Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

Organizational Behavior and Management, 10th

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CHAPTER 1

TRUE / FALSE QUESTIONS

1. World trade is growing at a slower rate than is world gross domestic product.
True / False

Answer: FALSE
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice
Explanation: As a result of global integration, the rate of world trade is growing faster than is
world gross domestic product. That is, the trading of goods and services among nations has been
increasing faster than the world production of goods.

2. In recent years, Japan and China have become racially diverse societies.
True / False

Answer: FALSE
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice
Explanation: Japan and China are basically homogeneous societies in terms of race.

3. African-Americans are one of the slowest-growing groups in the U.S. employee workforce.
True / False

Answer: FALSE
Learning Objective: 01-04

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice
Explanation: African-Americans are one of the fastest-growing groups in the U.S. employee
workforce, as are Asians and Hispanics

4. In a general sense, technology is the process that converts raw materials or intellectual capital
into products or services.
True / False

Answer: TRUE
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

5. The Internet is an example of an electronic information sharing system.

True / False

Answer: TRUE
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Introduction

6. Technology can yield a competitive advantage only when it is utilized effectively.

True / False

Answer: TRUE
Learning Objective: 01-02
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

7. A common body of management knowledge had been developed prior to the rise of the
Roman Empire.
True / False

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

Answer: FALSE
Learning Objective: 01-02
Difficulty: medium
Topic: The Evolution of Management
Explanation: There was no common body of knowledge or theoretical basis for managing the
Roman Empire or building the Great Pyramid of Cheops

8. A new industrial era began in the United States around the time of the Civil War.
True / False

Answer: TRUE
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: The Evolution of Management

9. Information is a commodity that, when applied effectively, can result in higher growth and
productivity.
True / False

Answer: TRUE
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

10. The formal and modern study of management started in Babylonia, around 5000 B.C.
True / False

Answer: FALSE
Learning Objective: 01-02
Difficulty: medium
Topic: The Evolution of Management
Explanation: The formal and modern study of management started around 1900.

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

11. According to Frederick W. Taylor, father of scientific management, management and labor
must operate independently to achieve the maximum good for society.
True / False

Answer: FALSE
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: The Evolution of Management
Explanation: According to Frederick W. Taylor, management and labor must cooperate to
achieve the maximum good for society.

12. Frederick Taylor, father of scientific management, stated that there should be an almost equal
division of work and responsibility between managers and non-managers.
True / False

Answer: TRUE
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: The Evolution of Management

13. Organizational Behavior (OB) is considered a way of thinking.

True / False

Answer: TRUE
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior

14. The field of organizational behavior focuses on just two levels of analysis: individual and
group.
True / False

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

Answer: FALSE
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior
Explanation: The field of organizational behavior focuses on three levels of analysis: individual,
group, and organizational.

15. The field of Organizational Behavior (OB) is personality-oriented.

True / False

Answer: FALSE
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior
Explanation: The field of Organizational Behavior (OB) is performance-oriented.

16. In the field of Organizational Behavior (OB), the scientific method is deemed important in
studying variables and relationships.
True / False

Answer: TRUE
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior

17. A culturally diverse workforce is becoming a reality in the United States.

True / False

Answer: TRUE
Learning Objective: 01-02
Difficulty: easy
Topic: The Evolution of Management

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

18. Mary Parker Follett, following in the footsteps of Taylor's scientific management, embraced
his view of human needs and workplace relationships.
True / False

Answer: FALSE
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior
Explanation: Mary Follett was opposed to Taylor's lack of specific attention to human needs and
relationships in the workplace.

19. Mary Parker Follett was one of the first management theorists to promote participatory
decision making and decentralization.
True / False

Answer: TRUE
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior

20. Group performance is the foundation of organization performance.

True / False

Answer: FALSE
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior
Explanation: Individual performance is the foundation of organization performance.

21. The economic data churned out by the government every month fails to identify whether
workers are working harder or smarter.
True / False

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

Answer: TRUE
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

22. One of the least powerful influences on individual performance is an organization's reward
system.
True / False

Answer: FALSE
Learning Objective: 3
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior
Explanation: One of the most powerful influences on individual performance is an organization's
reward system.

23. Jim, Mike, Kathy, and La Keisha are all friends at work because of their common interest in
raising chickens. Thus, they constitute an informal group.
True / False

Answer: TRUE
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

24. Organizational survival is related to the ability of management to receive, transmit, and file
information.
True / False

Answer: FALSE
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior
Explanation: Organizational survival is related to the ability of management to receive, transmit,
and act on information.

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

25. Leaders may be found in both formal and informal groups.

True / False

Answer: TRUE
Learning Objective: 01-02
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

26. A major goal of Zappos is to treat its__________ with integrity, honesty, and commitment.
A. customers
B. employees
C. employees and customers
D. employees, customers and community

Answer: C
Learning Objective: 01-02
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Introduction

27. The competitive forces facing managers are led primarily by _______________ changes and
increasing globalization.
A. technological
B. environmental
C. political
D. economic

Answer: A
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Introduction

28. When it comes to knowledge, organizations must do all of the following except:
A. Transfer it to employees
B. Identify it
C. Guard it jealousy

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

D. Update it continuously

Answer: C
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Introduction

29. To develop and sustain an advantage in an increasingly competitive, globalized world,

managers must harness the powers of information technology and _______________ to be
successful.
A. decisiveness
B. language fluency
C. democracy
D. human capital

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Introduction

30. The formal and modern study of management started around ______.
A. 1750
B. 1300
C. 1900
D. 1940

Answer: C
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: The Evolution of Management

31. The first modern management articles were published in _______________ journals.
A. human resource
B. engineering
C. scientific
D. psychology

Answer: B
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

Topic: The Evolution of Management

32. In 1886, an engineer named Frederick W. Taylor presented a paper on scientific management
at a national meeting of engineers that was titled “The Engineer as _______________.”
A. a Specialist
B. a Manager
C. an Economist
D. a Scientist

Answer: C
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: hard
Topic: The Evolution of Management

33. Frederick W. Taylor believed in _______________ approach to job design.

A. the rule-of-thumb
B. a scientific
C. a just-in-time
D. a laize-faire

Answer: B
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: The Evolution of Management

34. ______________ presented a paper titled “The Engineer as an Economist.”

A. Fredrick Taylor
B. Adam Smith
C. John Hawthorne
D. Tom Pane

Answer: A
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: easy
Topic: The Evolution of Management

35. Taylor’s major thesis was that maximum good for _________can come only through the
cooperation of management and labor in the application of scientific methods.
A. the organization
B. society

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

C. the shareholder
D. All of the choices are correct.

Answer: B
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: The Evolution of Management

36. Behavior is viewed as operating at the individual, _______________, and organizational

levels.
A. emotional
B. spiritual
C. structural
D. group

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: medium
Topic: The Evolution of Management

37. Fayol's approach to management was significant, in that it contributed to all of the following
developments and positions except:
A. Management is a separate body of knowledge that can be applied in any type of organization
B. A theory of management can be learned and taught
C. There is a need for teaching management in colleges
D. On-the-job training is the best way to impart management skills

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: hard
Topic: The Evolution of Management

38. Fayol's theory of management emphasized the importance of all of the following except:
A. Conserving
B. Planning
C. Organizing
D. Coordinating

Answer: A
Learning Objective: 01-01

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

Difficulty: medium
Topic: The Evolution of Management

39. Which of the following has contributed to the study of organizational behavior?
A. Psychology and sociology
B. Social psychology and anthropology
C. Political science
D. All of the choices are correct.

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior

40. When examining the contributions to the study of Organizational Behavior, the "unit of
analysis" associated with sociology is ______________.
A. group
B. organization
C. individual
D. Both A and B

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-02
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior

41. The Hawthorne studies originally concluded that supportive managers paying attention to
workers made them more productive. However, a reanalysis of the data suggested that the
productivity increase was due to managerial discipline and _______________.
A. fear of job loss
B. peer pressure
C. productivity bonuses
D. job training

Answer: A
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior

42. According to the Hawthorne studies, workers respond to _____________.

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

A. group norms
B. social pressures
C. observation
D. All of the choices are correct.

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior

43. The modern-day impetus of aligning human resources with organizational factors was
initiated with the ____________.
A. advent of scientific management
B. Hawthorne studies
C. organization movement
D. start of World War II

Answer: B
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior

44. According to systems theory, an organization acquires resources (inputs) from a larger
system, _______________.
A. the environment
B. the home country
C. the world economic system
D. the shareholders

Answer: A
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Systems Theory and the Time Dimension of Effectiveness

45. Managers must deal _____________ aspects of organizational behavior.

A. with internal
B. with external
C. simultaneously with the internal and external
D. separately with the internal and external

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

Answer: C
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

46. The overarching criterion that cuts across each effectiveness dimension is _______________.
A. productivity
B. quality
C. adaptiveness
D. efficiency

Answer: B
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

47. J. M. Juran and W. Edwards Deming, in the 1950's, introduced the importance of
_______________ to the public.
A. quality
B. efficiency
C. profitability
D. consistent management

Answer: A
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

48. Competition has caused many organizations to make quality _______ priority.
A. a fiduciary
B. their top
C. a lagging
D. their second tier

Answer: B
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

49. As presented in the text, _______________ reflects the relationship between inputs and
output.
A. productivity
B. quality
C. adaptiveness
D. innovation

Answer: A
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

50. _______________ is the ratio of outputs to inputs.

A. Productivity
B. Efficiency
C. Adaptability
D. Production

Answer: B
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

51. The _______________ criterion measures the ability of an organization to increase its ability
to deal with environmental demands.
A. productivity
B. efficiency
C. adaptiveness
D. development

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

52. According to the text, six forces are reshaping the nature of managing within organizations.
They include _______________.
A. the economic climate
B. political unrest
C. mentoring

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

D. technology

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

53. The success of an organization is determined by the way people work, think, and behave.
This is an example of the power of:
A. Cultural diversity
B. Globalism
C. Human resources
D. Psychological contracts

Answer: C
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

54. Global competition is characterized by _______________ that bring together countries,

institutions, and people.
A. networks
B. laws
C. regulations
D. organizations

Answer: A
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

55. How well a firm _______________ and motivates a skilled workforce will have a major
impact on its ability to compete in the global marketplace.
A. recruits
B. retains
C. selects
D. All of the choices are correct.

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-02

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

56. Which of the following statements about power is true?

A. Most people are comfortable with the concept of having power over others.
B. The concept of having power over others is offensive to everybody.
C. To be a good manager, a person must have a high desire for power.
D. Managers derive power from both organizational and individual sources.

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-02
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

57. Japan and China are basically _________societies in terms of race.

A. homogeneous
B. heterogeneous
C. diverse
D. transitioning

Answer: A
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

58. Which of the following countries is ranked highest on the Globalization Index?
A. United States
B. Singapore
C. United Kingdom
D. Norway

Answer: B
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

59. The United States is racially diverse and has been rapidly increasing its workforce diversity
since the _______.
A. 1950s
B. 1960s

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

C. 1970s
D. 1980s

Answer: C
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

60. A (n) ___________ is unwritten agreement between an employee and the organization that
specifies what each expects to give to and receive from the other.
A. understanding
B. employment contract
C. psychological contract
D. commitment

Answer: C
Learning Objective: 01-02
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

61. The semiconductor pioneer Gordon Moore predicted in 1965 that computer power would
double every _______________.
A. five years
B. three years
C. two years
D. twelve months

Answer: C
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

62. According to the National Academies' Center for Education, the U.S. economy will continue
to develop into a _______________ economy, with high-paid, high-skill jobs at one end and
low-paid, low-skill jobs at the other.
A. pyramid
B. yo-yo
C. barbell
D. linear

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

Answer: C
Learning Objective: 01-02
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

63. The introduction of _______________ fostered an era of "information technology."

A. electricity
B. globalization
C. computer technology
D. the Internet

Answer: C
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

64. Which of the following is included in the six forces reshaping management practice?
A. The power of human resources
B. A new worker–employer psychological contract
C. Cultural diversity
D. All of the above.

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

65. Every organization must respond to the needs of _______________.

A. its customers or clients
B. legal and political constraints
C. economic and technological changes
D. All of the choices are correct.

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

66. The foundation of organization performance is _______________ performance.

A. product

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

B. managerial
C. financial
D. individual

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

67. Which of the following statements about motivation is true?

A. Motivation is the primary determinant of performance.
B. Most managers do not need to understand motivation.
C. Motivation and the ability to work interact to determine performance.
D. Most behavioral scientists agree that there is one best theory of motivation.

Answer: C
Learning Objective: 01-02
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

68. Which of the following is considered an influence on individual behavior and motivation in
organizations?
A. individual characteristics
B. individual motivation
C. rewards
D. All of the above.

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

69. One of the most powerful influences on individual performance is ____________.

A. an organization’s reward system
B. stress
C. national culture
D. All of the above.

Answer: A
Learning Objective: 01-02

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

Difficulty: medium
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

70. A surgical team performing open-heart surgery on a patient is an example of a (n)

_______________ group.
A. informal
B. formal
C. super
D. dedicated

Answer: B
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

71. The neighborhood book club, which has fifty members, is an example of a (n)
_______________ group.
A. informal
B. formal
C. perseverance
D. developmental

Answer: A
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

72. _______________ is the ability to get someone to do something you want done, or to make
things happen the way you want them to happen.
A. Prestige
B. Perseverance
C. Power
D. Persuasion

Answer: C
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

73. The essence of _________ is control over others.

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

A. power
B. management
C. leadership
D. All of the above.

Answer: A
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

74. According to the text, organizational survival is related to the ability of management to do all
of the following with information except:
A. Retire it
B. Transmit it
C. Act on it
D. Receive it

Answer: A
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

75. The power of managers is clearly evidenced when they make decisions about
_______________.
A. the employees' well-being
B. distributing organizational resources
C. designing and implementing rules and policies
D. All of the choices are correct.

Answer: D
Learning Objective: 01-05
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

76. How is Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh's perspective different from many other businesses?

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

Answer: Hsieh believes in treating employees and customers well; compared to many businesses
that place most of their focus on the customer. A major goal of Zappos is to treat its employees
and customers with integrity, honesty, and commitment.
Learning Objective: 01-02
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Introduction

77. What abilities will managers need in order to be successful in the 21st century? Which of
these abilities do you have now? How do you plan to acquire the others?

Answer: Answers will vary but may include: the need to be people-sensitive, astute, flexible,
quick and agile, multi-lingual, knowledgeable about technology and the law, entrepreneurial,
intelligent, and passionate. They must also have a strong work ethic, a team orientation, and a
genuine concern for people.
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

78. What is meant by the term "diversity?"

Answer: Diversity refers to those attributes that make people different from one another.
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

79. The psychological contract between workers and employers specifies what each expects to
give and receive from the other. What can you offer an employer, and what do you expect in
return?

Answer: Student answers will vary, especially as they relate to what they can offer an employer.
The most admired employers typically offer employees openness, integrity, opportunities, and
support for growth and development. Most employees want an employer that is honest, open,
fair, and willing to give workers a larger say in their jobs. They also want employers to pay more
attention to their family situations and their physical and mental health.
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

80. What is a psychological contract?

Answer: A psychological contract is an unwritten agreement between an employee and the

organization that specifies what each expects to give to and receive from the other.
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

81. The power of human resources, globalism, cultural diversity, the rapidity of change, a new
worker-employer psychological contract, and technology are reshaping management practices.
What are the likely outcomes of ignoring or resisting these forces?

Answer: Resisting these forces will likely lead to unnecessary conflict, reduced managerial and
non-managerial performance, and lost opportunities. In managerial terms, it can also lead to job
dissatisfaction, poor morale, reduced commitment, lower work quality, burnout, poor judgment,
and other unhealthy consequences.
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Environmental Forces Reshaping Management Practice

82. What are some of the conclusions about human behavior in the workplace that were
uncovered by the Hawthorne studies?

Answer: Any of the following: Factors other than economic rewards influence performance in
the workplace. A variety of psychological and social factors affect performance, including being
made to feel important, responding to group norms, and social pressures induced by informal
social structures. In other words, workers respond to group norms, social pressures, and
observation.
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior

83. How have the findings of the Hawthorne studies been criticized?

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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

Answer: Interviews conducted years after the Hawthorne studies with a small number of actual
study participants and a reanalysis of data raised doubts about a number of the original
conclusions. The conclusion that supportive managers helped boost productivity is considered
incorrect by critics. Instead, the fear of job loss during the Great Depression and managerial
discipline, not the practices of supportive managers, are considered responsible for the higher
rate of productivity in the relay assembly test room experiments.
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior

84. What is the "Hawthorne effect"?

Answer: One of the findings of the Hawthorne studies was that the workers felt important
because someone was observing and studying them at work. Thus, they produced more because
of being observed and studied.
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior

85. What are the four basic elements of a system?

Answer: Inputs, process, outputs, and the environment.

Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

86. What are the two main conclusions suggested by systems theory, as it relates to
effectiveness?

Answer: (1) Effectiveness criteria must reflect the entire input-process-output cycle, not simply
output, and (2) Effectiveness criteria must reflect the interrelationships between the organization
and its outside environment.
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

87. What are three things that you, as a manager, can do to lead your team to higher levels of
effectiveness?

Answer: Student answers may vary, but may include the following: (a) Provide opportunities for
training and continuous learning. (b) Share information with employees. (c) Encourage cross-
development partnerships. (d) Link compensation to performance. (e) Avoid layoffs. (f) Be a
supportive role model. (g) Respect employee differences. (h) Be a good listener.
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Systems Theory and the Time Dimension of Effectiveness

88. Identify five short-run indicators that managers can measure to assess the probability of an
organization's long-run survival.

Answer: Any five of the following: (a) productivity, (b) efficiency, (c) accidents, (d) turnover,
(e) absenteeism, (f) quality, (g) rate of return, (h) morale, and (g) employee satisfaction.
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Systems Theory and the Time Dimension of Effectiveness

89. Name three measures of satisfaction as presented in the text.

Answer: Measures of satisfaction include employee attitudes, turnover, absenteeism, tardiness,

and grievances.
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Systems Theory and the Time Dimension of Effectiveness

90. Within the context of systems theory, describe the relationship between the organization and
society.

Answer: According to systems theory, an organization is an element of a larger system, the

environment.
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

91. List three ways productivity may be measured.

Answer: Productivity measures can include any of the following: (a) profit, (b) sales, (c) market
share, (d) students graduated, (e) patients released, (f) documents processed, (g) clients serviced.
Other answers may also be correct, such as number of products manufactured.
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

92. List three measures of efficiency.

Answer: Cost or time measures of efficiency can be any three of the following: (a) rate of return
on capital or assets, (b) unit cost, (c) scrap and waste, (d) downtime, (e) occupancy rates, (f) cost
per patient, student, or client.
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

93. What is the relationship of motivation and ability to performance?

Answer: Motivation and ability to work interact to determine performance.

Learning Objective: 01-02
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

94. Identify three common, physical symptoms that are related to stress.

Answer: Any three of the following: insomnia, excessive perspiration, nervousness, or

irritability. Other answers may also be correct, such as overeating, weight gain, weight loss, nail
biting, or headaches.
Learning Objective: 01-04
Difficulty: easy
Topic: Framing the Study of Organizational Behavior

ESSAY QUESTIONS

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Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

95. What principles did Fredrick Taylor advocate?

Answer: Taylor’s major thesis was that maximum good for society can come only through the
cooperation of management and labor in the application of scientific methods. He stated that the
principles of management were to: Develop a science for each element of an employee’s work,
which replaces the old rule-of-thumb method. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and
develop the worker, whereas in the past a worker chose the work to do and was self-trained.
Heartily cooperate with each other to ensure that all work was done in accordance with the
principles of science. Strive for an almost equal division of work and responsibility between
management and nonmanagers.
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: medium
Topic: The Evolution of Management

96. Describe the disciplines that have contributed to the field of organizational behavior. Which
do you feel had the largest impact?

Answer: Student answers will vary but they should refer to the disciplines of psychology,
sociology, social psychology, anthropology and political science.
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Why Study Organizational Behavior

97. Describe the findings of the Hawthorne studies.

Answer: The study uncovered what is referred to as the “Hawthorne effect” operating within the
study groups. That is, the workers felt important because someone was observing and studying
them at work. Thus, they produced more because of being observed and studied. The study also
found that individual behaviors were modified within and by work groups. In a study referred to
as the “bank wiring room,” the Harvard researchers again faced perplexing results. The study
group completed only two terminals per worker daily. This was considered to be a low level of
output. The bank wiring room workers appeared to be restricting output. The work group
members were friendly, got along well on and off the job, and helped each other. There appeared
to be a practice of protecting the slower workers. The fast producers did not want to outperform
the slowest producers. The slow producers were part of the team, and fast workers were
instructed to “slow it down.” The group formed an informal production norm of only two

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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

completed boards per day. The Harvard researchers learned that economic rewards did not totally
explain worker behavior. Workers were observant, complied with norms, and respected the
informal social structure of their group. The researchers also learned that social pressures could
restrict output.
Learning Objective: 01-01
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Hawthorne Studies

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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 01 - Effective Managers Understand Organizational Behavior

98. What is the relationship between quality and organizational effectiveness?

Answer: While student answers will vary, answers should address the concepts of quality,
competitiveness, and systems theory
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

99. What's more important: quality, productivity or efficiency? Justify your answer.

Answer: Student answers will vary but the best answers will indicate that the constructs are
interrelated.
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: hard
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

100. What is adaptiveness and its importance to an organization?

Answer: Adaptiveness is the extent to which the organization can and does respond to internal
and external changes. Adaptiveness in this context refers to management’s ability to sense
changes in the environment as well as changes within the organization itself. Ineffectiveness in
achieving production, efficiency, and satisfaction can signal the need to adapt managerial
practices and policies. Or the environment may demand different outputs or provide different
inputs, thus necessitating change. To the extent that the organization cannot or does not adapt, its
survival is jeopardized.
Learning Objective: 01-03
Difficulty: medium
Topic: Systems Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

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© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.