20I3
Right Inside Loop 30 + 10I2 + 20I3 = 0
Outside Loop 30 + 50 + 10I2 = 5I1

Solving the following linear system


I1 + I2 − I3 = 0 
 I1 = 6


 
 5I1 + 20I3 = 50
⇒ I2 = −5

 10I2 + 20I3 = −30 
 I = 1.
 3
5I1 − 10I2 = 80

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 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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