Name : Shair Muhammad

ID : bcb-22s-028
Course : Differential Equation
Semester : III
Supervisor : Dr. Muhammad Ali Khan
Assignment page: 101 to 105
Program : Cyber Security
Department : Computer Science
University : Sindh Madrassah tul Islam University, Karachi
 101

INTEGRAL OF THE TYPE

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑜𝑟 ∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑜𝑟 ∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥

Whenever, integrand is of the form

1 1
𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
i.e. Function is pure quadratic than complete the square and then integrate by using suitable formula.
𝑑𝑥
TYPE 1: When the integral is of the form ∫
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟√𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸𝐴𝑅

Then put, LINEAR = t

𝑑𝑥
TYPE 2: When the integral is of the form∫ 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐√𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟

Then put, linear = 𝑡 2

𝑑𝑥
TYPE 3: When the integral is of the form∫
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟√𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐

1
Then put, linear = 𝑡
𝑑𝑥
TYPE 4: When the integral is of the form∫
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐√𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐

1
Then put, x = 𝑡

𝒅𝒙
Example 1: Evaluate ∫
𝒙𝟐 √𝟗−𝒙𝟐

Solution:
𝑑𝑥
I=∫ …(1)
𝑥 2 √9−𝑥 2
−𝜋 𝜋
Put 𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, ≤𝜃≤
2 2

Or dx = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
I=∫
9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃√9−9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
 102

3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
I=∫
9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃√9(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)

3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
I=∫
9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃√9𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
I = ∫ 9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃.3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1
= 9 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
−1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑐
9
−1 𝑥 3
= √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 + 𝑐 But 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑥
9 3

−1 9
= √ −1+𝑐
9 𝑥2

−1 9− 𝑥 2
= √ +𝑐
9 𝑥2

Example 2: Evaluate ∫ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙

Solution:

I = ∫ √𝑥 2 + 4𝑑𝑥
−𝜋 𝜋
Here we put x= 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, ≤𝜃≤
2 2

Or dx = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

I = ∫ √4𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 4. 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

= 4 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
Do your self (for solution see Exercise 1.3 Q.No.4)

𝒅𝒙
Example 3. Evaluate ∫
√𝒙𝟐 +𝟗

Solution:
𝑑𝑥
I = ∫ √𝑥 2
+9

Put x = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡 or 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑡𝑑𝑡

3𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑡𝑑𝑡
I = ∫ √9𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2
𝑡+9
 103
3𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑡
=∫ 𝑑𝑡
3𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑡

= ∫ 𝑑𝑡
=t
𝑥 𝑥+ √𝑥 2 +9
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 (3) = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
3

Example 4: Evaluate ∫ √𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙

Solution:

I =∫ √2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥

3
I = √2 ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
2

3 3 2 9
I = √2 ∫ √𝑥 2 + 2. 𝑥. 4 𝑥 + (4) + 2 − 16 𝑑𝑥

3 2 23
= √2 ∫ √(𝑥 + 4) + 16 𝑑𝑥

2
3 2 √23
= √2 ∫ √(𝑥 + 4) + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
4

3 2 3
(𝑥+ ) 2 𝑥+
= √2 [ 4 √(𝑥 + 3) + (√23) + 23
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ −1
( 4
)]
2 4 2 32 √23/4

4𝑥+3 23√2 4𝑥+3

= √2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( )
8 32 √23

𝒅𝒙
Example 5: Evaluate ∫
√𝟓𝒙−𝟔−𝒙𝟐

Solution:
𝑑𝑥
I = ∫ √5𝑥−6−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
I=∫
√−6−(𝑥 2 −5𝑥)

𝑑𝑥
I=∫ 24 25
√−6−(𝑥 2 −5𝑥+ )+
4 4
 104

𝑑𝑥
I=∫ 2 2
√(1) −(𝑥−5)
2 2

𝑥−5/2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [( )] + 𝑐
1/2

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑥 − 5) + 𝑐

𝟐𝒙+𝟑
Example 6: Evaluate ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝒙𝟐 +𝒙+𝟏

Solution:
2𝑥+3
I = ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
+𝑥+1
2𝑥+1+2
I = ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
+𝑥+1
2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ √𝑥 2
+𝑥+1 +𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)−1/2 (2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫
2 2
√(𝑥+1) +(√3)
2 2

1/2
(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1) 𝑥+1/2
= + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( )+𝑐
1/2 √3/2

2𝑥+1
= 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)1/2 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( )
√3

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example 7: Evaluate ∫ (𝒙+𝟐)√𝒙+𝟑 [𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎: ∫ 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓√𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓]

Solution:
𝑑𝑥
I = ∫ (𝑥+2)√𝑥+3

Put √𝑥 + 3 = 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 3 = 𝑡 2
or dx = 2tdt
𝑥 + 3 = 𝑡 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑡 2 − 1
2𝑑𝑡
Therefore I = ∫ (𝑡 2−1)𝑡

𝑑𝑡
= 2 ∫ 𝑡 2 −1
 105
1 𝑡−1
= 2 𝑙𝑛 | |+𝑐 put 𝑡 = √𝑥 + 3
2 𝑡+1

√𝑥+3−1
= 𝑙𝑛 | |+𝑐
√𝑥+3+1

𝒙𝒅𝒙
Example 8: Evaluate ∫ (𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟐)√𝒙−𝟏

Solution:
𝑥𝑑𝑥
I = ∫ (𝑥 2−2𝑥+2)√𝑥−1

Let √𝑥 − 1 = 𝑧. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑧 2 …(1)

or dx=2zdz
From (1), we have, 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑧2
or 𝑥 2 = (1 + 𝑧 2 )2 = 1 + 2𝑧 2 + 𝑧 4
and 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 1 = 𝑧 4 + 1
(1+𝑧 2 )2𝑧
therefore I=∫ 𝑑𝑧
(1+𝑧 4 )𝑧

1+𝑧 2
= 2 ∫ 1+𝑧 4 𝑑𝑧

Divide up and down by 𝑧 2

1
1+ 2
= 2∫ 1
𝑧
𝑑𝑧 … (2)
+ 𝑧2
𝑧2

1
Put 𝑧 − = 𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (2)
𝑧

1 1
Then (1 + ) 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡 and + 𝑧2 = 𝑡2 + 2
𝑧2 𝑧2

𝑑𝑡 2 𝑡
Therefore I = 2 ∫ 𝑡 2 +2 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
√2 √2

𝑧 2 −1
= √2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
√2𝑧

𝑥−1−1 𝑥−2
=√2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = √2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
√2√𝑥−1 √2𝑥−2