Class: 9 Subject: Chemistry

Notes: Matter in Our Surroundings

Matter: Anything which has mass and occupies space.

Matter is made up of particles. The particles of matter are very small.

Characteristics of particles of matter:

1. Particles of matter have space between them.

2. Particles of matter are continuously moving.
3. Particles of matter attract each other.

States of matter
On the basis of the physical states matter is divided into following states

Five states of matter

Differences between three states of matter

Properties Solids Liquids Gases
1. Rigidity and They are rigid and They are not rigid and They are not rigid at all
compressibility cannot be compressed can be compressed to a and can be compressed
little extent. easily.
2. Volume and They have definite They have definite They have neither
shape volume and definite volume but take the definite shape nor
shape. shape of the containing definite volume.
vessel.
3. Fluidity They cannot flow They are slippery and They flow in all
flow from higher level directions.
to lower level.
 4. Intermolecular Intermolecular force is Intermolecular force is Intermolecular force is
force maximum intermediate. minimum.
5. Intermolecular Intermolecular space is Intermolecular space is Intermolecular space is
space least. intermediate maximum.
6. Diffusion Solids diffuse very Diffusion is higher than Highly diffusible as
slowly solids. particles move
randomly at high speed.
7. Density High Moderate Low
8. Kinetic energy They possess least Higher than solids. Maximum kinetic
kinetic energy energy.
Plasma:

Plasma is an ionized gas.

Plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.
Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Ex: Ionized gas. The sun
and the stars glow due to the presence of plasma. The fluorescent tube and neon signal bulbs
contain plasma.
Bose-Einstein condensate:
A BEC is a state of matter that can arise at very low temperatures. It is formed by cooling a gas
of extremely low density to super low temperatures.
The BEC is all about molecules that are really close to each other (even closer than atoms in a
solid).

Change of states of matter:

The interconversion of matter can be achieved by the following two ways:
1. By changing the temperature
2. By changing the pressure.

Effect of change of temperature:

Solid changes to liquid state – melting (Fusion)
When a solid is heated the kinetic energy of its constituent particles increase. Due to this,
particles start vibrating with greater speed. As the temperature further increased, energy supplied
in the form of heat overcomes the force of attraction between the particles. At this stage particles
start flowing, at this temperature solid melts.
The change of state from solid to liquid is called melting or fusion
The temperature at which a solid melt to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called
melting point.
The melting point of ice is 0℃( 273K)

0℃ = 273K
Conversion

From Celsius to Kelvin K = ℃ + 273

From Kelvin to Celsius ℃ = K - 273
 Demonstration of conversion of solid to liquid (to find the melting point of ice):
Take a beaker and add about 100g of crushed iced to it. Suspend a thermometer in it, so that,
its bulb is in contact with ice. Now start heating the beaker on a low flame. Note down the
temperature when ice starts melting. It is observed that once the melting starts, the temperature
of the system does not change till all the ice melts, though we continue to supply heat. When
heat is supplied, solid changes into liquid, but the temperature remains constant, because the
solid particles are able to overcome the inter particle attractive forces.

Latent heat of fusion:

The amount of energy required to convert 1kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure, at its
melting point is known as latent heat of fusion.

Liquid changes to gaseous state – boiling (Vaporization)

Molecule of liquid at the surface acquire more kinetic energy and overcome the force of
attraction from neighbouring molecules. So they escape into the space above. The higher the
temperature the higher is the rate of evaporation.
The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is called its boiling
point.
The boiling point of water is 100˚C or 373K

Demonstration of conversion of liquid to gas (to find the boiling point of water):
Take 100ml of water in a beaker. Suspend the thermometer. Now start heating the beaker slowly.
It is observed that on heating the beaker, the temperature keeps on rising. At about 100˚C the
water starts rapidly changing into vapours. Once the boiling starts the temperature of water
becomes constant, even though it is being heated continuously.
This rapid conversion of a liquid into vapour is called boiling.
Latent heat of vaporization: the amount of heat energy required to convert 1kg of a
liquid into vapours at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point is known as latent heat of
vaporization.

Effect of change of pressure:

The boiling point of a liquid depends upon the pressure acting on it. It increases if the pressure is
increased, or decreases if the pressure acting on it is decreased.

Gas changes into liquid state – Condensation

Gas molecules have got much kinetic energy, hence the force of attraction between them cannot
hold together. As the molecules are cooled, they lose their kinetic energy and slow down. The
gas then changes into liquid.
This process in which gas changes to liquid on cooling is called condensation.

Liquid changes into solid state – Freezing (Solidification)

When the temperature of a liquid is reduced, the kinetic energy of the molecules decreases. This
goes on until the molecules do not have enough to pull away from their neighbours. Thus, rigid
mass of vibrating molecules is formed and the liquid changes into solid.
The temperature at which a liquid freezes to become a solid at atmospheric pressure is called
freezing point.
The freezing point of water is 0˚C or 273K.

Solid changes into gaseous state – Sublimation

When solids are heated the molecules acquire more kinetic energy and overcome almost all the
attraction force between them, so they escape and changes into vapour. If the vapour is cooled
the molecules loose kinetic energy and convert into a rigid mass of solid.
Thus sublimation is a process in which solid changes to gaseous state on heating and vice versa
on cooling without passing through liquid state.
Ex: dry ice (solid carbon dioxide), naphthalene balls, and ammonium chloride. Etc.

Demonstration of an activity to show the sublimation of ammonium chloride:

Take some ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in a china dish. Cover the china dish with an inverted
funnel and put a cotton plug in the upper, open end of the funnel to prevent the vapours from
escaping into the atmosphere. Place the china dish on a tripod stand. It is observed that
ammonium chloride directly changes into its vapour. Vapours on coming in contact with colder
sides of the funnel undergo deposition in the form of white powder.

Evaporation
It is a phenomenon in which a liquid changes into vapour state at any temperature below its
boiling point.
Ex: wet clothes dry due to evaporation of water present in them.
Common salt is also recovered from sea water by the process of evaporation.

The particles of liquid are constantly moving in different directions. As a result, these molecules
collide with each other. At any given temperature, the kinetic energy of some of the particles on
the surface of the liquid may be so high, that they overcome the force of attraction by the
neighbouring particles and leave the liquid and get converted into vapours.

Factors affecting evaporation:

1. Surface area: The rate of evaporation increases on increasing the surface area of the
liquid. For eg; if same amount of water is kept in a test tube and in china dish, then the
liquid kept in china dish evaporates faster.
2. Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases on increasing the temperature of the
liquid. Eg: clothes dry faster on a day time than in the night.
3. Humidity: Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. If the amount of water
vapour in air is already high, the rate of evaporation decreases.
4. Wind speed: Rate of evaporation increases with increase in the speed of wind, because
the particles of water move away with the wind, thereby decreasing the water vapours in
the surrounding.

Evaporation causes cooling effect:

In an open vessel, the liquid keeps on evaporating. The particles of liquid absorb energy
from the surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation.
The cooling caused by evaporation is based on the fact that when a liquid evaporates, it
draws or takes the latent heat of vaporization from the surrounding (as well as from that
substance itself) as a result the surroundings become cold.

Differences between evaporation and boiling

Evaporation Boiling (Vaporization)

1. Evaporation is the surface 1. It is the bulk phenomenon of liquid,

phenomenon of liquid. in which evaporation takes place from
whole of the liquid
2. It takes place at all temperatures 2. Takes place only at its boiling point.

3. Evaporation always causes cooling. 3. No cooling is caused during boiling.