‘The allowable soil bearing capacity q. to be used in the design of footing can be obtained by the principles of soil mechanics through the services of a soils engineer. ‘This can be derived on the basis of test borings, load tests, and other experimental {nvestigation. In the absence of soil investigation, the building code of the Philippines provide certain approximate allowable bearing pressures that can be used for the type of soil and soll conditions _ Table 6.1 : Allowable Soil Pressure, qu Source: National Building Code of the Philippines, Table 7.04-(A) rae Tomas samme | angers | ‘treeste | yas ate teow | Vicogea | deihtatyg | Mai god.” | "inmumdepn | isbelow sine gh z 3 7 Tes [Feat igee [ape ig Te oa 02 rxutmae | 9 | 9 03 1 ‘crushing strength Compe oad [05 [2368 7s ar [a Congo seod [08 | “2 | samo a ase | aston 0 [ove snd 033] a0 | 25 | “150 | 16 | 15.000 [150 ar cay rengycay | “8 [P| abo ano [ea fa wwsm starr Tos | 2 | mao] om | sm |x [soon] om Sh cay arg| “9 [3 | genoa 0 Coacoene Conmcovane [as | 2 | som | sw | sm] 2 [200m] am tase ned = Tue laa tae oe | 3 | eam wm sao | eee ada [sree mee anh * These values are for footing 300 mm in width and may be increased in direct proportion tw the width of the footing to a maximum of three times the designed value342 Chapter 6 - Footings Table 6.2 - Allowable Foundation and Lateral Pressure (Section 304) @ ae aoe beng | a wala | Belo Natal a ' Se anes Pressure (KPa) | (KPalm of Coefficien ‘Sept | “ase Cin Bk 0 | ow Seder rd Fob BO a " F erae dor cal GW EGP| 10 — ie det Sard Paty ed Sod ; Te gece) Sard iy avland | 76 . e Gefy re 6 SP, SM SC. GM | met) 5 oC Sy Cay ad Cer | op : - Sac NM rd ei | MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR FOUNDATION (Section 305) ‘The minimum depth of footing is given in Table 63 unless another depth is warranted, as established by a foundation investigation. Table 6.3 : Minimum Requirements for Foundation Taber of Fas] Tess of FOuEaTONWAN] wap, gg | aAneSS OT] Deh Below Supgre by he (oo) ron] Faeing | _ Undated Feunten | ~Con_[ Unt aso (rm)_| Ground Sue | 7 160 150 joo__[ 10 30 z 200 20 315 [115 450 3 250, 150 450 200 800 LOADS AND REACTIONS IN FOOTING ‘According the Code Section 415.3, the base area of footing and the number of piles shall be determined from unfactored forces and moments transmitted by footing to soil or piles and permissible soil pressure or permissible pile capacity, For footings ‘on piles, computations for moments and shears shall be permitted to be based on the assumption that the reaction from any pile is concentrated at pile center, Unfactoredload(DL+ LL) Effectivesoilpressure, Area of footing 9.6-2 Number ofits = Uslactoredoad( DLs Ly | Load capacity per pileipter 6 - Footings Surcharge. a. = 9 Soit Unit weight. Concrete 7 Unit weight. le= Ge“ Yehe- whee ‘where yc is the unit weight of concrete (usually taken as 23.5 kN/m'), hc is the total | depth of footing, 7s is the unit weight of soil above the footing, hy is the height of soil above the footing, and qs s the surcharge pressure. "CRITICAL SECTIONS IN FOOTINGS "The critical sections for moment, shear, and development reinforcement in footings supporting a rectangular or square columns or pedestals are measured at the face of ‘the column or pedestal. For footings supporting a circular or regular polygon shaped columns or pedestal, the Code Section 415.4 permits to treat these sections as square members with the same area. Circle Squarewith equal Regular polygon Square with equal ‘areas the circle area.as the polygon,Chapter 6 - Footings CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR MOMENT e effective soll pressure Footings are similar to beams or slabs carrying the effect p as the load and the column as the support, hence It is subject to moments. According to Section 41552, the external moment on any section for a footing shall be determined by passing a vertical plane to the footing, and computing the moment of the forces acting over the entire area on one side of that vertical plane For isolated footings, the critical sections for moment are located as follows: (a) At the face of column, pedestal, or wall for footings supporting a concrete column, pedestal, or wall. (b) Halfway between middle and edge of wall, for footing supporting a masonry wall Midale ctv ial sen Cita Ege ofa (o) Halfway between face of column and edge of steel base plate, for footing supporting a column with steel base plate. Edge of base plate aa i itings may be classified as a one-w: fre those, which are reinforce jnforced in two directions ay footing or two way footing. One-way footings ‘In one direction only, while two-way footings are cording to Section 415.53, in one-Way footings, and two-way square footings, seinforcement may be distributed uniformly across the entire width of footing. One-way Footing ‘Two-way Footing Figure 6.3: One-way and Two-Way Footings In two-way rectangular footings, reinforcements may be distributed as follows (Section 415.5.4) (a) Reinforcement in long directions may be distributed uniformly across the entire width of footing. {b) For the reinforcement in the short directions, a portion of the total reinforcement 7A: shall be distributed uniformly over a bandwidth (with center on centerline of column) equal to the length of the short side of footing, ‘The rest of the reinforcement may be distributed uniformly outside the conter bandwidth of footing, (1 - YsJAs As is the total reinforcement in short direction longsideof footing Shortsideof footing BFigure 6.4: Reinforcement distribution for two-way rectangular footing ‘SHEAR IN FOOTINGS ‘The shear strength in slabs and footings in the vicinity of the columns, concentrated load, or reactions is governed by the more severe of two conditions, the beam action or one-way shear and the two-way or punching shear. In any of these two conditions, the Code requires that the maximum value of Vs if stirrups are not used is OV., where Vcis the shear strength provided by concrete. 1. Beam action (one-way), where each critical section to be investigated extends in a plane across the entire width. For this case, the slab or footing may be designed in accordance to Section 411.2 through Section 411.6. According to this section, the shear strength provided by concrete V- shall not exceed 0.17 2.JF, bw d.17a J 2. Two-way action where each of the located so that its perimeter by is than d/2 to: (Section 411.13.1.2) (a) edges or corners of columns, critical section to be investigated may be a minimum but need not approach closer concentrated loads, or reaction areas, or (b) changes in slab thickness such as edges of capitals or drop panels, or shear caps. Pe With reference to the figure, be = 4(c + d), For two-way action, Vcis the smallest value of Eq. 6 - 7, Eq. 6-9, and Eq. 6 - 10,j 348 Chapter 6 - Footings bed vert [neg Ja longsideof column Shortsideof column : Fq.6-8 £q.6-9 Eq.6-10 ‘= 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns and 20 for corner columns. j Comer column Interior column Edge column a=20 eno a=30 Notes: ‘© Eq. 6 - 10 usually governs the shear strength for footings supporting a square (interior) column. ‘© One-way shear will very often control the depths for rectangular footings, whereas two-way shear normally controls the depth of square footings. ‘Shear in Footings on Pile «# Entire reaction from any pile with its center located dys /2 or more outside the section shall be considered as producing shear on that section. * Reaction from any pile with its center located dye /2 or more inside the section shall be considered as producing no shear on that section. { + For intermediate positions of pile center, the portion of the pile reaction to be considered as producing shear on the section shall be based on straight line interpolation between full value at dhie /2 outside the section and zero value at pie /2 inside the section.Chapter 6 - Footings 349 ‘ overlap < 7 Modified critical perimeter Figure 6.5: Modified critical perimeter for shear with overlapping critical perimeters MINIMUM DEPTH OF FOOTING ‘According to Section 415.8, the depth of footing above bottom reinforcement may not be less than 150 mm for footings on soil, and 300 mm for footings on piles. CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT ‘OF REINFORCEMENT IN FOOTINGS The development of reinforcement in footings is in accordance with Section 5.12. The | critical sections for development of reinforcement may be assumed at the same location as those of critical moment.LOAD TRANSFER FROM COLUMNS TO FOOTINGS Al forces acting at the have of snip must be transfetred ‘nto the fodting, Compressive forces 1 irectly by bearing, while uplift or teng ng such as dowel and mechanieat forces must be transte nectors, the permissible by At the base of (0.85 FAs), where @ = 0.65, hut may be the footing where A: is the column area and A2 fs the area of the portion of the supporting footing that Is geometrically similar and concentric with the columns (Section 410.18) Figure 6.6 DOWELS If the computed bearing force is higher than the allowable value, it Is necessary to provide dowels to carry the excess force. This can also be done by extending the column bars into the footing. If the computed bearing force is less than the allowable, theoretically, no dowels are needed but the code specifies a minimum value, For cast-in-place columns and pedestals, the area of reinforcement across interface shall not be less than 0,005 times the gross area of the column or pedestal. ‘At footings, 42 mm and 58 mm longitudinal bars, in compression only, may be lap spliced with dowels to provide reinforcement required to satisfy 415.9.1. Dowels ‘shall not be larger than 32 mm bar and shall extend into supported member a distance not less than the development length, lac , of 42 mm or 58 mm bars or the splice length of the dowels, whichever Is greater, and into the footing a distance not less than the development length of the dowels.