English For Architects

Министерство образования и науки
Российской Федерации
Московский государственный университет
геодезии и картографии
English for Architects
Москва
2014
Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Московский государственный университет

геодезии и картографии (МИИГАиК)
С.В. Кириленко
English for Architects

Методические указания
Москва
2014
Рецензенты:
доктор фил. наук, А.Н. Биткеева (Институт языковедения РАН);
кандидат фил. наук Д.В Моховиков (МИИГАиК)
С.В. Кириленко
English for Architects: Методические указания по английскому языку. –
М.: МИИГАиК, 2014г., – 52 с.
Методические указания представляюит собой подборку текстов по теме «Архитектура» и

систему лексических упражнений. Предназначены для для студентов 1 курса по специальности «Ар-
хитектура» ГУФ МИИГАиК. Все упражнения рассчитаны на развитие речевых навыков и способствуют
достижению основных целей обучения иностранному языку студентов неязыковых специальностей.
Электронная версия учебно-методического пособия размещена на сайте библиотеки
МИИГАиК http://library.miigaik.ru
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Unit 1. Profession of an Architect
Ex. 1 Fill in the job descripions in their places; there is one you won’t need;
1. Producion architect at a large irm
2. Interns (0-5 years experience)
3. Spec (speciicaions) Writer
4. Principal at a Large irm
5. Contract Administraion
6. Architect at a mid-size to small irm
7. Sole praciioner or irm owner
8. Design architect at a large irm
What Exactly Does an Architect Do?

Ask diferent architects the details of his or her daily job duies and you’ll get a
diferent answer every ime. What an architect does on a daily basis depends on where
they live (big city or small town), what kind of irm they work for, and a myriad of other
factors. Before deciding to be an architect, igure out what your ideal work day would
be like, then look for a match below. Here are a few job descripions for architects:
(A)____________________________ If you work at a big company, you will
be living in a large metropolitan area. If this is your ideal job, living in a small town
is out. Design architects are involved in the arisic side of the process: sketching
freehand, making iniial computer generated images of the projects, and puing
together presentaions for clients. These architects have strong arisic abiliies and
a lot of their day is spent on right-brained (creaive visualizaion) aciviies. Note
that compeiion for these jobs is sif since this is what most architects like to do.
To compete in this arena you’ll need a strong porfolio showing your arisic skills.
However, if you would rather be involved in all aspects of a projects, this job may
not be for you.
(B)____________________________ Large irms have architects and interns
that work exclusively on the producion of building plans or “blueprints” (architects
call these “construcion drawings”). These plans are what the contractor will use
to build the building. Working on a producion team gives architects the ability to
understand how a building is built and how the details it together. If you are techni-
cally minded (let-brained) you might ind a nice niche here!
(C)_____________________________ This specialist has reached the top of a
large irm. They are well paid because they have vast amounts of experience (20+
years) as well as proitable relaionships and connecions (e.g. they bring in new
work). They frequently pull in 6 igure plus salaries and are involved in the design
and planning of projects. If you make the right choices in your career you can get
here by your 50′s. Don’t expect it to be sooner. If you want the quick win, be a
lawyer.
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(D)_____________________________ Some architects spend their days com-
piling thick books of ‘project speciicaions’. These are not drawings, but physical
descripions of the quality standards and materials that should be used to build
a project. For instance, the speciicaions tell the builder what paint to use when
paining steel outdoors, and the quality of steel used to frame a wall. These archi-
tects spend their days researching building materials and ediing large Word docu-
ments. If you enjoy reading and wriing technical manuals, then you may want to
consider being a spec writer!
(E)_____________________________ Specialists at mid-size to small irms
may not have the opportunity to work on large skyscrapers or monumental proj-
ects, but because these irms are smaller, these architects get more opportuniies
to be involved in every aspect of a project. Most upper level architects (20+ years)
do a litle of everything. They may do a litle design, meet with clients, and manage
junior architects. (F)_____________________________ Many people get into ar-
chitecture because they dream of owning their own irm or ‘being their own boss’.
The rewards and lexibility of staring your own architecture irm are enicing to
many, but it is diicult, if not impossible, if you do not have a spouse with a healthy
income. Sole praciioners and small irm owners work long hours and deal with
ight inances. If on the other hand you love wearing a lot of hats, don’t mind the
responsibility and value lexibility, this can be a rewarding path.
(G)_____________________________ Before you can reach any of the above
posiions you need to pass 3-5 years of internship doing (mostly) menial tasks 8
hours a day siing in front of a computer. The only interns who do building design
(the prety pictures people think of when they think ‘architect’) all day work at large
irms as part of a design. Interns at smaller irms might do some creaive work, but
most of their day is spent drating on a computer.
It is important to decide what you like doing best so that you can steer your
career in that direcion. Some architects design houses. Some design schools. Each
is a very diferent experience. Some architects sit at a desk all day. Some architects
are outside all day visiing construcion sites. Some architects draw all day. Some
architects never draw. And some architects do a litle of everything. So if we meet
on the street someday and you ask me what I do, when I respond “I’m an architect”,
maybe you’ll understand.
Ex. 1 Choose the right variant not looking at the texts above;
1. Design architects are involved in the ………………………. side of the process:
sketching freehand, making iniial computer generated images of the projects, and
puing together presentaions for clients.
a) arisic b) scieniic c) pracical
2. Working on a producion team gives architects the ability to understand
how a building is built and how the …………………….. it together.
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a) projects b) details c) ideas
3. For instance, the speciicaions tell the ………………….. what paint to use
when paining steel outdoors, and the quality of steel used to frame a wall.
a) builder b) architect c) owner
4. Specialists at mid-size to small irms may not have the opportunity to work
on large ………………………. or monumental projects, but because these irms are
smaller, these architects get more opportuniies to be involved in every aspect of
a project.
a) high-rises b) blocks of lats c) skyscrapers
5. The rewards and ………………… of staring your own architecture irm are
enicing to many, but it is diicult, if not impossible.
a) lexibility b) challenge c) outcome
Ex. 2 Speak on the topic:

“I’ve chosen architecture as a career because…”
Highlight at least 5 points which make this profession so atracive.
Ex.1 Guess the words using the Glossary; the irst leter has been given to you;
1. A window projecing out from a sloping roof or the enire roofed structure
containing the window. D……………………
2. A crowning projecion at a roof line, oten with molding or other classical
detail. C…………………
3. The projecing edge of a roof that overhangs an exterior wall to protect it
from the rain. E…………………….
4. An exterior wall, or face, of a building. F……………………
5. A band of richly sculpted ornamentaion on a building. F………………….
6. The top of a building which protects the inside from the weather.
R…………………..
7. A roof with two slopes – front and rear– joining at a single ridge line paral-
lel to the entrance façade G…………………. Roof
8. A horizontal piece of structure supported at both ends. B…………………….
9. A horizontal, lat element oten combined with a cornice and architrave.
F………………………..
Ex. 11 Fill in the words which mean the following;

Plasic Laminate Foyer Threshold Wall-bearing construcion
Louver Mullion Jalousies Terrazzo Terra Cota Molding
1. A house’s entrance hall………………………………..
2. Adjustable glass louvers in windows or doors that regulate light/air and
prohibit rain…………..
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3. Venilator that’s slated and pitched to keep out mois-
ture……………………………………….
4. Piece that covers construcion joists or edges. It’s usually a narrow strip of
wood and may be decoraive……………………………………………….
5. Verical framing on a window that divides it into major sec-
ions……………………………………….
6. Thin plasic sheet material for inishing of interior mill-
work………………………………
7. A hard clay product that’s typically used for exterior ornament-
ing………………………………...
8. A hard-wearing loor inish made from small pieces of colored marble or stone
and embedded in cement and polished with a high glaze……………………………….…….
9. Strip of stone, wood or metal that’s placed beneath a door in or-
der to cover a change in loor materials and to receive weather-strip-
ping………………………………………….
10. Structural system where the loor and roof are carried directly by the masonry
walls rather than by a structural framing system…………………………………………………….
Ex. 2 Read the texts about two famous architects and answer the quesions below;
Tom Wright
Is it possible to become one of the greatest modern architects of our ime
if you are only noted for one building? When the building is the most recogniz-
able hotel in Dubai, yes. Briish architect, Tom Wright is responsible for the Burj Al
Arab in Dubai. Acclaimed for its luxurious ameniies as a hotel and also one of the
most recognizable buildings in modern architecture. Noted with the world’s tallest
atrium, and equipped with its own helicopter landing pad and tallest tennis court at
the top, Tom Wright deinitely deserves to join the list of great modern architects.
The Burj Al Arab (Tower of the Arabs) was conceived in October 1993 and
completed on site in 1999. Tom Wright′s irst drawing of the Burj al Arab concept
was shown to the client in October 1993 which along with the simple card model
convinced the client that the tower should be built. The felt pen illustraion was an
early development sketch of the hotel drawn by Wright on a paper serviete whilst
he sat on the terrace of the Chicago Beach hotel which stood adjacent to the site
of the Burj al Arab.
The brief to the architect was to create an icon for Dubai. The Tower of the
Arabs was founded in 1993 and completed on site in 1999. The building became
the symbol of the place, as Sydney has its opera house, so Dubai was to have the
Burj al Arab.
1. What are the features of Burj al Arab that make it so unusual?
2. How did Tom Wright develop the idea of the building?
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Zaha Hadid
Dame Zaha Hadid is the uncrowned queen of contemporary iconic architecture.
Hadid’s projects are characterized by their dynamic formal qualiies of sinuously,
curving shapes, or crystallized strata. This sums up as a kind of new Baroque, a sen-
suous, more vibrant and engaging type of architecture. Zaha Hadid goes beyond the
boundaries of architecture. Her work experiments with new spaial concepts are out-
standing. She was the irst woman to win the Pritzker Prize for Architecture in history.
Zaha Hadid is famous for the Contemporary Art Centre in Cincinnai, a car fac-
tory for BMW and the Phaeno Science Centre. These buildings show her ability to
transform her spaial invenions into solid form. She has also undertaken a number
of high-proile interior works, such as the Z.CAR, the three-wheeled car. Another
example of her versaility is when she created a new, high fashion boot for the
Lacoste brand. Today, Zaha Hadid Architects create landmarks projects for all types
of funcional programs. Their buildings are never bland or mundane, but moreover
asserive statements of a paricular view, that the world may indeed look diferent.
1. How can you characterize Hadid’s projects?
2. What are the examples of Hadid’s versaility in architecture?
Ex. 28 Complete these sentences with an appropriate word from A, B or C;
1. The building is _______. It’s been ruined and abandoned for years.
A. destabilized B. derelict C defunct
2. She lives on a large housing _______near the centre of the city.
A. estate B. state C. estuary
3. There are several dirty districts inside the city, although most of these
_______are going to be replaced by high-rise apartments.
A. slumps B. scrums C. slums
4. The city council is going to _______the old church and build a new one in
its place.
A. demobilize B. demote C. demolish
5. You can’t knock down that house; there’s a _______order on it which
makes it illegal to destroy it.
A. preservaion B. cauious C. presentable
6. Sir Richard Rogers is the _______who designed the Lloyds building in London.
A. architect B. architecture C. architectural
7. Some of the problems in our _______are drug-related.
A. inter-ciies B. internal ciies C. inner-ciies
8. The cinema is going to be closed for two months while the owners ______it.
A. renovate B. remonstrate C. reiterate
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9. If you want to add an extension to your house, you will need _______per-
mission from your local council.
A. planning B. construcion C. ploing
Ex. 1 Write the full words; use the Glossary for reference;
1. A verical, cylindrical support. C…………………………………
2. The upper porion of an end wall formed by the slope of a roof.
G………………………..
3. The main exterior face of a building, someimes disinguished from the other
faces by elaboraion of architectural or ornamental details. F………………………………….
4. The number, shape, organizaion and relaionship of panes (lights) of glass,
sash, frame, munins or tracery. C………………………………………
5. A shallow channel of metal or wood set immediately below and along the
eaves of a building to catch and carry of rainwater. G………………………………………………
6. A piece of trim that introduces varieies of outline or curved contours in
edges or surfaces as on window jambs and heads. M………………………………
7. A semicircular or semiellipical window above a door, usually inset with
radiaing glazing bars. F…………………………………………
8. A projecing bay window carried on corbels or brackets.
O……………………………..
Ex. 1 Translate the text;
Da Vinci’s Urban Plan for the Ideal City
In 1515, the French King invited Leonardo to the royal summer home, Château
du Clos Lucé, near Amboise. The young French king had hired the Renaissance mas-
ter as “The King’s First Painter, Engineer and Architect.”
Francis I was barely 20-years-old when he became King of France. He loved
the countryside south of Paris and decided to move the French capital to the Loire
Valley, with palaces in Romoranin. King Francis hired da Vinci, the seasoned profes-
sional, to carry out his dreams for Romoranin. Plans for Romoranin incorporated
many of Leonardo’s idealisic ideas. His notebooks show designs for a Royal Palace
built on water; redirected rivers and manipulated water levels; clean air and water
circulated with a series of windmills; animal stables built on canals where waste wa-
ter could be safely removed; cobbled streets to facilitate travel and the movement
of building supplies; prefabricated houses for relocaing townspeople.
However, Romoranin was never built. It appears that construcion had begun
in da Vinci’s lifeime, however. Streets were created, carts of stones were being
moved, and foundaions were laid. But as da Vinci’s health failed, the young King’s
interests turned to the less ambiious but equally opulent French Renaissance Châ-
teau de Chambord, begun the year of da Vinci’s death. Scholars believe that many
of the designs intended for Romoranin ended up in Chambord, including an intri-
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cate, helix-like spiral stairway.
Ex. 1 Wriing;
Write a composiion about your favorite architect and his/her main achieve-
ments in architecture and design; explain your choice
Ex. 1 Comment on the following; give extended examples;
What Do Architects Do?
1. Design and plan structures for aestheics, safety, and accessibility
2. Turn ideas into reality
3. Manage the building project
4. Coninue their educaion throughout their career
Unit 2. Exterior & Interior Features
Ex. 1 Fill in the names for the houses in their places; there is one you won’t need;
1. Bubble Castle, France
2. Chameleon House, Michigan
3. Leaf House, Brazil
4. Free Spirit Sphere, Briish Columbia
5. Rotaing House, Australia
6. Flintstone’s Cave, Canada
7. The Nauilus, Mexico
(A)_________________________ The roof of this architectural masterpiece
looks like a giant lower with six petals, each of which covers a diferent secion of
the home. A curved swimming pool works its way through the house before culmi-
naing as a small pond stocked with ish in the backyard. The interior of this house
is free of hallways, providing ample space for the beach winds to blow through.
(B)_________________________ This octagonal house can rotate a full 360
degrees with the touch of a buton. A rotaing drive consising of 32 outrigger
wheels and powered by two 500-wat electric motors are used to spin the house on
demand, a process that can take anywhere from 30 minutes to two hours.
(C)_________________________ This seashell-shaped home was completed
in 2006. The stone steps running along the shrubs lead to the front door, which
blends into the mosaic façade. The house was created to imitate a crustacean’s
shell, and its interior is illed with vegetaion and small trees. “It’s not common that
you would see such a home,” the architect says. “However, it’s very enlightening
and something that we can all learn from.”
(D)_________________________ This is a perfect example of a radical ap-
proach to rethinking the built environment. There are no sharp angles or straight
lines in this design. The architect uniied the home with its natural surrounding by
bringing outdoor elements inside, including palm trees and a waterfall. The house
has already been deemed a historic monument, despite the fact that it’s not even
50 years old.
(E)_________________________ This hanging room is the brainchild of a fam-
ily couple that builds these spherical living spaces for customers around the world.
The spheres can be ordered fully loaded, equipped with plumbing, electricity and
insulaion. An average sphere weighs 500 kilos. The architects say that the struc-
tures gently rock in the wind, a nice thought depending on just how windy it is.
(F)_________________________ This home was completed in 2006 atop a hill
overlooking a cherry orchard. The striking structure took less than eight weeks to
build thanks to the use of prefabricated materials. The steel frame of this house is
wrapped in translucent acrylic slats, allowing it to relect the changing colors of the
landscape, like a chameleon.
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Ex. 1 Choose the right variant not looking at the texts above;
1. The roof of this architectural masterpiece looks like a giant lower with six
petals, each of which covers a diferent ………………. of the home.
a) secion b) angle c) form
2. This octagonal house can ……………… a full 360 degrees with the touch of
a buton.
a) circle b) secion c) change
3. The stone steps running along the shrubs lead to the front door, which
blends into the mosaic …………… .
a) loor b) façade c) stairs
4. There are no sharp …………… or straight lines in this design.
a) forms b) iles c) angles
5. The spheres can be ordered fully loaded, ………………… with plumbing, elec-
tricity and insulaion.
a) equipped b) built c) demolished
6. The striking structure took less than eight weeks to build thanks to the use
of …………………………. materials.
a) eco b) recycled c) prefabricated
Ex.1 Fill in the words in the gaps;

town houses one-story house condominiums
two-story house high-rise apartment semidetached cotage
1. ……………………………………….Houses of the same height built in more or less
the same style and separated by party walls.
2. ……………………………………….Tall building containing muliple dwellings.
3. ……………………………………….Single-family dwelling separated from another
dwelling by a party wall.
4. ……………………………………….Group of lodgings belonging to separate owners
who share the building’s maintenance costs.
5. ……………………………………….Single-family dwelling that contains only one
level, the irst loor.
6. ……………………………………….Single-family dwelling that contains two levels,
the irst loor and a second loor
Ex. 1 Brainstorm the pieces of vocabulary into each of the categories below; use the
Glossary for reference;
1. People associated with buildings
2. Materials associated with buildings
3. Equipment that architects use
4. Parts of a room
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5. Parts of a house or lat
6. Parts of a building
7. Types of house
8. Types of other buildings
9. Things architects do and produce
Ex. 1 Match the deiniions with the words from the Glossary;
1. Small window built into the roof of a structure to let in light………………………….
2. Upper triangular secion of a wall supporing the sides of the roof.
………………………….
3. Covered part of a house entrance protecing the door and people from the
elements.……………………….
4. Window protruding through the roof to venilate and illuminate the room
below.………………………….
5. Extended secion of a roof protecing the wall from rain.
Ex.2 Fill in the words in the right places;

cosy oak-panelled ireplace match
looks out onto faces uility room
The house is situated at the botom of the valley. It’s about 20 miles from Lon-
don and just outside the village of Hampton. It’s a really splendid period property. It
seems typically English to me. There are long corridors and huge (1)_____________
rooms, and you can imagine all sorts of scenes from history taking place here. As
you come in through the front door, you ind yourself in a large hall with an open
(2)_____________, which is unusual. One of the doors on the right of the hall
leads into the living room. This room (3)_____________ south, so it’s very sun-
ny, and it has a lovely view of the whole valley. The furniture has been chosen
to (4)_____________ the style of the house, so there’s a lot of leather and dark,
heavy wood. Next to this room there’s the dining room which has French windows
leading onto a small paio. Also on the ground loor there is a study, kitchen and
(5)_____________. A wide staircase takes you to the irst loor, where there are ive
bedrooms. The largest is about 40 sq.m, a really vast room which (6)_____________
the garden. The house is in 2.5 acres of land, and there is a green house, a shed, a
swimming-pool and a tennis court. It’s a beauiful place to be at any ime of year. In
winter it’s warm and _____________ and in summer there’s so much to do outside.
aic basement bathroom bedroom dining room
hallway living room/family room master bedroom nursery room
pantry paio rec room kitchen lobby
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1. …………………………oten in basement; extra room for watching TV and play-
ing games
2. ………………………… long narrow area that joins one room to another
3. …………………………area in the front entrance for hanging coats and placing
shoes
4. …………………………room of the kitchen for keeping dry foods and storage
items
5. ………………………… the largest bedroom in the house; used by parents
6. ………………………… storage room at the very top of the house
7. …………………………the lowest level of the house
8. …………………………room for baby or young child
9. …………………………outdoor area in front or backyard; usually sits slightly of
the ground;
1. An appliance or device atached to the facade (e.g., awning, sign or secu-
rity gate). F……………………….
2. A scroll-shaped projecing bracket that supports a horizontal member.
C………………….
3. The process of returning, as nearly as possible, a building or any of its parts
to its original form and condiion. R……………………………..
4. The secondary part of a window which holds the glazing in place.
S……………………….
5. An ornamental coniguraion of curved mullions in a Gothic sash.
T…………………..
6. A small dome on a base crowning a roof. C………………………….
7. A small tower, usually supported by corbels. T…………………………………..
Ex.1 Read the descripions of the houses; translate the unknown words;
A. A detached cotage in a rural seing standing in gardens approaching one acre
and enjoying views over surrounding countryside. The property has gas-ired central
heaing with accommodaion comprising: a kitchen with open access to the dining area,
lounge, ground-loor shower room. On the irst loor, a double bedroom and a second
bedroom. Outside: gardens in need of some atenion and small paddock.
B. A ine, individual detached 4-bedroom family house situated in a cul-de-
sac on the popular south side of town, within about a mile of the main staion. Of-
fers superbly appointed accommodaion in immaculate order, comprising: entrance
hall, cloakroom, large living room, dining room, ited kitchen/breakfast room,
master bedroom with ensuite bathroom and dressing area, family bathroom, twin
garages, pleasant rear garden, gas-ired central heaing, ited carpets included,
double glazing, security alarm.
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C. This beauifully presented three-bedroom bungalow enjoys a semi-rural
locality on the outskirts of the town surrounded by open ields. Nevertheless, there
is easy access for commuing to surrounding centres. The property requires a full
inspecion for full appreciaion. The large garden ofers potenial for further exten-
sion, parking, garage construcion etc.
D. This is a top-loor lat situated in the centre of town and having outstand-
ing long-distance views. The property has all the usual ameniies of a central posi-
ion ready to hand. Whilst the lat has great character, it also ofers the beneit of
gas-ired central heaing and a ited kitchen. This accommodaion is decepively
spacious and a viewing is thoroughly recommended.
E. A well-presented semi-detached house with good-sized accommodaion.
Ofers lounge, dining room, breakfast room. Gas-ired central heaing, atracive
garden to rear and garage. Convenient locaion for the town centre. Internal view-
ing highly recommended.
Ex. 6 Match the groups of words with the correct categories;
1. a bedsit/a studio lat/a villa a) age
2. a wooden loor/a rug b) type of accommodaion
3. in the basement/in the lot c) loor
4. convenient/isolated/not far from d) locaion
5. modern/classical/elegant/ minimalist e) style
6. spacious/huge/iny/cramped f) feel/atmosphere
7. cosy/inimate g) size
8. high ceilings/tall windows/ ireplace h) features
9. chilly/draughty/airy/has central heaing i) warm/cold interior
10. overlooks/has a view of j) view
11. brand new/second hand/old-fashioned k) posiion in the building
Ex. 7 Circle the right word;

The thing I appreciate most about my lat is the balcony. It is iny/spacious/
airy, but there is just enough space to sit out in the morning sun and enjoy break-
fast. It’s covered in lowers and overlooks/is overlooked by the small garden. The
lat is in the basement/ on the second loor of an old house built in a very classical/
modern style with stone loors, tall windows with green shuters and white walls.
The furniture is simple. I buy most of it modern/ second hand/ancient from
the local markets - they’re a long way from/convenient/not far from here - and they
have lovely stuf. I don’t want too much furniture; the rooms aren’t huge and my
style is rather modern/classical/minimalist.
In the evenings, I light candles all round the lat and the atmosphere is very
huge/spacious/inimate. On the downside, it can be a bit chilly/airy/cramped in the
lat as there’s no ireplace/central heaing.
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1. The part of a storefront that forms a base for one or more display windows
B…………………………..
2. The decorated topmost member of a pilaster. C……………………….
3. A window sash that is hinged on the side. C…………………………….
4. The lowest part of a classical entablature. A……………………………….
5. A verical structure that projects from a sloping roof and is covered by a
separate roof structure. D………………………….
6. The overhanging edge of a roof. E………………………
7. The staionary porion of a window unit that is aixed to the facade and
holds the sash or other operable porions of the windows. F…………………….
8. The central wedge-shaped member of a masonry arch. K……………………………..
9. A crescent-shaped or semicircular area or opening on a wall surface.
L……………………….
10. A roof having a double slope on all four sides, the lower slope being much
steeper. M………………
Ex. 38 Translate the words below and match them with their deiniions;
Fixture Shat Console Guter Fanlight
Tracery Nave Banister Porch Cornice
1. The part of a column between the capital and the base. ______________
2. An ornamental coniguraion of curved mullions in a Gothic sash.
______________
3. The part of a church between the chief entrance and the choir (quire),
demarcated from aisles by piers or columns. ______________
4. A covered entrance to a building with a separate roof. ______________
5. An appliance or device atached to the facade (e.g., awning, lighing ix-
ture, conduit, or security gate). ______________
6. A shallow channel of metal or wood set immediately below and along the
eaves of a building to catch and carry of rainwater. ______________
7. A molding or ornamentaion that projects from the top of a building.
______________
8. A semicircular window, usually located above a door. ______________
9. A handrail along the staircase. ______________
10. A scroll-shaped projecing bracket that supports a horizontal member.
______________

Few New Yorkers, would agree that oversized apartments are among the
prime problems of city living. For thousands, perhaps millions, a single room in a
15
iny share is all they can hope to call home. Persons with spacious one-bedrooms
tend to be the envy of their friends. Ironically, this condiion is the legacy of 20th-
century reformers, who argued to introduce measures like mandatory minimums
on apartment size and mandatory maximums on occupancy. But today things have
changed. In too many areas, the smallest allowable apartments—37 square meters
—have become too expensive.
With the populaion and rents expected to keep going up, New York City plan-
ners are challenging architects to design ways to make it comfortable to live in such
micro dwellings. A possible soluion to the problem has been showed as “micro-
apartments”, as litle as 23 sq m each. Each apartment features 3m-high ceilings, a
full kitchen, lounge area, bedroom and balcony, but measures only between 23 to
35sq m. That is litle more than two average-size shipping containers. The designers
can cram all those features in - because the rooms are made to change so they can
be used for diferent things. For example, the bed can fold away to be replaced by a
couch when entertaining guests.
The apartments are meant to be an “afordable” opion. Rent for those will
be between $US900 and $US1800 a month. San Francisco has tried to tackle its
space problem more aggressively by approving a block of apartments, each as iny
as 20sq m. A similar project is under way in Boston where 300sq t units are being
developed. The trend has been occurring in many of the world’s large ciies, includ-
ing London, Vancouver and Tokyo.
Ex. 47 Wriing;
Write a composiion describing your real or ideal house / lat and furniture.
Use the vocabulary from this paragraph and from the Glossary;
Ex. 2 Prepare a report/presentaion about:
A terraced house in a city
An apartment in a skyscraper
A small cotage in the countryside
Unit 3. Urban Design & Landscape Architecture
Ex.1 Read the text and answer the quesions below;
Contemporary planning
The ways in which planning operated at the beginning of the 21st century did
not conform to a single model of either a replicable process or a desirable out-
come. The concept of paricipatory planning has spread to the rest of the world,
although it remains limited in its adopion. Generally, the extent to which planning
involves public paricipaion relects the degree of populaion acivity in each lo-
caion. Within a more paricipatory framework, the role of planner changes from
that of expert to that of mediator between diferent groups, or “stakeholders.” This
changed role has been endorsed by theorists supporing a concept of “communica-
ive raionality.” Criics of this viewpoint, however, argue that the process may sup-
press innovaion or simply promote the wishes of those who have the most power,
resuling in outcomes contrary to the public interest. They are also concerned that
the response of “not in my backyard” precludes building afordable housing and
needed public faciliies if neighborhood residents are able to veto any construcion
that they fear will lower their property values.
In sum, the enormous variety of types of projects on which planners work, the
lack of consensus over processes and goals, and the varying approaches taken in
diferent ciies and countries have produced great variaion within contemporary
urban planning. Nevertheless, although the original principle of strict segregaion
of uses coninues to prevail in many places, there is an observable trend toward
mixed-use development—paricularly of complementary aciviies such as retail,
entertainment, and housing—within urban centres.
1. What is the concept of paricipatory planning?

2. How does the role of urban planner change?
3. What are the main concerns of the local populaion in city areas towards
new construcion?
4. What is the main reason for the exising great variaion in contemporary
urban planning?
5. Is the original principle of strict urban segregaion sill in use?
Ex. 1 Translate the words below; match them to their deiniions;

Uiliies Enforcement Afordable Housing Pedestrian Landmarks
Density Vernacular Conversions Green Belt Podium
1. Low cost housing for sale or rent, oten from a housing associaion.
……………………………………
2. The sub-division of residenial properies into bedsits, self-contained lats
17
or maisonetes. ……………………………………
3. Buildings, structures and spaces which create disinct visual orientaion
points that provide a sense of locaion to the observer within the neighbourhood
or district. ……………………………………
4. All people on foot or moving at walking speed. ……………………………………
5. A base to building or structure. ……………………………………
6. In the case of residenial development, a measurement of either the
number of habitable rooms per hectare or the number of dwellings per hectare.
……………………………………
7. Faciliies for gas, electricity, telephone, cable television, water and waste
water. ……………………………………
8. Landscape or architectural style common to, or representaive of, an area.
……………………………………
9. Procedures by a local planning authority to ensure that the terms and con-
diions of a planning decision are carried out. ………………………………
10. Specially designated area of countryside protected from most forms of
development in order to stop urban sprawl and preserve the character of exising
setlements and encourage development to locate within exising built-up areas.
……………………………………
Ex. 1 Write ive quesions to the text and make up a dialogue with your partner;
Architectural Planning and Design of the City
Construcion in Russia, as everywhere, is now in crisis. Many plans to build
glitering apartment towers, skyscrapers, schools, parks and shopping malls be-
come pending issues. That’s good if you remember the speed with which historical
Moscow was being demolished and replaced with malls and oice buildings during
1990s. However, some projects are thriving.
Kuntsevo Plaza is a vibrant new live, work, shopping and entertainment vil-
lage. It occupies a full city block and will deliver a modern community gathering
place rooted in art, nature, and urbanity. The pedestrian-oriented center is made
up of buildings that difer in size and shape. It is topped with terraces and glass
features, to create a new landmark for the city.
The project provides a vital connecion to the nearby transit line, muliple en-
tryways and various street connecions.
At nearly 250,000 sqm, two high-rise apartment towers with lush rootop park
terraces, and a Class-A oice building are integrated with light-illed retail, enter-
tainment and cultural spaces set within extensive public plazas.
The developers say that they designed Kuntsevo Plaza with the intenion of
bringing a renewed energy to Moscow. There hasn’t been a development of this
scale, program mix, or contemporary design style before in Russia. The irst phase
of the project is scheduled to open to the public in April 2014.
18
1. An engaged pier or pillar, oten with capital and base. P…………………………
2. A small porch composed of a roof supported by columns, oten in front of a
doorway. P………………
3. The middle horizontal member of a classical entablature, above the archi-
trave and below the cornice. F…………………………
4. The side parts of a window frame or window opening, as disinct from head
and sill. J……………..
5. The triangular space forming the gable end of a roof above the horizontal
cornice. P……………….
6. A structural form, usually of masonry, used at the corners of a building
for the purpose of reinforcement, frequently imitated for decoraive purposes.
Q…………………………
7. The verical segment of a column or pilaster between the base and the capi-
tal. S……………………..
8. A drawing of the footprint of the subject building and immediate adjacent
buildings indicaing the locaion of the proposed work. S………….. P……………………..
9. A metal frame clad with fabric atached over a window, door, porch opening
or storefront to provide protecion from the weather. A…………………………………
10. A railing composed of balusters and a top rail running along the edge of a
porch, balcony, roof, or stoop. B……………………………………
Ex. 1 Circle the right variant;

1. Building or other structure of special architectural or historic interest in-
cluded on a statutory list and assigned a grade.
a) Tomb b) Listed Building c) Tower
2. Outdoor areas accessible to the public.
a) Public realm b) Public building c) Property
3. The recovery of reusable materials from waste.
a) Producion b) Manufacturing c) Recycling
4. Environmentally responsible development.
a) Enhanced construcion b) Sustainable development c) Sprawl
5. The appearance and character of buildings and all other features of an
urban area taken together as a whole.
a) Modiicaion b) Outlook c) Townscape
6. A coninuous area facilitaing the movement of wildlife through rural or
urban environments.
a ) Wildlife corridor b) Green belt c) Sustainable development
7. The volume of space that may be occupied by a building, usually deined
19
by a series of dimensional requirements such as setback, stepback, permited maxi-
mum height, maximum permited lot coverage.
a) Frame b) Structure c) Building Envelope
8. The characterisics of diferent designs which, despite their diferences al-
low them to be located near each other in harmony, such as scale, height, materials,
fencing, landscaping and locaion of service areas.
a) Balance b) Compaibility c) Compliance
9. Criteria established to guide development toward a desired level of quality
through the design of the physical environment, and which are applied on a discre-
ionary basis relaive to the context of development
a) Demands b) Requirements c) Design guidelines
10. Energy generated from resources that are unlimited, rapidly replenished
or naturally renewable such as wind, water, sun, wave and refuse, and not from the
combusion of fossil fuels.
a) Renewable energy b) Energy preservaion c) Energy inputs
Ex. 1 Fill in the gaps;
spaces modernisic tradiional convert illuminate
residenial ferile retain landlords houses(v)
Residenial Architecture – Recent Trends from Japan
There are few hard and fast rules in contemporary (1)_______________ archi-
tecture. Today’s homes run the gamut from glamorous and (2)________________
to unusual and detailed.
One trend takes a page from cultures like Japan. Instead of one large home, the
(3)________________ are oten building a mini-compound of several small struc-
tures. One building might house the living area, while another (4)________________
the kitchen and dining areas. Oten these separate small units are connected by
enclosed walkways.
Another trend is to (5)________________ commercial space into residenial
space. Old factories are a main example, with developers convering them into
apartment buildings.
Yet another hot trend is re-designing older, historic homes. On the outside,
these homes (6)________________ the charm of the past, while the interiors get
a fresh, modern update.
House in Yamasaki, by Tato Architects, shows us the vitality of the residenial
architecture of Japan; a recurrent play with tradiion, a careful display of furniture, a
sensiive use of natural light, and an intricate ariculaion of (7)________________ .
The ground loor is visibly low, only 180cm high from the outside. The three translu-
cent sheds are built over it. These sheds are three prisms that (8)________________
20
the ground loor rooms. The sheds provide venilaion during summer, lighing, and
an escape to the terrace that surrounds them and allows nice views to the moun-
tains of the Hyogo prefecture.
The iconography of the (9)________________ house has been retrieved in the
last 15 years and this house is also tuned with a trend of (10)________________
dialogues between tradiion and modernity.
1. A metal structural support for a rigid projecing sign. A.........................
2. A horizontal sash member. R………………………….
3. A projecing molding that tops the elements to which it is atached; used
especially for a roof or the crowning member of an entablature, located above the
frieze. C…………………………
4. A three-lobed decoraive form used in Gothic architecture. T……………………..
5. Dismantling or razing of all or part of an exising improvement.
D…………………………
6. A drawing of a face of a building with all the features shown, as if in a single
verical plane. E…………………
7. The crowning ornament of a pointed element, such as a spire.
F……………………….
Landscape Design in City Parks and Urban Spaces

As ciies grow, it has become important to set aside green space where urban
dwellers can enjoy trees, lowers, lakes and rivers, and wildlife. Landscape archi-
tects work with urban planners to design city parks that integrate nature into an
overall urban plan. Some city parks have zoos and planetariums. Some city parks
encompass many acres of forested land. Other city parks resemble town plazas
with formal gardens and fountains. Listed here are landmark examples of city park
design.
1. Central Park in New York City Central Park in New York City was oicially
born on July 21, 1853 when the State legislature authorized the City to buy more
than 800 acres. The enormous park was designed by America’s most famous land-
scape architect, Frederick Law Olmsted.
2. Parque Güell in Barcelona, Spain Spanish architect Antoni Gaudí designed
Parque Güell as part of a residenial garden community. The enire park is made
of stone, ceramic, and natural elements. Today Parque Güell is a public park and a
World Heritage monument.
3. Hyde Park in London, United Kingdom Once a deer park for King Henry
VIII’s huning adventures, central London’s popular Hyde Park is one of eight Royal
Parks. At 350 acres, it is less than half the size of New York’s Central Park. The man-
made Serpenine Lake provides a safer, urban replacement for Royal deer huning,
as shown in this video proile.
21
Ex.1 Find the words in the text above which mean the following;
1. ___________________ (adj.) of or relaing to ciies and the people who
live in them;
2. ___________________ (v) to form a circle about; to go completely around;
3. ___________________ (noun) a person who designs buildings and advises
in their construcion;
4. ___________________ (noun) a building or place that is important be-
cause of when it was built or because of something in history that happened there;
5. ___________________ (adj.) manufactured, created, or constructed by
human beings;
6. ___________________ (noun, pl.) a building or room housing opical de-
vices for projecing various celesial images and efects;
7. ___________________ (verb) to give something wanted or needed to
(someone or something) : to supply (someone or something) with something;
Ex. 22 Match the numbers 1-9 with the leters a-I; translate the unknown words;
1.porico a) An architectural ornament represening a face or head. This
head ( a human or an animal) is oten frightening.
2.festoon b) A grotesquely carved igure that serves as a spout to carry
water from a guter away from the building.
3.dome
c) A decoraive element shaped in the form of four leaves.
4.keystone d) Ornamental garland, usually suspended from both ends.
e) The wedge-shaped stone at the crown of an arch that locks
5.gargoyle all parts together.
f) A vaulted structure with an ellipical plan, usually a cross-sec-
6.quatrefoil
ion of a sphere, used to distribute an equal thrust in all direc-
7.pediment ions.
g) A tall ornamental structure, usually surmouning a tower and
8.mascaron ending in a spire.
h) A wide, low-pitched gable, oten surmouning a colonnade.
9.steeple i) A roofed porch usually supported by columns, oten leading
to the entrance of the building.
Aspects of landscape architecture
Garden and landscape design is a substanial part but by no means all of the
work of the profession of landscape architecture. Deined as “the art of arranging
land and the objects upon it for human use and enjoyment,” landscape architecture
also includes site planning, land planning, master planning, urban design, and envi-
ronmental planning. Site planning involves plans for speciic developments in which
precise arrangements of buildings, roadways, uiliies, landscape elements, topog-
22
raphy, water features, and vegetaion are shown. Land planning is for larger-scale
developments involving subdivision into several or many parcels, including analyses
of land and landscape, feasibility studies for economic, social, poliical, technical,
and ecological constraints, and detailed site plans as needed. Master planning is
for land use, conservaion, and development at sill larger scales, involving compre-
hensive areas or units of landscape topography or comprehensive systems such as
open space, park-recreaion, water and drainage, transportaion, or uiliies. Urban
design is the planning and designing of the open-space components of urbanized
areas; it involves working with architects on the building paterns, engineers on the
traic and uility paterns, graphic and industrial designers on street furniture, signs,
and lighing, planners on overall land use and circulaion, economists on economic
feasibility, and sociologists on social feasibility, needs, and desires. Environmental
planning is for natural or urbanized regions or substanial areas within them, in
which the impact of development upon land and natural systems, their capacity
to carry and sustain development, or their needs for preservaion and conserva-
ion are analyzed exhausively and developed as constraints upon urban design and
master, land, and site planning. Within this framework of comprehensive survey,
study, analysis, planning, and design of the coninuous environment, garden and
landscape design represents the inal, detailed, precise, intensive reinement and
implementaion of all previous plans.
Ex. 48 Write a composiion telling about the funniest/strangest architectural
design/building and explain your choice.
Ex. 50 Prepare a report about current architectural city trends. How do you
think our ciies can change in the future?
Unit 4. Architectural Features of Castles
Ex. 23 Read the text and translate the unknown words;
Caerphilly Castle is the second largest in Britain. It is famous for its large-scale use
of water for defence and the fact that it is the irst truly concentric castle in Britain.
Apart from the remodeling of the great hall and other domesic works in the
14th century, no more alteraions were carried out, making it a very pure example
of late 13th-century military architecture.
Its usefulness as a home and defence diminished, and by the 15th century, it
was gradually vacated. Ater the Civil War, in which it played litle part, Oliver Crom-
well atempted to destroy the castle with gunpowder. The damage caused resulted
in the famous ‘leaning’ south-east tower, which can be seen today. The Green Lady,
a ghost of a Caerphilly Castle, is said to live in this ‘leaning’ tower.
From a military point of view Caerphilly Castle is a masterpiece, its defences
are a combinaion of massive moats and great, thick stone walls. There are many
walkways which link the castle so that areas could be held independently in imes
of atack if necessary. It also meant that any atackers breaching the outer walls
could be then surrounded with very litle chance of geing beyond the inner walls.
The castle’s defences were never really tested in any great way as the need for a
stronghold in the area had diminished once Edward I had crushed the main thrust
of the Welsh opposiion. The castle soon fell into ruin and the some of the stone-
work was used to build nearby properies.
The Earl of Bute restored it in the 19th century along with Cardif Castle and
Castell Coch. Thankfully this has meant that there is a lot sill remaining of this great
foriicaion, and it is said to be one of the largest and best preserved medieval
castles in Europe.
Ex.24 Match the words from the text with their meanings;
1) _______________ (verb) changing the structure, shape, or appearance of
(something)
2) _______________ (adj) walls located toward the inside of something
3) _______________ (verb) to give up the occupancy of
4) _______________ (adj) of or relaing to the period of European history
from about A.D. 500 to about 1500
5) _______________ (verb) to cause the destrucion of (something) or to
damage (something) so badly that it cannot be repaired
6) _______________ (verb) staying in the same place ater the other things
have disappeared
7) _______________ (adj) inclining or bending from a verical posiion
8) _______________ (noun)(pl) a deep, wide trench, usually illed with wa-
ter, surrounding the rampart of a foriied place, as a town or a castle.
9) _______________ (noun)(pl) the act, or result of changing or altering
24
something
10) _______________ (adj) having a common axis
11) _______________ (verb) to cause (something) to become less in size, im-
portance, etc.
12) _______________ (noun) (pl) any passage for walking, especially one con-
necing the various areas of a castle.
13) _______________ (noun) a large building usually with high, thick walls
and towers that was built in the past to protect against atack
14) _______________ (adj) concerning the armed forces
15) _______________ (verb) to return (something) to an earlier or original
condiion by repairing it.
1. tall, movable wooden tower on wheels, used in sieges B…………………………
2. stone bracket projecing from a wall or corner to support a beam
C……………………..
3. a small tower rising above and resing on one of the main towers, usually
a lookout point T…………
4. an earthwork mound on which a castle was built M……………………
5. verical sliding wooden grille shod with iron designed to protect the gate
P………………………………
6. the inner stronghold (keep) of a castle the inner stronghold (keep) of a
castle D……………………..
7. circular or polygonal end of a tower or chapel A………………………………….
8. the jail, usually found in one of the towers. D……………………………….
9. a projecion in the batlements of a wall with openings through which mis-
siles could be dropped on besiegers. M………………………………………
10. overhanging corner turret. B………………………………..
Elevaion Gable Molding Awning Niche Façade
Rusicaion Semi-detached Lunete Bay
1. The triangular secion of a wall on the side of a building with a double-
pitched roof. __________
2. The half-moon shaped space framed by an arch, oten containing a win-
dow. _____________
3. A metal frame clad with fabric atached over a window or door to protect
from the weather. ______
4. A regularly repeaing division of a façade, marked by fenestraion.
______________
5. A drawing of a face of a building with all the features shown.
25
______________
6. The main exterior face of a building, someimes disinguished from the
other faces by elaboraion of architectural or ornamental details. ______________
7. A piece of trim that introduces varieies of curved contours in edges or
surfaces. ____________
8. A recess in a wall for a statue. ______________
9. Rusicated stonework composed of blocks of masonry separated by wide
joints. _____________
10. A building atached to a similar one on one side but unatached on the
other. ______________
Ex. 25 Match the words with the meanings;
1. lanking tower a) Area of some size enclosed by a stockade and located
around the castle.
2. rampart
b) Wall enclosing the base of the keep to defend it.
3. machicolaion c) Small box or machicolaion projecing from the wall to re-
inforce its defense.
4. bailey
d) Wall allowing defenders of the foriicaion to ire from a
5. lists protected posiion.
e) Freestanding defense with arrow slits used to defend the
6. batlement
castle’s footbridge.
7. barbican f) Thick wall that formed the castle’s outer defense.
g) Balcony made of masonry with apertures in the loor
8. corbel
through which projeciles were dropped on assailants.
9. braice h) Stone projecion on a wall to support the top of a tower
or wall.
10.chemise
i) Uncovered space bordered by the castle’s buildings and cur-
tain walls.
j) Defense tower making it possible to ire a shot parallel to
the curtain wall.
Ex. 25 Fill in the words;

hidden recent legends fortress abandoned
England is full of castles, each with its own myths and (1)………………. One such
castle is on the east coast, 50 miles away from the city of Bath. Located on a huge
outcrop of lat rock with sheer clifs on three sides, it is the perfect place for a
(2)……………….., and there has been one here since the 13th century. The castle
has a long and exciing past. The Crown Jewels were (3)………………. here in the 17th
century so that Oliver Cromwell couldn’t destroy them. It used to be one of the
strongest fortresses in England. However, the castle was (4)………………………. in the
26
18th century and it fell into decay unil 1925, when the government began repairs.
Visitors can see the 14th century keep, which was built in 1392 and is sill intact.
There are also barracks, lodgings, stables and storehouses. The castle has become
a lot more popular in (5)………………… years since the site was used as one of the
locaions for a movie about knights. It is also popular with birdwatchers because of
its locaion.
Ex. 1 Castle vocabulary Quiz;
Q1: Which of these was a courtyard?
a) A bailey b) A chamfer c) A machicolaion
Q2: What was a Donjon?
a) A basement foriicaion b) The inner stronghold c) An overhanging turret
Q3 : What was the verical sliding wooden grill, foriied with iron, that was let
down to protect the gate?
a) The barizan b) The braice c) The portcullis
Q4 : What was a Mote?
a) A clay mixture used as mortar
b) A ditch encircling the castle, someimes illed with water
c) A huge mound of earth on which the keep was constructed
Q5 : What was a castle’s secondary gate or door called?
a) A corbel b) A merlon c) A postern

monumental Abbey vanished treason tower
demolished impregnable crowned alive construcion
The Tower of London is named ater the (1)…………………….. White Tower, which
sits at its heart. Begun by William the Conqueror to consolidate his victory at the
Batle of Hasings in 1066, the White Tower is the greatest surviving example of
a Norman great (2)…………………………., or keep. There are many stories connected
with this magniicent building, to name just a few.
In the Beginning The (3)………………………. of the White Tower by William the
Conqueror, was begun in 1075-9, in order to deter invaders coming up river. Built
as an (4)…………………….. fortress, the White Tower was also designed for the King’s
occasional use as a residence, and probably for ceremonial occasions.
The Tudors and the White Tower Henry VIII wanted the Tower to look just
perfect for the preliminary celebraions for the coronaion of his new Queen Anne
Boleyn, and improvements to the White Tower were made in 1532-3, before she
was (5)……………………….. there. However, a few years later the new Queen was im-
prisoned (again in the Queen’s apartments of the Tower) ater her arrest on 2nd
27
May 1536 and she was beheaded ater being found guilty of (6)……………………….,
adultery and incest.
The Litle Princes’ bodies ‘discovered’ The sons of the dead King Edward IV,
12 year old Edward V and his younger brother Richard, were bought to the Tower
on the orders of their uncle, the Duke of Gloucester. An eye witness last saw the
boys (7)………………………….. in June 1483 playing in the gardens or at the windows
of the royal apartments. By July they were declared illegiimate, and the Duke
was crowned Richard III, King of England. The Princes quietly (8)…………………….,
and were never seen again...The mystery of the Princes took on a new twist over
160 years later, when a building on the south front of the White Tower was be-
ing (9)………………………….. in 1647. The skeletons of two children were discovered,
and ideniied as those of the Princes. Charles II was king at the ime, and had the
bones re-buried at Westminster (10)……………………….., the tradiional resing place
for Kings and Queen.
Ex. 27 Match the words with the meanings;
a) the prison cells at the botom of the castle;
1. Quoin b) A Gate like barrier that closes up and down into the wall.
It has holes in it so you can shoot arrows through it. There is
2. Mote and Bailey always a door behind it;
c) An early form of castle building. A Mote is: a natural or
3. Parapet manmade hill where the lord lives. A Bailey is: a wooden
fence enclosed area, below the Mote. Villagers, peasants,
4. Finial soldiers, and servants lived there;
d) A toilet on the side of the castle wall;
5. Garderobe e) a slender piece of stone used to decorate the tops of the
merlons, spire, balustrade, e.t.c;
6. Dungeon
f) a stone at the corner of a building uniing two intersecing
7. Portcullis walls, someimes inscribed with the year the building was
constructed;
g) protecive wall at the top of a foriicaion, around the
outer side of the wall walk;
1. courtyard within the walls of the castle B…………………………….
2. the low segment of the altering high and low segments of a batlement
E………………………….
3. a wooden bridge leading to a gateway, capable of being raised or lowered
D………………………….
4. a slender piece of stone used to decorate the tops of the merlons
F…………………………………
28
5. the inner stronghold of the castle K…………………………..
6. a deep trench usually illed with water that surrounded a castle
M…………………………
7. an outwork or forward extension of a castle gateway B…………………………….
1. rotunda a) An arched structure of stone, brick or reinforced concrete
forming a ceiling or roof over an enclosed space.
2. gazebo
b) A building constructed as a burial chamber.
3.turret c) A circular or polygonal wall which supports a dome or cupola.
d) A recessed, usually square or octagonal panel in a ceiling,
4mausoleum
oten used to lighten the weight of a dome.
5. drum e) A circular room, oten with a dome.
f) An arch with a pointed crown, typically seen in Gothic archi-
6. cofer
tecture.
7.pointed arch g) A series of arches supported by columns or piers, either at-
tached to a wall or freestanding.
8.vault
h) A small tower projected on a building.
9.arcade i) A freestanding ornamental pavilion - oten at the top of a hill
in a garden.
Ex. 4 Castles Quiz;
1. Who were the irst people to build Castles?
A. The Romans B. The Normans C. The Egypians
2. There is a usually a tower in every Castle. What is the tower called?
A. The Moat B. The Keep C. The Drawbridge
3. Soldiers would stand behind the Batlements of a Castle and ire missiles.
Where would you ind the Batlements?
A. At the top of the Castle walls. B. At the Gateway.
C. On the Drawbridge.
4. Why were Castles oten built on top of hills and surrounded by water?
A. To emphasize the status of the owners.
B. It was easier to build them on hills.
C. To make it harder for people to atack the Castle.
5. What defensive feature was a ditch or lake illed with water around the
castle?
A. The keep B. The batlement C. The moat
In Western Europe the castle developed rapidly from the 9th century. Foriica-
ions built in France in the 10th century oten included a high mound encircled by
29
a ditch and surmounted by the leader’s paricular stronghold, as in the castles at
Blois and Saumur. Later, one or more baileys or wards (grounds between encircling
walls) were enclosed at the foot of the mound. During the 11th century this type of
private fortress, known as the “mote [mound] and bailey” castle, spread through-
out western Europe.
The thickness of castle walls varied according to the natural strength of the
sites they occupied, oten diverging greatly at diferent points of the site. The de-
fense of the enceinte, or outer wall, of the castle was generally by means of one
or more lines of moats, which were crossed in front of the gateways by drawbridg-
es—i.e., bridges that could be drawn back or raised from the inner side in order
to prevent the moats from being crossed. The gateway was oten protected by a
barbican—a walled outwork in front of the gate—and the passage through the
gateway was defended by portcullises, doors, and machicolaions. Portcullises were
generally made of oak, were plated and shod with iron, and were moved up and
down in stone grooves, clearing or blocking the passage. Machicolaions were of
two kinds: some were openings in the roof of the passage through which missiles
were thrown on encroaching enemies and others were openings between the cor-
bels of the parapets of walls and gates through which lethal missiles could be shot
or dropped on the enemy below.
The baileys at the foot of the mound were enclosed by palisades and later by
walls and towers of masonry. Almost at the same ime that the shell keep was be-
ing erected in western Europe, the rectangular keep, a more compact form of cita-
del, was also being built. The keep, or donjon, was the focal point of the castle, to
which, in ime of siege, the whole garrison reired when the outer works had fallen;
it was therefore the strongest and most carefully foriied part of the defenses. It
had a well, contained the private apartments, oices, and service rooms, and held
all the appointments necessary to sustain a long siege. Oten the keep stood in line
with the outer line of defenses, so that while one side looked toward the bailey (or
succession of baileys) commanding the operaions of the defense there, the other
side commanded the ield and the approaches to the castle. The side of the keep
exposed to the ield also presented a line of escape.
Ex. 1 Speaking;
Prepare a report about a castle at your choice; describe its main architectural
features
Unit 5. Architecture of Cathedrals & Temples
Saint Paul’s Cathedral
Saint Paul’s Cathedral is located within the central City of London, atop Ludgate
Hill and northeast of Blackfriars. St. Paul’s famous dome, which has long dominat-
ed the London skyline, is composed of three shells: an outer dome, a concealed
brick cone for structural support, and an inner dome. The cross atop its outer dome
stands nearly 112 metres above ground level 109 metres above the main loor of
the cathedral. Below the cross are an 850-ton lantern secion and the outer, lead-
encased dome, both of which are supported by the brick cone. At the base of the
lantern (the apex of the outer dome) is the famous Golden Gallery, which ofers
panoramas of London some 530 steps above the ground. Farther down, at a point
just below the brick cone, is the Stone Gallery, another popular viewing spot. Vis-
ible from within the cathedral is the inner dome, a masonry shell with a diameter
of 31 metres. The frescoes and grisaille of the inner dome are best admired from
the Whispering Gallery (so called because a whisper from one side of the gallery
can be heard from the other side), 30 metres above the cathedral loor. Supporing
the weight and thrust of the upper dome secion are butresses and columns in a
peristyle; below these, near the height of the Whispering Gallery, is a circle of 32
butresses not visible from the ground. Eight massive piers connect the butresses
of the dome area to the loor of the cathedral.
To the north and south of the dome secion are wide transepts, each with
semicircular poricoes; to the east lie the choir and the Jesus Chapel, while the nave
and the “front” entrance are to the west. Framing the western facade, twin bell
towers rise nearly 65 metres above the loor. The southwest tower is known for the
Geometrical Staircase, which leads to the cathedral library and archives. Accessible
from the nave, the chapel of the Order of St. Michael and St. George adjoins the
southwest tower, while St. Dunstan’s Chapel adjoins the northwest tower. There are
some 300 monuments within the cathedral. From the western facade to the east-
ern end of the Apse, St. Paul’s measures nearly 157 metres; including the western
steps, the total length of the structure is 170 metres.
Ex. 2 Write ive quesions to the text above regarding St. Paul’s architectural features;
make up a dialogue with your partner; translate the text;
Ex. 33 Translate the words related to cathedrals; match some of the words below with
their meanings;
choir; pillar; apsidiole; Lady chapel; pinnacle; arcade; abutment; side chapel;
crossing; belfry; tower; butress; transept spire; lying butress
Ex. 33 Match some of the words above with their meanings;

1. Area just beyond the transept where the clergy stand during the liturgy.
31
……………………….
2. Column designed to support a masonry structure……………………….
3. Pyramidal or conical crown on an abutment. ……………………….
4. Small ornament in the shape of a pyramid; it is found on the corners of the
transept or on each side of the façade. ……………………….
5. Chapel located beyond the walls at the back of the cathedral, in the axis of
the nave. …………………
6. Masonry structure that supports a load-bearing wall. ……………………….
7. Masonry structure on which a lying butress rests to transfer the weight
of the vault. ………………
Bracket Cupola Beam Eave Storefront Demoliion
Crocket Plinth Quoin Lighing
1. A base, usually projecing, upon which a pedestal, wall or column rests.
______________
2. A projecing angled or curved form used as a support, found in conjuncion
with balconies, lintels, pediments, cornices, etc. ______________
3. One of the main horizontal supporing pieces of a building. ______________
4. An ornamental foliate form placed at regularly spaced intervals on the
slopes and edges of the spires, pinnacles, gables, and similar elements of Gothic
buildings. ______________
5. A small dome on a base crowning a roof______________
6. Dismantling or razing of all or part of an exising improvement.
______________
7. The overhanging edge of a roof. ______________
8. The method or equipment for providing ariicial illuminaion.
______________
9. A structural form, usually of masonry, used at the corners of a building
for the purpose of reinforcement, frequently imitated for decoraive purposes.
______________
10. The irst story area of the façade that provides access or natural illumina-
ion into a space used for retail or other commercial purposes. ______________
Ex.1 Fill in the words in the gaps;
retain deterioraion massive daring restoraion
disinguished completed aisles
Notre-Dame de Paris
Notre-Dame de Paris is a cathedral church in Paris, France. It is the most fa-
mous of the Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages and is (1)………………………. for its
32
size, aniquity, and architectural interest.
Notre-Dame lies at the eastern end of the Île de la Cité and was built on the
ruins of two earlier churches, which were themselves predated by a Gallo-Roman
temple dedicated to Jupiter. The choir, the western facade, and the nave were
(2)………………………….. by 1250, and porches, chapels, and other embellishments
were added over the next 100 years.
Notre-Dame Cathedral consists of a choir and apse, a short transept, and a nave
lanked by double (3)………………………….. and square chapels. Its central spire was
added during (4)…………………….. in the 19th century. The interior of the cathedral is
130 by 48 metres in plan, and the roof is 35 metres high. Two (5)………………………….
early Gothic towers crown the western facade, which is divided into three stories
and has its doors adorned with ine early Gothic carvings and surmounted by a row
of igures of Old Testament kings. The two towers are 68 metres high; the spires
with which they were to be crowned were never added. At the cathedral’s east
end, the apse has large clerestory windows and is supported by single-arch lying
butresses of the more (6)…………………….. Rayonnant Gothic style, especially nota-
ble for their boldness and grace. The cathedral’s three great rose windows alone
(7)…………………………….. their 13th-century glass.
Notre-Dame Cathedral sufered damage and (8)………………………………….
through the centuries and underwent major restoraions in the mid-19th century.
Ex. 34 Match the words related to Facade from the Glossary with the meanings;
1. Flat porion of the portal above the door and between the or-
ders……………………………….
2. Horizontal secion of the door frame that ills the opening above a door.
……………………….
3. Triangular decoraive element with molded edges, located above the por-
tal. ……………………………
4. Tapering part in the shape of a pyramid that surmounts the belfry.
……………………………….
5. Covered passage along the cathedral’s façade, decorated with statues.
……………………………….
6. Translucent decoraive work comprised of an assemblage of glass colored
pieces. ……………………
7. Stone framework adorning the inside of a bay. ……………………………….
8. Tower with bays in which the bells are hung. ……………………………….
9. Inclined slat located in the bell tower bay; it projects the sound of the bells
downward. …………
Ex. 35 Translate the Vault elements on the let; Match the two parts;
33
1. lierne a) Arch connecing two of the vault’s corners through
the keystone;
2. formeret
b) Rib connected to a lierne but not to the keystone.
3. ierceron c) Rib connecing the top of the ierceron to the key-
stone.
4. keystone
d) Wedge-shaped stone above the nave where the arch-
5. traverse arch es meet; it supports the arches and stabilizes the overall
structure.
6. diagonal butress
e) Arch that supports the vault and is parallel to the axis
of the nave.
f) Arch that supports the vault and is perpendicular to
the axis of the nave.
Ex. 34 Match the words related to the Cathedral plan from the Glossary with the mean-
ings; there are four words you do not need;
Lady chapel aisle porch apsidiole ambulatory transept
crossing chevet choir nave apse
1. Area between the transept and the porch where the congregaion gathers.
…………………...
2. Area located at the crossing of the transept and the nave of the cathedral.
…………………...
3. Area just beyond the transept where the clergy stand during the liturgy.
…………………...
4. Lateral nave, usually separated from the main nave by a row of columns.
…………………...
5. Transverse area separaing the choir from the nave and forming the arms
of a cross. …………………
6. Gallery that makes it possible to walk around the cathedral’s choir.
…………………...
7. Small lateral chapel arranged in a semicircle behind the choir surrounding
the apse. …………………...
Ex. 2 Write full words, using the Glossary; the irst leter has been given to you;
Temples
Because of the importance of temples in a society, temple architecture of-
ten represents the best of a culture’s design and cratsmanship, and, because of
ritual requirements, temple architecture varies widely between one religion and
another. The (1) z……………………. of the Mesopotamian culture were elaborately de-
signed and decorated, and their “stair-step” style ascended to a point where a god
or gods could dwell and where only special priests were allowed. Ancient Egypt had
34
temples to gods, but because the primary concern of its religion was the aterlife of
souls, its pyramidal (2) t………………….. became its primary shrines and most familiar
architectural heritage.
Most Greek temples were built of (3) m……………….. or other stone, richly
carved and polychromed, situated on a hill or stepped plaform (stylobate) and hav-
ing sloping roofs supported on a (4) p………………... by columns in a variety of styles
(orders) and placements.
During the 3rd and 2nd centuries bc, Roman temples began to evince Greek
inluence, using the Greek decoraive style but placing the (5) a…………….. within
the temple and eventually creaing enire forums, or meeing places, of which the
temple was the centre. In Roman temple architecture, the columns, in their vari-
ous styles, soon became engaged rather than freestanding, and circular as well as
rectangular temples were built.
In the East and Middle East, too, temple design expresses the nature of the
religion. For example, the asceicism and rich symbolism of Jainism is relected in
that religion’s beauifully decorated monastery-like structures in India, both above
the ground in simple (6) c……………………….. and below the ground in caves. Oth-
er Indian temple architecture, although it tends to follow the patern of a simple
loor plan with a richly decorated (7) f…………………………, difers according to the
ritual. Hindu temples, which vary regionally in style, usually consist of a towering
shrine and a columned hall surrounded by an elaborate wall. Buddhist temples
range from half-buried sanctuaries with richly carved entrances to single, carved
(8) t……………………… or statues. Muslim temples in India, as elsewhere, are usually
domed structures decorated with coloured (9) t……………………….. on the outside and
covering a large central sanctuary and arcaded (10) c………………………………… within.
Ex. 31 Find the words in the Glossary describing Temple elements;

1. Ornamental element used to decorate the edges and the peak of the roof.
……………………….
2. Hard surface, usually made of baked molded clay, used as a covering for
roofs. ……………………….
3. Base upon which the building rests; it is composed of several levels.
……………………….
4. Fluted circular pillar that supports the entablature. ……………………….
5. Lower secion of the entablature, directly on top of the capitals of the col-
umns. ……………………….
6. Secion of the entablature between the cornice and the architrave; its dec-
oraion varies, depending in the architectural style. ……………………….
7. Molding projecion atop the entablature. ……………………….
8. Triangular secion above the entablature. ……………………….
35
Ex. 32 Fill in the words in the text;
represents polychromaic sculptures frontal
pedimental preserved church architect
The Themple of Theseum

Theseum, temple in Athens dedicated to Hephaestus and Athena as patrons of
the arts and crats. Its style indicates that this, the best-(1) ………………………. ancient
Greek temple in the world, is slightly older than the Parthenon, and its unknown
(2)………………………. may even have changed his plan for the interior ater seeing
Icinus’s Parthenon designs. The temple has been known as the Theseum since the
Middle Ages, apparently because some of its (3)………………………. represent the ex-
ploits of the hero Theseus. The Theseum is a Doric peripteral (i.e., surrounded by
a single row of columns) temple, with 13 columns at the sides and 6 at the ends.
Enough fragments of the east (4)………………………. sculpture have been discovered to
recover the theme, the apotheosis of Heracles. The frieze contains sculptures only
in the metopes of the east front and in those of the sides immediately adjoining
it; the (5)………………………. metopes represent the labours of Heracles, the lateral
the exploits of Theseus. As in the Parthenon, there is a sculptured frieze above
the exterior of the cella walls; this, however, extends only over the east and west
fronts and the east ends of the sides. The eastern frieze (6)………………………. a batle
scene with seated deiies on either hand, the western one a kentauromachia (batle
of centaurs). The temple is of Pentelic marble—except for the foundaion and the
lowest stylobate step, which are of Piraic stone, and the frieze of the cella, which is
Parian marble. Fragments of the (7)………………………. decoraion are housed in the
Briish Museum in London. The outstanding preservaion of the temple is due to its
conversion into a Chrisian (8)………………………. in the Middle Ages.
Ex. 42 Read the text below and ill in the words below in the right places;
studio contours devoted simultaneously impressive
uninished designed mosaics
The Sagrada Familia in Barcelona is one of Gaudi’s most (1)_____________
works. This enormous church, as yet uninished, is in some respect a summary
of everything that Gaudi (2)_____________ before. The architectural style of the
Sagrada Familia has been called ‘warped Gothic’, and it’s easy to see why. The
(3)_____________ of the stone facade make it look as though the Sagrada Fa-
milia is meling in the sun, while the towers are topped with brightly-coloured
(4)_____________ which look like bowls of fruit. Gaudi believed that colour is life,
and, knowing that he would not live to see the compleion of his masterpiece, he
let coloured drawings of his vision for future architects to follow. For nearly thirty
years, Gaudi worked on the Sagrada Familia and other projects (5)_____________,
36
unil 1911, when he decided to devote himself exclusively to the church. During the
last year of his life, Gaudi lived in a (6)_____________ at the Sagrada Familia. Tragi-
cally, in June, 1926, Gaudi was run over by a tram. Because he was poorly dressed,
he was not recognized and taxi drivers refused to take a ‘vagabond’ to the hospital
(they were later ined by the police).
Gaudi died ive days later, and was buried in the crypt of the building to which
he had (7)_____________ forty-four years of his life, the as yet (8)_____________
Sagrada Familia.
The Chinese (and later, Japanese) version of the Buddhist temple tends to be
a one-story building of richly carved, painted, or iled imber constructed around
an atrium used for worship, although pagodas, which were someimes built as tem-
ples, were towering stacks of brightly coloured, wing-roofed stories over a small
shrine. By contrast, the Shintō temples of Japan are almost huts, so simple and
rusic are their design.
In the Americas temples were constructed of stone and were oten highly
carved. In general, because of the available technology as well as the religious be-
lief, they were stair-stepped pyramids, with the shrine at the top. Chichén Itzá, the
ruins of which remain in the Yucatán Peninsula, has excellent examples of this type
of pre-Columbian temple architecture.
Modern temple architecture, especially in North America but elsewhere in the
world as well, is for the most part eclecic, with both tradiional and modern de-
signs being used to accommodate the needs of the religion for which the temple is
designed.
Ex. 1 Speaking;
Prepare a report about a cathedral at your choice; describe its architectural
features and style in detail;
Unit 6. Sustainable Architecture & Modern Design
Ex. 36 Translate the following word combinaions;
global warming; sustainable architecture; reduce the energy consumpion; con-
sistent trends; low CO2 emissions; experts assert; depleion; looding; cease to exist;
Architecture and Climate Change: Building Sustainably

Due to the threat of global warming, natural disasters and energy depleion
concerns, the need for sustainable architecture and sustainable living has become
popular.
Buildings nowadays consume a lot of energy. Sustainable architecture and a
more passive building strategy can dramaically reduce the total energy consump-
ion. Recent natural disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina and catastrophic Asian tsu-
namis, suggest that trends in energy consumpion may increase the number of such
natural disasters as heat waves and looding.
There have also been consistent trends in the rise of sea levels, probably be-
cause of the global warming. Some experts assert that these trends US Energy Con-
sumpion can increase sea levels up to 6 meters within the next 80 years. Many
coastal ciies would “cease to exist”, claim the experts, if this was true. The chal-
lenge promotes architects racing to more sustainable approaches by “future proof-
ing” buildings before the year 2030.
Some of these “future prooing” approaches include using solar panels, green
wall, green roof systems and using materials that promote low CO2 emissions.
These new green technologies are the way of the future for healthier architecture.
So, architects can save the world. On the other hand, they are some of the biggest
polluters as well. Whatever happens in the future remains to be seen.
Ex. 1 Answer the quesions;

1. Why has the need for sustainable architecture and sustainable living be-
come so wide spread nowadays?
2. How can sustainable architecture help reduce the total energy consump-
ion?
3. What are the possible consequences of global warming to urban dwell-
ings?
4. What is the “future prooing” approach about?

Volaile organic compounds Sustainable Greenhouse fect Recycling
Insulated concrete forms Biological hazards Carbon footprint
1. ………………………..A measure of the amount of carbon dioxide produced by
a person, organizaion, or locaion at a given ime.
38
2. ………………………..Treaing or processing used or waste materials to make
them suitable for reuse; altering or adaping for a new use without changing the
essenial form.
3. ………………………..Biological substances that pose a threat to the health of
living organisms, primarily that of humans.
4. ………………………..The fumes given of by organic chemicals such as paints,
aerosol sprays, cleaner, disinfectants, new carpets and glues.
5. ………………………..Capable of being maintained at a steady level without
exhausing natural resources or causing severe ecological damage.
6. ………………………..Hollow “blocks” or “panels” made of expanded polysty-
rene insulaion or other insulaing foam that construcion crews stack to form the
shape of the walls of a building.
7. ………………………..An atmospheric heaing phenomenon, caused by short-
wave solar radiaion being readily transmited inward through the earth’s atmo-
sphere but longer-wavelength heat radiaion less readily transmited outward, ow-
ing to its absorpion by atmospheric carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and
other gases; thus, the rising level of carbon dioxide is viewed with concern.
Ex. 46 Match the famous architects to their buildings;

1. Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao a) Antoni Gaudí
2. Louvre Pyramid b) Buckminster Fuller
3. Geodesic dome c) Frank Gehry
4. The Flairon Building, New York d) Bernard Maybeck
5. Sagrada Familia, Barcelona e) Daniel Burnham
6. Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco f) I.M. Pei
7. Centre Pompidou, Paris g) Renzo Piano
Modern Architectural Wonders

The Dubai Palm Islands are man-made islands located of the coast of The Unit-
ed Arab Emirates in the Persian Gulf. These ariicial archipelago are named Palm
Jumeirah, Palm Jebel Ali, and Palm Deira. The construcion of these islands will add
520 kilometres of beaches to the city of Dubai. The purpose of the construcion was
to increase Dubai’s tourism by providing a one-of-a-kind tourist desinaion brim-
ming with contemporary world-class hotels, upscale services and ameniies and
hundreds of more miles of Dubai beaches all in a world unique to anything anyone
has ever seen before.
The construcions of the irst two islands comprised approximately 100 million
cubic meters of rock and sand. Palm Deira was composed of approximately 1 bil-
lion cubic meters of rock and sand. Among the three islands there will be over 100
39
luxury hotels, exclusive residenial beach side villas and apartments, marinas, water
theme parks, restaurants, shopping malls, sports faciliies and health spas.
In the process of building these islands the sand is sprayed by the dredging
ships onto the required area. It is a process known as rainbowing because of the
arcs in the air when the sand is sprayed. The outer edge of each Palm’s encircling
crescent is a large rock breakwater. The breakwater of the Palm Jumeirah has over
seven million tons of rock. Each rock was placed individually by a crane, signed of
by a diver and given a GPS coordinate.
Palm Jumeirah is the smallest island and its construcion was started in 2001.
It is located in the Jumeirah coastal area in Dubai. Palm Jumeirah is the irst island
which is built in a crown with 17 fronds, and a surrounding crescent island that will
form a water-breaker. It has already been acclaimed a marvel of marine construc-
ion and engineering vision. Being one of newest tourism spot in Uni Arab Emirates,
Palm Jumeirah has many shopping centre, recreaion places, hotels, and spas.
The Palm Jebel Ali Island is the middle sized island. It is located on the Jebel
Ali coastal area in Dubai. The man-made palm-shaped island will consist of a trunk,
a crown with 17 fronds, and a surrounding crescent island that will form a water-
breaker. It is very famous for the caligraphic around the crowns. The construcion of
Palm Jebel Ali began in October 2002 and is inished at the end of 2006. The Palm
Jebel Ali is more suitable for adults and children’s recreaion or family to be speciic.
The Palm Deira is the largest man-made island of The Dubai Palm Islands. It is
located on the Deira coastal area of Dubai. It consists of a trunk, a crown with 41
fronds and a surrounding crescent island that will form a water breaker. The con-
strucion began on October 2004 and is expected to complete in 2015. Rumors has
it that the construcion will consume over a billion cubic meters of rock and sand.
It will be 14 kilometers in length and 8.5 kilometers in width and have an area of 80
square kilometers.
Ex. 1 Write ive quesions to the text and make up a dialogue with your partner;
1. A projecing angled or curved form used as a support, found in conjuncion
with balconies, lintels, pediments, cornices, etc. B…………………..
2. A type of iron, mass-produced in the nineteenth century, created by pour-
ing molten iron into a mold; used for ornament, garden furniture, and building
parts. C………… I…………..
3. An ornamental foliate form placed at regularly spaced intervals on the
slopes and edges of the spires, pinnacles, gables, and similar elements of Gothic
buildings. C……………………..
4. A major horizontal member carried by a column(s) or pilaster(s); it consists
40
of an architrave, a frieze, and a cornice. E…………………………….
5. A carved ornament in the form of a band suspended from two points.
F…………………………
6. A horizontal structural element over an opening which carries the weight
of the wall above it. L…………………………….
7. A low wall that serves as a verical barrier at the edge of a roof, ter-
race, or other raised area; in an exterior wall, the part enirely above the roof.
P………………………………..

Restoraion Setback Urban design Statutory uiliies Back-land
Renovaion Focal point Amenity Scale Contaminated land
1. Providers of essenial services such as gas, electricity, water or telecom-
municaions. ___________________
2. A prominent structure, feature or area of interest or acivity.
___________________
3. Modernizaion of an old or historic structure which unlike restoraion may
not be consistent with the original design. ___________________
4. Accurately recovering the form and details of a building and site as it ap-
peared at a paricular period of ime by means of the removal of later work or by
the replacement of missing earlier work. ___________________
5. The pleasant or normally saisfactory aspects of a locaion which con-
tribute to its overall character and the enjoyment of residents or visitors.
___________________
6. Land which is behind exising development with no, or very limited, road
frontage. ___________________
7. Land which has been polluted or harmed in some way rendering it unit for
safe development and most pracical uses. ___________________
8. The sense of proporion or apparent size of a building or building element as
crated by the placement and size of the building in its seing. ___________________
9. The planning and design of ciies focusing on the three dimension form
and funcion of public and publicly accessible space. ___________________
10. The horizontal distance from the property line to the face of a building or
from natural features to a building. ___________________
41
1. pagoda a) A projecing bay window on an upper loor.
b) A window in a small, oten gabled structure set verically on
2. pilaster a sloping roof, allowing light to enter the aic.
c) A sculptured ornament ixed to the top of a peak, arch, ga-
3. campanile
ble or similar structure.
4. apse d) A rectangular column with a base, shat and capital project-
ing from a wall as an ornamental moif.
5. frieze e) The top part of a column or pillar.
f) The horizontal part of a classical entablature just below the
6. dormer cornice, oten decorated with carvings.
g) An oten vaulted, semicircular or polygonal end of a room,
7. oriel
usually in a church.
8. inial h) A freestanding bell tower, usually near a church.
i) A tower structure, oten rectangular or octagonal, with pro-
9. capital jecing roofs at each story. Commonly used as a temple, esp.
in Asia.
Ex.1 Retell the text; provide supplementary informaion on the topic;

Installaions: Experiments in Building and Design
Over the last few decades, a diverse pracice has emerged in the art world. It
invites the public to touch and experience the work, whether it is in a gallery or in
the landscape. These artworks aim to change people’s experience of the environ-
ment. Like paper projects designed in the absence of “real” architecture, installa-
ions ofer architects another way to express their ideas.
Installaions are a vital part of the architectural process. They allow architects
to push the process to new levels. But they generally do not perform a funcion in
their own right outside of display. Nobody lives in them and nobody uses them for
a regular purpose.
I believe that installaions should be used to inform architecture, not to take
its place. However, some architects get caught in the installaion trap. Signiicant
architects create only installaions, not designing buildings at all. The same goes for
architects who are only creaing digital architecture. This is oten striking work and
it does transform how we think about the possibiliies of the built world.
Of course it’s easy to tell architects to build when there is so litle work. But I
can’t help but thinking that our world would be a far beter place to live if the same
atenion to innovaion went into real architecture.
All in all, there is no doubt that installaions will coninue to play an important
role in the pracice of architecture. Installaions aim to contribute to our under-
standing of the built environment.
42
Ex. 45 Match the words which mean the following;
1. Renewable Energy 5. Carbon Neutral
2. Sick Building Syndrome 6. Construcion Waste Management
3. Daylighing 7. Volaile Organic Compound
4. Geothermal Heat Pump 8. Heat Recovery System:
1. Energy sources that are naturally replenished, examples are Solar, Wind,
and Geothermal. In some cases, energy self-reliance that avoids all reliance on pub-
lic uiliies is referred to as “Of-the-Grid”. Several tax credits are available.
2. Uses the constant temperature of the Earth’s interior to eiciently control
the heaing and cooling of a structure.
3. Mechanical system used to reclaim and recycle wasted heat from other
sources in order to reduce the need for the primary energy source.
4. Design pracice that uses sunlight to reduce or removed the need for elec-
tric lighing. Elements to consider include orientaion and placement of windows,
light shats/tubes, skylights, clerestory windows, relecive surfaces, and interior
passage of light between rooms.
5. Emiing no carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, or alternately adoping
pracices that absorb or ofset the carbon dioxide that is produced.
6. Adopion of strategies to control and reduce the amount of waste gener-
ated at a job site. Techniques include reusing and recycling, as well as careful plan-
ning to reduce excessive waste.
7. Ill-health or discomfort caused by a structure’s design and/or the materials
used to construct it. Factors contribuing to SBS may include inadequate venilaion
and chemical contaminants.
8. Carbon compounds that vaporize at room temperature, and oten con-
tribute to poor air quality in a space. Of-Gassing is the release of volaile, toxic
chemicals by products ater installaion. Of-gassing can be reduced by selecing
no- or low-VOC products, avoiding problemaic chemicals (such as formaldehyde),
and controlling indoor temperature and moisture. Choosing pre-inished materials
also helps to prevent the exposure of of-gassing to the design.

Design at Work
The truth is, most of us spend the beter part of our waking life in our work envi-
ronments. The spaces in which we work must support our well-being and producivity.
Good design in the workplace can transform a sif, boring oice into a funcional and
atracive space that efecively addresses the needs of employees as well as clients.
43
The planning of a workplace should be developed with occupants in mind.
Commonly requested design elements include access to daylight, exterior views,
open design concepts encouraging collaboraion as well as mulipurpose meeing
areas able to adapt to muliple situaions. A well designed workplace can help make
the most of available space, improve employee retenion and ulimately impact a
business’s botom line. On some projects, an interior designer may even contribute
to the development and implementaion of a branding and communicaions strat-
egy in relaion to the project.
Environmental and sustainability issues should be addressed by every respon-
sible business. But a “green” workplace is more than just picking greener opions
for interior inish materials. Today, sustainable design takes into consideraion the
life cycle of materials and a design’s resiliency and adaptability - your space should
be funcional and be relecive of your brand for years to come.
In short, when renovaing, relocaing, evaluaing or establishing a new facility,
working with an interior designer is one of the best investments a business owner
can make. Their number one priority will be to ensure your space meets your busi-
ness needs while ensuring that their design complies with all regulatory and legal
requirements, protecing the life, health, safety and welfare of occupants.
Ex. 1 Comment on the following;

1. Commonly requested design elements of a workplace
2. Experiments in building and design leading to outstanding construcion
3. Modern micro dwellings
4. Architecture and Climate Change: Building Sustainably
5. Applicaions of Green architecture
Glossary
Adjecives for Describing Buildings
Ancient Over-the-top
Art Nouveau Plain
Bad taste Pebble-dashed
Beauiful/ Gorgeous Timber
Boring/ Dull/ Bland Plate glass
Brick Post-modern
Brightly coloured Radical/ Revoluionary
Classic/Classical Renaissance
Concrete Residenial
Contemporary Romanesque
Dated Ruined
Derelict Run-down
Dilapidated Single-storey
Demolished Spacious
Ecologically friendly/ Green Stunning
Elegant Stylish
Famous/ Infamous Tall
Gothic Timeless
Graceful Tradiional
Huge Ugly/ Hideous
Iconic Unexcepional
Impressive Uninspiring
Imposing Unique
Inluenial Wooden
Innovaive Timbered
Kitsch
Low rise
Luxurious
Magniicent
Medieval
Minimalist
Mock Tudor
Modern/Modernist
Muli-storey/
High-rise
Old-fashioned
Ornate
45
Buildings General
3D model
(block of) lats abutment
Airport aisle
Art Gallery altar
Bank ambulatory
Bungalow anteix
Bus Staion apartment building
Castle apse
Church apsidiole
Cinema arcade
Cotage arch
Detached house architrave
Factory armature
Fire Staion atrium
Garage aic
High-rise lat awning
Hospital Hotel bailey
Mill baldachino
Mosque balustrade
Museum banister
Oice(s) barbican
Petrol staion barizan
Police Staion base
Railway Staion basement
Restaurant batlement
School bay
Semi-detached house beam
Skyscraper(s) belfry
Synagogue belfry
Terraced house bell tower
Theatre block of lats
Tower bracket
Windmill braice
brick
building envelope
bulkhead
bungalow
butress (lying, diagonal)
CAD programmes
46
campanile dormer
capital double glazing
casement drawbridge
cast Iron drawing
castle drum
ceiling dungeon
cellar eave
chamber elevaion
chapel embrasure
chemise entablature
chevet exterior
choir façade
clerestory fanlight
cloister fascia
cofer festoon
colonnade inial
column inial
composite order ixture
concrete lanking tower
coniguraion loor/storey
console luted column
construcion drawing foam/ styrofoam
corbel footbridge
corinthian order fooings
corner tower formeret
cornice foundaion
cotage frame
courtyard fresco
covered parapet walk frieze
crepidoma gable
crocket gallery
crossing gargoyle
cupola gate
curtain wall gazebo
demoliion glue
density GPS
denils green belt
detached house ground loor/irst loor
dome guardhouse
donjon guter
doric order gypsum
47
handle pagoda
Insulaion paint
interior parapet (parapet walk)
ionic order pariion wall
jamb passage (descending/
keep ascending)
keystone pedestal
Lady chapel pediment
landmark penthouse
lierne peristyle
lit/ elevator piazza
lighing: pier
lintel pilaster
lintel pillar
listed building pinnacle
lists plaster
lobby plinth
log cabin plywood
louver-board podium
lunete podium
machicolaion porch
mansard portal
mansion portcullis
marble porico
mascaron postern
mausoleum public building
mezzanine public realm
moat pylon
molding pyramid
monument quatrefoil
mosaic quoin
mote rail
nails ramp
nave rampart
necropolis recycling
niche reinforced concrete
obelisk residenial area
open-plan restoraion
order roof
oriel rose window
ornament rotunda
48
rusicaion trefoil
sacristy turret
sash tuscan order
semi-detached house tympanum
set square uiliies
sewage vault
shat (air shat) veranda
shape volutes
shell wall
side chapel wallpaper
site plan window
sketch wing
skyscraper wood
slab ziggurat
slant
socket
span
spire
splay
stained glass
stairs
statue
steeple
silts
stockade
storage
storefront
story/loor
surveying equipment
temple
terrace
terraced house
terracota
ierceron
ile
tomb
tower
townscape
tracery
transept (transept spire)
traverse arch
Links
www.britannica.com
www.breakingnewsenglish.com
www.voanews.com
www.architecture.about.com
www.e-architect.co.uk
50
Contents
Unit 1. Profession of an Architect ................................................................ 3
Unit 2. Exterior & Interior Features ........................................................... 10
Unit 3. Urban Design & Landscape Architecture ....................................... 17
Unit 4. Architectural Features of Castles ................................................... 24
Unit 5. Architecture of Cathedrals & Temples ........................................... 31
Unit 6. Sustainable Architecture & Modern Design .................................. 38
Glossary ..................................................................................................... 45
Links........................................................................................................... 50
51
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Министерство образования и науки

English for Architects

Московский государственный университет

English for Architects

Методические указания представляюит собой подборку текстов по теме «Архитектура» и

What Exactly Does an Architect Do?

Ex. 2 Speak on the topic:

Ex. 11 Fill in the words which mean the following;

Ex.1 Fill in the words in the gaps;

Ex.2 Fill in the words in the right places;

Ex. 7 Circle the right word;

Ex. 1 Translate the text;

1. What is the concept of paricipatory planning?

Ex. 1 Translate the words below; match them to their deiniions;

Ex. 1 Circle the right variant;

Landscape Design in City Parks and Urban Spaces

Ex. 25 Fill in the words;

Ex. 25 Fill in the words;

Ex. 33 Match some of the words above with their meanings;

Ex. 31 Find the words in the Glossary describing Temple elements;

The Themple of Theseum

Architecture and Climate Change: Building Sustainably

Ex. 1 Answer the quesions;

Ex. 45 Fill in the words which mean the following;

Ex. 46 Match the famous architects to their buildings;

Modern Architectural Wonders

Ex. 1 Fill in the words;

Ex.1 Retell the text; provide supplementary informaion on the topic;

Ex. 1 Translate the text;

Ex. 1 Comment on the following;

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