EXPERIMENT No.

9
Economic Load dispatch without generator
Limits and losses

Objective:
Calculate economical load dispatch without losses and calculate the cost of small
and large generators.

Apparatus:
 Computer
 MATLAB
 Printer

Theory:
Introduction:
Engineers and technologists are always concerned with the cost of products and services.
Minimizing the operating cost is very important in all practical power systems. Economic
load dispatch is the technique in which active power outputs are allocated to committed
generator units with the aim of minimizing generation cost in compliance with all constraints
of the network. The traditional methods include the Lambda-Iterative technique, Newton-
Raphson Method, Gradient Method, etc. But these conventional methods need linear
incremental cost curves for the generators. In practice, the input-output curves of generators
are discrete and non-linear due to ramp-rate limits, multiple fuel effects, and restricted zones
of operation.

INPUT-OUTPUT CURVE OF GENERATING UNIT:

Power plants consisting of several generating units are constructed investing huge amounts of
money. Fuel cost, staff salary, interest and depreciation charges, and maintenance cost are
some of the components of operating costs. Fuel cost is the major portion of operating cost
and it can be controlled. Therefore, we shall consider the fuel cost alone for further
consideration.
To get different output power, we need to vary the fuel input. Fuel input can be measured in
Tonnes/hour or Millions of Btu / hour. Knowing the cost of the fuel, in terms of Rs. / Tonne
or Rs. / Millions of Btu, input to the generating unit can be expressed as Rs/hour. Let Ci Rs /
h be the input cost to generate a power of Pi MW in unit i. Fig.1 shows a typical input–output
curve of a generating unit. For each generating unit there shall be a minimum and a
maximum power generated as Pi min and Pi max.
 Figure 1: Input-Output curve of a generating unit

INCREMENTAL COST CURVE

As we shall see, the criterion for distribution of the load between any two units is based on
whether increasing the generation of one unit and decreasing the generation of the other unit
by the same amount results in an increase or decrease in total cost. This can be obtained if we
can calculate the change in input cost ∆Ci for a small change in power ∆Pi. Since
dP /dC = ∆P /∆C
we can write
∆Ci = dP/ dC ∆Pi ∆Ci = dP /dC ∆Pi

Thus, while deciding the optimal scheduling, we are concerned with dP/ dC,
INCREMENTAL COST (IC) which is determined by the slopes of the input/output curves.
Thus, the incremental cost curve is the plot of dP/ dC versus Pi. The dimension of dCi Pi. The
dimension of is Rs / MWh. dPi is Rs / MWh. The unit that has the input–output relation as Ci
= αi Pi + β P + γ Rs / h (1) has an incremental cost (IC) as 2α P β dP/dC IC = + (2) Here βi
and γi α, are constants. ICi in Rs / MWh A typical plot of IC versus power output is shown in
Fig.2.

Figure 2: Incremental cost curve

Procedure:
 Click on the MATLAB icon to run a program and enter the file name.
 Enter the amount of data in matric format.
 Take MATLAB solved file.
 Add dispatch file in window to find total power generated.
 Add generator cost. file to find the total generated cost.
 Simulate the program.
 Calculate the incremental cost.
 Calculate optimal dispatch result.
 After this save results.
 Close the MATLAB software.

Diagram:

Result:
 Rubrics Evaluation Criteria
PLO
No. Criteria Beginning (1) Developing (2) Accomplished (3) Exemplary (4)
Operation
al Skills Student has shown
for little to no ability to With instructor/ With instructor/
supervisor’s guidance, supervisor’s guidance, Student can handle/use all
Hardware/ handle/use
student can handle/use student can equipment/software and
Software equipment/software
5 some of the handle/use all involved components
equipment and involved equipment/software
equipment/ software without instructor/
and components despite and involved
and involved supervisor’s guidance.
involved instructor/ supervisor’s components.
component guidance. components.
s
CLO-03: Conduct experiments in laboratory in order to interpret experimental data and displays its conformance
with analyzed results of circuits using software like MATLAB/ETAP.
PLO-5: Modern Tool Usage: An ability to Select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
technology and IT tools, including prediction and modelling, to broadly-defined Engineering Technology problems,
with an understanding of the limitations.

Activity Name Experiment No.

Group No.
Student Roll No.
C P Domain +
No. L L Taxonomy Criteria
Awarded Score (out of 4 for each cell)
O O (Absent student will get zero mark)

1 3 5 P4
Conduct experiments in laboratory in
order to interpret experimental data
using MATLAB/ETAP.

Name of Lab. Instructor Signature Dated:

Engr. M. Saad Sharif