Measurement: Sensors 24 (2022) 100524

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Measurement: Sensors
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IoT based smart parking model using Arduino UNO with FCFS
priority scheduling
M.R.M. Veeramanickam a, *, B. Venkatesh b, Laxmi A. Bewoor c, Yogesh W. Bhowte d,
Kavita Moholkar e, Jyoti L. Bangare f
a
Centre of Excellence for Cyber Security Technologies, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
b
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology(Autonomous), Besides VSEZ Duvvada, Visakhapatnam, Andhra
Pradesh, India
c
Department of Computer Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
d
Savitribai Phule Pune University, India
e
JSPM’s Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering, Pune, India
f
Department of Computer Engineering, MKSSS’s, Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Develop a suitable method to handle parking problem in the crowded big city, as per the demand and number of
Internet of things parking slots available, by giving priority to the users with help of smart parking system. This study proposed
Arduino UNO Internet of Things-(IoT) based smart parking model using the Arduino UNO model in implementation. This
Sensors
proposed model helps users to allocate booking users vehicles parking free available slot as per time to time
Smart parking
Priority scheduling
availability in college campuses during technical fest in different parking slots and locations. In this working
model, Passive Infrared, with ultrasonic Sensors are used which helps to deducting the available parking location
and allow us to find out for giving priority based First Come First Serve based-(FCFS) scheduling of parking
allotments as per slot is vacant count. This model examine the way of the proposed system with utilizing sce­
narios of various possible ways with FCFS which show the significance of the parking model using IoT platform.
The parking availability detection is capable to find solutions for an empty vehicle parking area for monitoring
and reduces users search time as per an automated smart parking model using the internet of things, sensing
devices and Arduino UNO(“Uno” means one in Italian languages) in giving priority to users with scheduling
model is actual findings with Smart systems. This study proposed an automated parking system to function on a
real-time basis to detect all empty parking places based on the internet of things platform, with help of sensors.
Arduino UNO platform brings automation to this system on per priority basis to all the users with scheduling
techniques. The priority given to users with an automation system is a novelty compared with an existing system.
This smart parking is working on real-time basis inputs based on that user demands priority is varying to book
parking slots with first come first serve preference.

1. Introduction parking space service provider together in common platform that able to
address the issues of non-availability of parking space.
In digital era, nearly everybody owns their vehicle which is basic IoT is connected multiple nodes together by using the Internet which
needs of transportation in day-to-day life. Such scenario the usage and enables communication among the peers of people, computers and
high demand of vehicles parking which is increasing rapidly so its is very anything as an object. IoT is beneficial in terms of development and
critical scenario helps to figure out user vehicle parking slots in highly network advancements of technology for connecting things which can
populated cities, particularly in peak timing of more vehicle’s parking be monitored and computed, sharing signals among peers and control­
usage. Vehicles users if they are able to find their parking slot space ling administrators. Nodes are much more intelligent based on the
before reaching that particular location is very much useful in handling recognition of devices, tracking, and observance of anything part of the
parking issues easily. For this we need system which brings users and connected network. IoT relates to 3 important key things like a sensor

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M.R.M. Veeramanickam).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2022.100524
Received 6 September 2022; Received in revised form 10 October 2022; Accepted 13 October 2022
Available online 17 October 2022
2665-9174/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
M.R.M. Veeramanickam et al. Measurement: Sensors 24 (2022) 100524

network, radio frequency like RFID, and terminal computing systems are beneficial for vehicle parking workers, parking service providers and
very important for achieving the functionalities of IoT [1]. beneficial in surrounding locations. As per the data gathered the use of a
Smart parking system can be build using IoT platform, where all smart parking model, it’ll be used to forecast new patterns in the smart
stakeholders can part of the smart system. The problem much focused on system. Solic, P. et al. (2021) [14,15], Let us focus on how its imple­
parking slot allocation based on user given priority with IoT platform to mented using IoT platform what is advantage of smart parking and the
make parking location smart system operated with help of automation same way its lagging in terms of giving priority to end users based on
explained flow of different layers in figure-1 [2], The mobile application preference to the users using some logical way of handling issue like
helps users to access available parking slot booking FCFS. scheduling of given preference to end users as per Table 1.
This article also describes importance of Erlangian distribution for
priority queuing technique for use case to give best outcome of the 2. Proposed methodology
proposed model. As demands of parking increase every part of the col­
lege campus during festive time and smart parking helps to work out The proposed system working with automated platform IoT with
easily. Mettupally et al. (2019) [3], and [4] In Digital platform auto­ help of sensors data analysis. Data sets used to understand the demand
mation are increased due to industry 4.0. everywhere with users cus­ and allotment of parking loT is based on data collection like object_id,
tomization. When compared with western countries, in India struggle is Parking_lot id, Created by, Modified by, Creation_date, Creator, Edit_­
more for parking space location finding and also more dominant due to date, Location, Latitude, Longitude. Geographical area used to test this
the massive population in all the major cites. Therefore in developing prototype system during annual festival function of TechFest 2021 in the
country nowadays taking smart model to implement as per smart city locality of Visakhapatnam area college Campus.
projects, examples of such project is smart traffic system, monitoring of A sensor-based IoT smart parking model aids in the construction of
traffic as per work by Refs. [5–7]. buildings based on their location, data gathering from office locations,
In the existing condition, Internet of Things is an emergent subject as and processing and data manipulating on IoT edge with smart devices.
per including, computing and sensing device systems, with sensing de­ Based on the studies and evaluation of various models, as well as our
vices, immense data collections and generating to apply in that with AI reading of publications, we have begun to collaborate on a viable model
model is to give complete entrenched system for application usage. that would gather and apply current traffic and vehicles related traffic
Hence IoT model are highly flexible, trustworthy, effectual and simple to information to a specific site during periods of high demand for parking
use and handle, in the way deep utilization in various applications. With spaces. In figure:1-Three layers of the working model of the system are
help of IoT information can be gathered more efficaciously, system op­ explained the application of the smart parking model topmost layer, the
erations can be finished in highly precise with connectivity. Internet of transmission layer for communication among peers with connected
things platform used in wide range of application to automat model with networking channels, IoT Sensor layer for signal data collection from
edge computing [8,9]. The sensors and actuators are useful to collect working environments.
data from real time inputs. The networking model based on NFD (NDN System working with three different parking sensors like Ultrasonic
Forwarding Daemon (NFD) is a network forwarder which is used to sensors, Electromagnetic and Rear-facing cameras sensors as given in
implements the Named Data Networking working protocol), Wi-Fi, Fig. 2. In this working model, Passive Infrared, with ultrasonic sensing
Bluetooth and Zigbee the sensing device are utilized with network for device are used which helps to deduct the available parking slot and
communicating purpose. These sensing device connecting with wide allow us to find for giving priority based First Come First Basis sched­
range of network models like GSM, GPRS, 3G and LTE, [10]. uling of parking allotments as per slot is vacant count. To find out the
Due to commercial, unsuitable control of empty parking slots vicinity presence parked vehicle we can use ultrasonic model sensors in this
end in problems applicable to parking. Mohamed A. et al. (2020) [11, smart parking systems.
12] It is especially important to discover a comfortable and safe, auto­ This is simplest and popular logical algorithm called as First Come
mated, sturdy, and impartial device to be able to assist to pick out un­ First Served (FCFS). This helps us to considers booking tasks in the order
occupied empty slot locations, directs away closer to the parking area, of sequence of their inputs request arrival in the smart platform IoT
choice of appropriate parking charges and suitable employer of the system. And this schedules for each booking task until there is enough
parking available system [12,13]. The gift advanced device is plenty required available free slots for that not enough resources available to
book it. Then FCFS algorithm with priority queuing model awaits for
enough available free slots to be freed by the completing of the previ­
ously incomplete scheduled (Booked parking to be free until) booking
tasks. Lionel [21] Erlangain distribution applied for priority queuing is
explained with two inputs queue how they get their services completed
with function(t) and k.
Priority queuing model with two types of customers priority. This
method allowing the customers of different priority waiting in queue.
Priority based on two listed categories of given preferred rules like,
preemptive and non-preemptive priority models as per equation (1). In
many complex queuing models, Erlangian distribution which provides a
very good initial point for the systems with different phases or different
stages and levels.

f(x; k, μ) = xk-1e-x/μ / μk(k-1)! − 1

K is used as a shape parameter. This always positive number, μ is

used as a scale parameter which is a positive real number. Scale value
metric is the reciprocal of rate metric value, λ, i.e. μ = 1/λ. Mean
calculation using: k/λ, Mode value using: (k-1)/λ, Variance is based on
k/λ2 [22]. A process which is sequential level giving rise to an Erlangian
distribution depending upon whether or not those such phases have
Fig. 1. IoT based Smart Parking System Operational and Communica­ identical distribution as described using equation-1 as shown in Fig. 3.
tion Framework.

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M.R.M. Veeramanickam et al. Measurement: Sensors 24 (2022) 100524

Table 1
Related smart parking system with different methodologies of implementation.
S. Reference number Year of Methodology Advantage Limitations
No: publication

1 Mettupally, S. N. R. and Menon, V., “A Smart 2019 Deep Learning and Big Data, CNN-learning models-smart system High-end Camera Classification
Eco-System for Parking Detection Using Deep CNNs with Supervised detection and classification of objects and detection model
Learning and Big Data Analytics,” 2019 learning system. framework.
SoutheastCon, 2019, pp. 1–4.
2 [4]. Ali, G., Ali, T., Irfan, and et al., “IoT Based 2020 IoT over Wi-Fi with Arduino Android Platform, Algorithm No priority based booking slots
Smart Parking System Using Deep Long Short Uno in Android applications proposed
Memory Network”. Electronics 2020.
3 [16]. Urooj, S. Alrowais, F., Teekarafman, Y., 2021 IoT, Boosting Algorithm IoT Platform No booking priority
Manoharan, H., Kuppusamy, R. “IoT Based
Electric Vehicle Application Using Boosting
Algorithm for Smart Cities”, Energies 2021,
14, 1072.
4 [17]. An IoT Based Smart Parking System. 2019 Sensor with RFID Tag are IoT Platform with RFID tags Expensive for setup and also time
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1339, utilized consuming for working model
012044.
5 [18]. Roja T V, Sandhya N, Ashwini, Harshitha 2018 Number Plate Recognition, This system is designed specifically OCR reading must used high-end
Bedre, “Smart parking system using IoT”, OCR algorithm is used to for Malaysian license plates design camera devices
IJARIIT,2018. recognize the input character models, it can be extensible to other
with certain condition license plates other countries
6 [19]. Implementation of an Image Processing 2019 Haar Cascade, AdaBoost The car can be detected from any In multiple-car detection, the
Based Smart Parking System Using Algorithm (Raspberry Pi, angle of view. accuracy is affected by the car
Haar-Cascade Method. In 2019 (ISCAIE), (pp. Cloud, IoT) and shadow, which results in
222–227). detecting two cars as one object.
7 [20]. Khanna, A and Anand, R., “IoT based 2016 Mobile Application model low level security for identify the NA
Smart Parking System”, 2016 ICIoT, India 22 with Cloud platform theft as well as the vehicle related
Jan - 24 Jan. information

points.

a. Initiate working model by switch on the electricity input for

complete system as per designed model.
b. NODEMCU as IR Sensor able to connect with fully functioning
parking slots deductions to know availability of unused parking
space.
c. Blynk application useful in finding free parking lot as per given
data for better performance of booking slots availability with help
of TR and IR Sensors.
d. NODEMCU can able to find the available free & non-utilized park
area for smart system and take preference of FCFS technique to
book vehicle park. Priority scheduling given importance for early
booking parking lots with smart application.
e. As per utilized park slot and free slot area details data are stored
on Blynk cloud by collecting and updating the database system
Fig. 2. Block diagram of the proposed system. storage. And with help of NODE-MCU able to access in any
particular time and anywhere for vehicle advanced booking lots
space.
f. This working model can able to display the number of free space
using LED based on booked slots from smart application.
g. Blynk terminal are used to display as per free park slot informa­
tion to users. It helps users and administrator to know that all
slots current status information as per booked and available slots.
h. As per flow else go to step e repeat again from previous procedure
e
Fig. 3. FCFS based Priority Queuing system for Smart Parking and Erlangian
service facility-k phases. Lionel [21]. i. System display its free area using Blynk Cloud information which
enables users to book their parking free area space with help of
online platform based on FCFS preference.
2.1. The important elements of the working principle
k. Applying First Come First Serve based scheduling to allocate
booking slots with combining free slots together this helps users
The first foremost is electricity input given to entire system, as per
to know who is given prior preference for advance booking slots
the Thermal infrared-TR Sensing device, we will collect required data
as per early booking.
signal for park slot data available and getting connected with node-mcu.
l. Whenever its booked in that particular moment display of LED
This model facilitates to locating looking with inside the free vehicle
indicate as off state as its booked slot to know other user to aware
park area with usage of Blynk. The IR Sensor related with NODE MCU
of booking status
then reveals a free area from the automated parking model. The LED
m. NODEMCU using IR helps us to open parking lots based on user
flash primarily based totally at the range of parking to be had empty
advance booking lots to utilize that automatized smart system.
slots. The various stage of working model explained in the following

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M.R.M. Veeramanickam et al. Measurement: Sensors 24 (2022) 100524

Here entire working model system flow completed for proposed

model on the basis of IoT smart system and Priority Scheduling.

2.2. Micro-controller

The purpose of Micro-controller is to do signal processing as per its

functioning model. The remaining components are memory utilization Fig. 5. Arduino UNO and node MCU
and receiver information and sender of information signal are part of
this working function. The important part of microprocessor is similar to
heart of the complete computing model as displayed in Fig. 4. No
required extra more components for working model the reason is
necessary all main peripherals are built within system.

2.3. Working model-hardware components

2.3.1. Arduino ATmega 328P micro-controller for proposed model

This is very important component of the Arduino micro-controller
board for working. Some of the listed features are: 8-bit micro-
controller shown in Fig. 5 as [5,23,24]:

➢ flash memory with 32 KB, SRAM with 2 KB for micro controller.

➢ 1MIPS per MHz for measuring computing speed of controller.
➢ SPI serial port with 20 GPIO pins are equipped for input and output
of controller board.

2.3.2. IR sensor for object deduction

Infrared Sensor as IR. It able to detects any obstacle in opposite of it
which have three pins like VCC., GND & OUT. Two LED’s one for IR
transmission and another one IR receiver with LED for displaying in­
formation to the end users in parking lots. Fig. 6. Node MCU pin configuration.

2.3.3. Servo motor with angular positioning 2.3.5. LED display with seven segment
This is useful as rotatory sensing actuator which helps to perfect Its used to show numerals display of numbers using electronic board
control over in angular positioning, with capable of velocity and cor­ device basically used as an alternative for dot matrix display model
responding speed of acceleration. Adoptable motor are coupled with board. Digital clocks also part of this comprehensively by other
sensing to collect their feedback signals. Hence specific motor class are application.
called servomotor for in close-looping controlling model Mettupally, S.
et al. (2019).
2.4. BLYNK with cloud access
2.3.4. MCU ESP8266-Open source board design
Prototype designing board are available Open-source firmware IoT system model are controlled remotely with using hardware and
software. “Node MCU” named as micro-controller unit to referring Blynk is useful in displaying all information like sensing data, and
firmware which are not associate with development kit are shown in storing in cloud, helps us to visualize that information. There are three
Fig. 6, [10]. components part of this IoT platform they are:

2.4.1. BLYNK application & server usage

This help is to create awful interfaces system of our IoT projects with
help of different widgets are provided as part of inputs model. This will
perform all communication with computing hardware part of complete
system. This storing information either using Blynk cloud or with
execute as per local data memory repository, which are open-source
anyone can handle it such huge number of device. Also helpful for
launching Raspberry pi system too. This one popular platforms for
hardware and server communication to serve with end process in
possible input and output associated commands.

3. Results

This model producing various scenario of parking slot pattern as per

users demand, which all are listed here based on that results analysis as
per booked and availability parking slots are displayed from Figs. 8–11.
These implementation prototype of real smart system to understand how
exactly it works for data collection and booking of parking slots places
etc. To support such importance of market impact on smart parking
system explained below from source of IoT Analytics website about
Fig. 4. Micro-controller device and its different functionality of sub-units. growth of market business from 2018 to 2022.

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M.R.M. Veeramanickam et al. Measurement: Sensors 24 (2022) 100524

The factual figure about the importance of IoT innovation applica­

tion products lies in how much business impact created globally from
2018 till date listed its market values. The actual figures lie on the basis
of smart parking data generation, whenever it’s combined with many
other stakeholders’ roles and contributions like agents, locality business
people, delivery smart applications.etc, with sensors data, processing
devices and networking channels systems which takings innovative
application to the next level for all smart cities. In Fig. 7 shows Market
values disbursement for such smart parking applications and services
functionalities is expected to grow from $3.8B to a CAGR of 14% by
Fig. 8. All lot-space are free listed in output.
2023 surpassing 2022 business values [25],
Case-1 scenario: If every parking area are empty then display it: The
given below Fig. 8 is displaying the number of free available area space.
Case-2 scenario: In this analysis three parking lots are free and
available and only one lot-space is utilized. And Fig. 9 is displaying
Blynk outputs as well with prototype output with free available and
filled lot-space.
Case-3 scenario: In this analysis two parking lots are free and two-
space is utilized. And Fig. 10 is displaying Blynk outputs as well with
prototype output with free two available and filled two lot 1 & 2-space.
Case-4 scenario: In this analysis no parking lots are free and all lot-
space is utilized. And Fig. 11 is displaying Blynk outputs with zero
free lot-space available and everything is filled parking lot-space. Fig. 9. Three lot-space are free listed with one slot is filled in output.
It is effective model of automated parking lot-space for all user to get
their possible booking earlier slot as per availability in this huge crow­
ded city environment, this optimize in n number of ways like saving
their searching and booking lot time, as per available listed location.
And foremost important objectives is usage of modern digital platform
like mobile application to access it. This system widely useful in case of
implementing with all possible places like in the covered parks spaces,
open lot-space and as well with road-side parking too. This system
ability to identifying the demand and need of all user by giving priority
options functioning model to check all free lot-space and also helps users
to figure out booking slots based on FCFS priority given to them for
parking vehicles within crowded college campus in festive time. All the Fig. 10. Two lot-space are free listed with two slot − 1 & 2 is filled in output.
data collection related to book parking is useful for analysis part for
different scenario. Almost 180 different scenarios come across while
advance booking with this automated system during peak hours of
evening 5pm to night 11.30pm in festive campus annual event 24 [19].
So, when compare this study results with other related works as per
Table 1 like, Android Platform is used to implement with proposed al­
gorithm [26] but not used any priority preference for users booking,
another study suggested that as usage of boosting algorithm with IoT
platform of parking system with given importance of user FCFS priority
[16,27] one more parking system are discussed with RFID Sensor tags its
actually complex model based on time consumption [28]. In next model
OCR algorithm is used in this study [18] but not given priority prefer­
ence to end users only its designed to recognizance vehicles. Next work
studied the importance of car detected model but not utilized in terms of
parking model [19,29,30].
Fig. 11. Zero lot-space are free listed with all slot are filled in output.

In many related research studies suggest only either modern way of

vehicles recognition with parking or they utilized IoT platform for smart
parking model without usage of user’s preference technique like in this
work [31]. and Joseph LMI Leo et al. (2021) conducted research using
machine learning and deep learning approaches [32]. discussed CNN
research for Alzheimer’s disease. Mall [33] and Shelke Nilesh et al.
(2022) [34,35], shows the use of machine learning for disease detection
etc.
Modernization of many projects with smart sensing application de­
vices helps to optimize all possible effective outputs in good computing
accuracy level. This system reduce the level of complexity and efforts are
taken by all user within perfect networking model of device in IoT
Fig. 7. Global-level Smart Parking Market Values impact [Source iot-analytics.
technology. Entire system is monitored for free parking lot-space and
com] [25].

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