ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS AND COMMUNICATION

Objectives
To enable the students to acquire knowledge about the basics of
semiconductors and to understand the working of different diodes and transistors and
also to gain an insight about the communication systems.

Semester:V code : 19 PHY - M - 501 Hours per week :5 Credits:4

UNIT 1: SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

BJT – construction-basic configurations - LED - LCD – Varactor diode - Zener

diode - Zener & Avalanche breakdown - Micro diodes: PIN diodes - IMPATT diode -
LASER diode
UNIT 2: APPLICATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
Construction and Mechanism of current conduction - V-I characteristics: JFET-
MOSFET-CMOS, NMOS, VMOS -SCR-TRIAC-UJT.
JFET-Common source and common drain Amplifier-Sample and Hold amplifier-
peak detector-UJT-Relaxation oscillator-SCR-Power Regulation.

UNIT 3: RECTIFIERS AND AMPLIFIERS

Bridge rectifier circuits - ripple factor - zener - regulator - voltage feedback

regulation - current limiting - three terminal IC regulators 7805, 7905
AF AMPLIFIERS: classification - interstage coupling - frequency response - dB gain
- Power amplifiers
Feedback in amplifiers: Basic concepts - types of feedback - effect on amplifier
performance - negative feedback - emitter follower - Darlington pair - source follower
Positive feedback and instability - RC oscillators – Wien Bridge oscillator and Phase
shift oscillator-LC oscillators-Hartley oscillator and Colpitt oscillator

UNIT 4: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Modulation and Demodulation- Amplitude Modulation - Analysis of Am wave –

Power of AM wave- production of AM wave - AM demodulation.
Frequency modulation- Analysis of FM wave - Production of FM wave by Reactance
Tube method - frequency discriminator -ratio tube.
Pulsed coded modulation-Pulse with modulation (PWM)

UNIT 5: ANTENNA AND RADAR

Antenna: Antenna action - short electric doublet - Radiated field strength -Radiation
resistance - Radiated power - types of antenna.
RADAR: Principle of RADAR - Basic RADAR system - RADAR equations - Plana
Position indicator - Duplexer - Air craft landing system.
BOOKS FOR STUDY
1. Dr. R.S.Sedha, A TEXTBOOK OF APPLIED ELECTRONICS, S.Chand&
Company PVT. LTD, New Delhi(2016)
2. Murugeshan and Kiruthiga Sivaprasath, MODERN PHYSICS, S.Chand&
Company PVT. LTD, New Delhi(2016))
3. V.K Mehta, PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONICS, S.Chand & Company PVT.
LTD, New Delhi(2016).
4. D.Chattotadhyay et al., FOUNDATIONS OF ELECTRONICS, Wiley Eastern
Ltd., New Delhi 1(988).
5. G.Kennedy, ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM, Mc GRAW
Hill Book Co., New York.

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE

1. Allen Mottershead,’ELECTRONICS DEVICES AND CIRCUITS’, Prentice-
Hall of India, New Delhi 1989R.
2. J.Millman and Grabel, MICROELECTRONICS, McGraw -Hill Book Co.
Singapore 1987.
3. Dennis lee croisette, TRANSISTORS, Prentice -Hall of India, New Delhi
(1975).
4. Dr. R.S.Sedha, A TEXTBOOK OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND
CIRCUITS, S.Chand & Company PVT. LTD, New Delhi(2010))

COURSE OUTCOME
The students will be able to
 Identify the devices and select them based on the needed application
 Design and fabricate new devices
 Apply their gained knowledge in modifying the needful changes in the
communication system
 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES
Objectives
To provide knowledge to design and create novel products and solutions for real life
problems.
Semester: V Code: 19 PHY - M - 502 Hours per week: 5 Credits: 4

UNIT 1: MEASUREMENT AND ERROR

Definition - accuracy and precision - significant figures - types of errors -
statistical analysis - probability of errors - limiting errors.

UNIT 2: ELECTROMAGNETIC METERS AND DC & AC INSTRUMENTS

PMMC - galvanometer sensitivity - dc ammeters and voltmeters - voltmeter
sensitivity - resistance measurement by voltmeter - ammeter method, series type
ohmmeter, shunt type ohmmeter - calibration of dc instruments. AC measurements -
rectifier type instruments - electro dynamic instruments - AC power measurements,
Multimeter.

UNIT 3: DC AND AC BRIDGES

Wheatstone’s bridge - loop tests - guarded Wheatstone’s bridge. AC bridge
theory - Maxwell, Hay and Schering & Wien Bridges - Universal Impedance Bridge.

UNIT 4: OSCILLOSCOPES
Basic oscilloscopes - CRT - deflection systems - delay line - CRO probes -
oscilloscope controls - Dual trace oscilloscope - special oscilloscopes overview - CRP
techniques.

UNIT 5: TRANSDUCERS AND INTERFACING

Selecting a Transducer - strain gauges - transducers for displacements,
temperature& magnetic measurements - photosensitive devices - digital data
acquisition system - D/A & A/D multiplexing.

BOOKS FOR STUDY

1. A. D. Helfrick and W.D. Cooper, MODERN ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, Prentice -
Hall of India, New Delhi(1990)
2. David A. Bell, ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION AND
MEASUREMENTS, II edn., Prentice - Hall of India, New Delhi(1997)

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE

1. H.S. Kalsi, ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION , 3E, Tata Mc Graw Hill

Education Pvt., Ltd, New Delhi, (1995)
 2. A.V. Bakshi, U.A. Bakshi and A.P. Godse, MEASUREMENTS &
INSTRUMENTATION, Technical Publication, (2007).

COURSE OUTCOME
1. Ability to measure the values without error and accuracy.
2. Measurement of R,L,C ,Voltage, Current, Power factor , Power, Energy
3. Ability to balance Bridges to find unknown values.
4. Ability to measure frequency, phase with Oscilloscope
5. Ability to measure the voltage by digital instruments and understand the basics
of display instruments.
6. Ability to measure strain, displacement, Velocity, Angular Velocity,
temperature, Pressure ,Vacuum, and Flow
 ATOMIC PHYSICS AND SPECTROSCOPY

Objective: Aims to apply quantum principles in the study and design of atoms and
spectra.

Semester: 5 code: 19 PHY - M - 503 Hours per week: 4 credits: 3

Unit 1: POSITIVE RAY ANALYSIS

Thomson’s Parabola Method –isotopes –mass spectrograph studies –Aston’s

Bainbridge and Dempster’s Mass Spectrographs

Unit 2: ATOMIC MODELS

Rutherford’s Atom model –large scale scattering of Alpha rays–Hydrogen spectrum–

Empirical results–Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen atom–isotope effect–the spectrum of
sodium atom–selection rules–quantum defects–excitation potentials.

X-ray spectra–continuous and characteristics of spectra–Mosley’s work –

interpretation of X-ray spectra.

Unit 3: FINE STRUCTURE AND ELECTRON SPIN

Fine structure of alkali spectra –vector atom model - special quantization –electron
spin - quantum numbers associated with vector atom model –magnetic moments –
Stern Gerlach Experiment –coupling schemes.
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle –statement –electronic structure of an elements and
periodic table –empirical rules –hyperfine structure and nuclear spin angular
momentum.

Unit 4: ZEEMAN AND STARK EFFECTS

Normal Zeeman effect - explanation in terms of vector atom model –Anomalous

Zeeman Effect –Lande’s Splitting Factor –Paschen Back effect –Stark effect.

Unit 5: MOLECULAR AND RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Diatomic molecules –rotation spectra rigid rotator non - rigid rotator –isotope effect in
rotation spectra –vibration spectra –microwave and IR Spectroscopy –linear harmonic
oscillator –Raman Effect –Stokes and Anti-stokes lines scattering of light –
experimental study of Raman Effect –classical and quantum theories of Raman effect
–instrumentation and applications. NMR, ESR, Mossbauer spectroscopy–Overview
theory of instrumentation and application.

BOOKS FOR STUDY:

1. T.A.Little Field and N.Thorley, ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS, ELBS
and Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.,Ltd.,London
2. R.Murughesan, MODERN PHYSICS, S.ChandCo.,New Delhi
 3. Colin. N. Banwell, FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR
SPECTROSCOPY. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE

1. Arthur Beiser, CONCEPTS OF MODERN PHYSICS, McGraw - Hill, New York

2. J. B.Rajam, ATOMIC PHYSICS, S. Chand &Co., New Delhi
3. Samuel Glasstone, SOURCE BOOK ON ATOMIC ENERGY, Affilidated Fast
West Press Ltd., New Delhi.
4. R. P. Feynman,, et al, THE FEYNMAN LECTURES ON PHYSICS
VOLUME II, Narosa Publishing House (1989)
5. Robert Resnick and David Halliday, PHYSICS PART I & II, Wiley Eastern
Private Limited, New Delhi
6. Charles. D.Hodgman. Robert. C.Weast and Amuel. M. Selby. HAND BOOK
OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS. The Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
Cleveland

COURSE OUTCOME
 Understand the concepts of a good quantum number and simultaneous
observability.
 Understand the origin of line widths and shapes in atomic spectra.
 Understand the quantum numbers, including their physical significance, and
quantum mechanical states of the hydrogen atom.
 Know about the origins of fine structure in atomic spectra.
 Understand the exchange degeneracy and how this affects the excited states of
helium.
 Understand the Periodic table from the viewpoint of the electronic structure.
 Understand the derivation of and be able to apply the selection rules for the
interaction of electric dipole radiation and atoms.
 OPTICS

OBJECTIVES:
To realize the fundamental properties of light propagation and applications
Develop a perceptive understanding of the working principles of light.

Semester: V Code: 19 PHY - M - 504 Hours per week: 4 Credits:4

UNIT 1: GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

Basics of lenses - Spherical aberration - methods of minimizing spherical

aberration - condition for minimum spherical aberration in case of two lenses
separated by a distance - chromatic aberration in lenses – condition for achromatism
of two thin lenses( in and out of contact) – dispersion produced by a thin prism –
achromatic prisms – condition for prisms to produce dispersion without deviation and
deviation without dispersion.

UNIT 2: INTERFERENCE

Coherent sources - path difference - phase difference – analytical treatment of

interference – expression for fringe width – testing planeness of surfaces –
Michelson’s interferometer, determination of wavelength of light – temporal and
spatial coherence.

UNIT 3: DIFFRACTION

Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffractions – Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit –

theory of plane transmission grating – determination of wavelength of spectral lines
using a transmission grating – Fraunhofer diffraction at a circular aperture – Fresnel
diffraction circular aperture and opaque circular disc – zone plate.

Resolving power of optical instruments: Lord Rayleigh’s criterion for

resolution of spectral lines – resolving power of telescope, prism and grating

UNIT 4: POLARISATION

Transverse nature of light waves – plane of vibration – polarization by

reflection – Brewster’s law - double refraction – Nicol prism – elliptically and
circularly polarized light – theory of quarter wave plate – half wave plate - production
and detection of plane, elliptically and circularly polarized light – polaroids and their
uses – optical activity – Fresnel’s explanation of specific rotation.

UNIT 5: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF LASER

Basic principle of Lasers -Laser optics: Resonators – modes for resonator

cavity and open planar resonators – mode selection – Q switching – mode locking -
Types of lasers - Ruby, He Ne, CO2, Semiconductor Lasers.
Application of Lasers in medical (retinal surgery) communication (Basics and
construction of Optical fibers) and material science (laser welding, drilling, cutting –
LIDAR –– LDV – holography).

BOOKS FOR STUDY: -

1. Brij Lal, M N Avadhanulu & N Subrahmanyam ‘A TEXT BOOK OF

OPTICS’. S.Chand& Co., New Delhi (2012)
2. B B Laud ‘LASERS AND NON LINEAR OPTICS’. Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
New Delhi, Published by John Wiley & Sons (1992)
3. K. Thyagarajan and A K Ghatak ‘LASERS: FUNDAMENTAL AND
APPLICATIONS’. McMillan India Ltd., New Delhi (2011)

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE: -

1. Jenkins and White ‘FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICS’ .McGraw Hill., New

York (1975)
2. Grant R. Fowles, ‘INTRODUCTION TO MODERN OPTICS’, Dover
publication, New York, (1975)
3. Eugene Hecht, ‘OPTICS’ (fifth edition), Pearson publishers (2017)
4. E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich, ‘FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTONICS’, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1991)
5. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115105104/
6. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html

COURSE OUTCOME
 Develop an intuitive understanding of basic concepts of light as ray, wave and
particle/photon.
 Understand the nature of light, its propagation and interaction with matter.
 Understand the principles of lasers and their applications.
 Handle and align optical elements and set-up basic optical experiments.
 Operates optical devices and equipment.
 INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING - PYTHON

OBJECTIVE: To learn the foundation concepts of programming to enable the

students to design logic of new programs on their own.

Semesters: V Code: 19 PHY -P - 501 Hours per week: 2 Credits: 3

Unit I

Programming language as an interpreter and calculator: scripts – program files

editor; Integrated Development Environment

Variables expression statements: literal values and variables, assignment, data types,
operators, operands expression, evaluation, value; simple statements-assignments,
input/output

Functions: Function definition function call, parameters arguments, fruitful functions;

variables and parameters being local.

Unit 2

Execution flow (compound statement): sequential, conditional loop

Conditional: comparison operators and logical expression (conditional): logical

operators; conditional statement, alternative statement, chained conditionals.

Loop (iteration): State variables; tuple assignment: while loop statement; program
execution by hane: different patterns of loop.

Unit 3

Compound data type list: list values, accessing and updating element: lists being
mutable: lists as objects; list operations and functions and slices; for loops; object
references and object values. Aliasing andcloning of lists; tuples and lists

Compound data types-strings: immutable: operations and functions

Unit 4

Functions: Scope rules-local global built in names space: default arguments; keyword
arguments, functions with side effects

Unit 5

Functional programming: pure VS impure functions nested functions, higher order

functions-map, filter, reduce, zip-list comprehension.
BOOKS FOR REFERENCES

1. Allen Downey, etl, ‘HOW TO THINK LIKE A COMPUTER SCIENTIST-

LEARNING WITH PYTHON’, green tea press
2. Dromey R G, ‘HOW TO SOLVE COMPUTER’, prentice Hall of India, 1999
3. http/www.python.org/
4. https://nptel.ac.in/106106145/
COURSE OUTCOME
 At the end of the class, we expect students to have a good understanding about
the concept of object-oriented programming using python, be able to write
basic Python code for solving physics problems.