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Project Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues. It accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers and is generally caused by tobacco smoking, which is responsible for around 85% of lung cancer cases. The two main types are non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Symptoms may include coughing, coughing up blood, weight loss, and chest pain. While smoking cessation and screening high-risk individuals can help prevent lung cancer, about 8% of cases are caused by genetic factors.

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191 views10 pages

Project Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues. It accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers and is generally caused by tobacco smoking, which is responsible for around 85% of lung cancer cases. The two main types are non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Symptoms may include coughing, coughing up blood, weight loss, and chest pain. While smoking cessation and screening high-risk individuals can help prevent lung cancer, about 8% of cases are caused by genetic factors.

Uploaded by

Rejoy
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© © All Rights Reserved
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COAST GUARD PUBLIC SCHOOL

DAMAN

Project For Class 12th

SESSION 2022-2023

BIOLOGY

LUNG CANCER

Rejoy Roy
XII - A (BIO)
Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my


teacher ‘Mrs Arpita’ who gave me the golden opportunity to
do this wonderful project on the topic , which also helped me
in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many
new things.
What Is Cancer?

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to
other parts of the body.These contrast with benign tumours, which do not spread.Possible signs and
symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change
in bowel movements.While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes.Over
100 types of cancers affect humans.
What Is Lung Cancer?

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are two spongy organs in your chest
that take in oxygen when you inhale and release carbon dioxide when you exhale.

Lung cancer is also known as lung carcinoma, since about 98–99% of all lung cancers are carcinomas, is
a malignant lung tumour characterised by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung Lung
carcinomas derived from transformed, malignant cells that originate as epithelial cells, or from tissues
composed of epithelial cells. Other lung cancers, such as the rare sarcomas of the lung, are generated by
the malignant transformation of connective tissues (i.e. nerve, fat, muscle, bone), which arise from
mesenchymal cells.
Classification

Lung cancers are classified according to histological type.This classification is important for determining
both the management and predicting outcomes of the disease. Lung cancers are carcinomas –
malignancies that arise from epithelial cells. Lung carcinomas are categorised by the size and appearance
of the malignant cells seen by a histopathologist under a microscope. For therapeutic purposes, two
broad classes are distinguished: non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small-cell lung carcinoma
(SCLC)

Non-small-cell lung carcinoma


Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small-cell lung
carcinoma (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. As a class, NSCLCs are
relatively insensitive to chemotherapy, compared to small-cell carcinoma.

Small-cell lung carcinoma


Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) arises in peribronchial locations and infiltrates the bronchial
submucosa. Widespread metastases occur early in the course of the disease, with common spread to the
mediastinal lymph nodes, liver, bones, adrenal glands, and brain.

Pie chart showing incidences of NSCLCs as compared to SCLCs shown at right, with fractions of smokers versus nonsmokers
shown for each type
Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms that may suggest lung cancer include:


● Respiratory symptoms: coughing, coughing up blood, wheezing, or shortness of breath
● Systemic symptoms: weight loss, weakness, fever, or clubbing of the fingernails
● Symptoms due to the cancer mass pressing on adjacent structures: chest pain, bone pain, superior
vena cava obstruction, or difficulty swallowing

Causes

Smoking
Tobacco smoking is by far the main contributor to lung cancer.Across the developed world, 90% of lung
cancer deaths in men and 70% of those in women during 2000 were attributed to smoking.Smoking
accounts for about 85% of lung cancer cases. Vaping may be a risk factor for lung cancer, but less than
that of cigarettes, and further research is necessary due to the length of time it can take for lung cancer to
develop following an exposure to carcinogens.

Passive smoking – the inhalation of smoke from another's smoking – is a cause of lung cancer in
nonsmokers. A passive smoker can be defined as someone either living or working with a smoker.

Radon gas
Radon is a colourless and odourless gas generated by the breakdown of radioactive radium, which in turn
is the decay product of uranium, found in the Earth's crust. The radiation decay products ionise genetic
material, causing mutations that sometimes become cancerous. Radon is the second-most common cause
of lung cancer.
Air pollution
Outdoor air pollutants, especially chemicals released from the burning of fossil fuels, increase the risk of
lung cancer. Fine particulates (PM2.5) and sulphate aerosols, which may be released in traffic exhaust
fumes, are associated with a slightly increased risk. For nitrogen dioxide, an incremental increase of 10
parts per billion increases the risk of lung cancer by 14%. Outdoor air pollution is estimated to cause
1–2% of lung cancers.
Tentative evidence supports an increased risk of lung cancer from indoor air pollution in relation to the
burning of wood, charcoal, dung, or crop residue for cooking and heating.Women who are exposed to
indoor coal smoke have roughly twice the risk, and many of the by-products of burning biomass are
known or suspected carcinogens.This risk affects about 2.4 billion people worldwide,and it is believed to
result in 1.5% of lung cancer deaths.

Genetics
About 8% of lung cancer cases are caused by inherited (genetic) factors.In relatives of people who are
diagnosed with lung cancer, the risk is doubled, likely due to a combination of genes
Prevention

Tobacco control
While in most countries industrial and domestic carcinogens have been identified and banned, tobacco
smoking is still widespread. Eliminating tobacco smoking is a primary goal in the prevention of lung
cancer, and smoking cessation is an important preventive tool in this process

Screening
Cancer screening uses medical tests to detect disease in large groups of people who have no symptoms.
For individuals with high risk of developing lung cancer, computed tomography (CT) screening can
detect cancer and give a person options to respond to it in a way that prolongs life.This form of screening
reduces the chance of death from lung cancer by an absolute amount of 0.3% (relative amount of 20%).
High-risk people are those aged 55–74 who have smoked the equivalent amount of a pack of cigarettes
daily for 30 years including time within the past 15 years.

Other prevention strategies


The long-term use of supplemental vitamin A, B vitamins,] vitamin D or vitamin E does not reduce the
risk of lung cancer. Vitamin C supplementation might reduce the risk of lung cancer.Some studies have
found vitamins A, B, and E may increase the risk of lung cancer in those who have a history of smoking.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

➔ www.wikipedia.com
➔ www.mayoclinic.org
➔ www.cancer.org
➔ www.cancer.gov
➔ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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