4 OPEC An example of State regionalism which was

established by oil exporting countries to protect their

resources.
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

5 NAM Another state regionalism which was established by

countries who don’t want to be part of major global
political groups.

6 ASEAN A state regionalism that was established in order to

boost the economy of the members countries.

7 State Regionalism An international organization in the region whose

members are represented by states.

8 Non-State Regionalism An international organization in the regions whose

members are common people or philanthropists and
not directly connected to the states.

9 New Regionalism Also refers to Non-state regionalism.

10 Legitimizers These are non-state regionalism who are asking for

finances and support from the government or state.

(C) Essential Knowledge

Regionalism is often seen as a political and economic phenomenon. However, the term
actually encompasses a broader area. It can be examined in relation to identities, ethics,
religion, ecological sustainability, and health.

This lesson will look at regions as political entities and examine what brings them together as
they interlock with globalization. It will conclude by asking where all these regionalisms are
bringing us as members of a nation and as citizens of the world.

2
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

I. Basic Features of Regions

Regions are “a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area”
or are “an amalgamation of two regions [or] a combination of more than two regions”
organized to regulate and “oversee flows and policy choices.”

The words regionalization and regionalism should not be interchanged, as the former refers
to the “regional concentration of economic flows” while the latter is “a political process
characterized by economic policy cooperation and coordination among countries.”

There are two types of regional groups or regionalism. The first is State Regionalism. It
is the coordination of countries and a general phenomenon or may refer to a formal project,
policy, or scheme promoted by regional states and the term actually encompasses a broader
area. The second is the Non-State Regionalism. Non-state regionalism are individuals or
organizations that have powerful economic, political or social power and are able to influence
at a national and sometimes international level while not belonging to or ally themselves to
any particular country or state.

II. Reasons of the Formation of Regional Groups in State Regionalism

A. For military defense

It is to guarantee the freedom. So unity of its members through political and military
means. An Example of this is NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). During the COLD WAR,
on march 4, 1947 a treaty of Dunkirk was signed by France and UK as treaty of alliance and
mutual assistance. By 1948, this alliance was expanded to include Benelux Countries the form
of the Western Union referred to as Brussels Treaty Organization. On April 4, 1949 it became
North Atlantic Treaty Organization each members of NATO agreed to a system of collective
defence for its members.

B. To pool resources

Countries form regional organizations to pool their resources, get better returns for their
exports, as well as expand their leverage against trading partners. An example of this is OPEC

3
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

(Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries). OPEC is a group consisting of 14 of the

world's major oil-exporting nations. It was founded in 1960 to coordinate the petroleum
policies of its members and to provide member states with technical and economic aid. Its
headquarters are in Vienna and Austria. Their focus is to regulate oil prices and ensure
stabilization of oil. In order to secure: Economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming
nations, stable prices for petroleum producers and Fair return on Capital for those investing
in the petroleum industry.

C. To Protect Independence

Countries form regional blocs to protect their independence from the pressures of
superpower politics. An example of this is NAM (Non-Aligned Movement). In the year of 1955
there was an Conference at Bandug that is in the Indonesia and 29 Afro Asian Countries
Assembled and the Birth of NAM started. However, the leaders were 4 countries and it was on
the basis of Panchashell Principal. NAM officially born in 1961 at Belgrade which is in the
Yugoslavia and first session at Belgrade started with 25 members and every 3 years they have
a NAM conference. Until now they have 16th NAM summits and in 2012 they have 16 NAM at
Tehran and in the year of 2016 they have 17th NAM at Venezuela and today NAM is the 2nd
largest Global Organisation next to UNO and NAM had 55% of Global Population.

NAM is an international policy of a sovereign state. It does not-align itself with any of
the power blocs. However, it actively participates in the world affairs in order to pursue world
peace, international cooperation, human rights, national sovereignty, racial and national
equality, non-intervention, and peaceful conflict resolution. Its headquarter is in Central
Jakarta, Indonesia.

D. Due to Economic crisis

Economic crisis compels countries to come together. An example of this is ASEAN

(Association of Southeast Asian Nations). ASEAN was established on August 8, 1967 in
Bangkok by the 5 original member-countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and
Thailand. Brunei, Darussalam joined on January 8, 1984. Vietnam on July 28, 1995. Laos and
Myanmar on July 23, 1997 and Cambodia on April 30, 1999. ASEAN was formed in 1967 by
4
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand to promote political and Economic
Cooperation and Regional Stability. Today the main focuses of ASEAN are Political Security,
Economic Security and Socio Cultural Integration.

III. Non-State Regionalism

It is not only states that agree to work together in the name or a single cause. Organizations
representing this “new regionalism” that rely on the power of individuals, nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs), and associations to link up with one another in pursuit of a particular
goal (or goals). These are those who work with governments (Legitimizers) and participate in
“Institutional mechanisms that afford some civil society groups voice and influence in
technocratic policy making processes”. They are sometimes identified with reformists who
share the same values, norms, institutions, and system that exist outside of the traditional,
established mainstream institutions and systems. They are called ‘New Regionalism’ to differ
significantly from traditional state-to-state regionalism when it comes to identifying problems.

These are tiny associations that include no more than a few actors and focus on a single
issue, or huge continental unions that address a multitude of common problems from
territorial defence to food security. They rely on the power of individuals. They could be
individuals or groups that hold influence and which are wholly or partly independent of a
sovereign state or state. These are some examples of Non-State Regional Groups:

A. Rainforest Foundation

They protect indigenous peoples and the rainforest of Brazil, Guyana, Panama and Peru.

B. Regional Interfaith Youth Networks

In 2006, Religions for Peace launched six Regional Interfaith Youth Networks, in Asia,
Africa, the Middle East, Europe, North America, and Latin America and the Caribbean. They
Promote conflict prevention, resolution, peace education, and sustainable development.

5
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

C. Migrant Forum

They are another Regional network of NGO’s Trade unions who are committed to
protecting and promoting the rights and welfare of migrant workers.

IV. Challenges of Regionalism

There are disagreements which surface over issues like gender and religion.

They slowed down once countries like Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand

They refused to recognize the rights of undocumented migrant workers and the rights of
the families of migrants.

(D) Self Help

1. Article: ASEAN (November 20, 2007). The ASEAN Charter. Retrieved: June 1, 2020
https://www.asean.org/w p-content/uploads/images/archive/21069.pd f

2. YouTube: The Audiopedia (December 5, 2017). Regional Organization . Retrieved: June

4, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =-Y8Ax4u-fsE
3. Recommended Films: The Last Rescue (2015) or Behind Enemy Lines (2001)

6
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

(E) Let’s Check

Exercise no. 5: TRUE OR FALSE. Write TRUE is the statement is correct and FALSE if the
statement is incorrect.

1. NATO was established to pool the resources of the surrounding regions.

2. State regionalism is done through state -to-state organizations.

3. ASEAN started with only 5 original members.

4. Non-State organizations are also known as new reg ionalism.

5. The non -state organizations that worked together with the government are called left -
wing.

6. OPEC is an international policy of a sovereign state.

7. NAM is a regional organization that focuses on military defence.

8. Regionalism is often se en as a political and economic phenomenon.

9. OPEC is a group consisting of 14 of the world's major rice -exporting nations.

10. The Headquarters of NAM are in Vienna and Austria.

7
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

(F) Let’s Analyze

K12 Education was a product of the ASEAN Integration. With this, there were two more
years added in the secondary level of education in the Philippines. Using the lessons we have
above, Is K12 education a helpful tool for regionalism?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

8
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

(G) In a Nutshell

Activity no. 5: Using the lessons and ideas we have about regionalism. Kindly identify the
following:

1. Difference between State and Non-State Regionalism

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Importance of Regionalism

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. The Different reasons why state regionalism are formed.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. Examples and purpose of Non-State Regional Groups

9
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

5. Challenges in ASEAN regional group

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

WEEK 5
TOPICS:
10
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
1. Lesson Social Science Discipline
6: The 2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

Globalization of Religion
2. Lesson 7: Media and Globalization

METALANGUAGE MEANING / DEFINITION

1 Religion It is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural system and

world views that relate humanity to transcendental
existence.

2 Globalism An ideology that focus on the material world rather than

spiritual. It concerns on creating a unified material world.

11
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
THE BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS 2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118
4. Explain the functions and participation of
Lesson 6: The Globalization of
religion in globalization
Religion
5. Relate the effect s of globalization in the
field of religion and the effect religion in the
field of globalization

(A) Facilitator’s Voice

Professor: Good day students!

This week’s lessons will help us to understand how globalization spread and affect different entities. We will
discuss the role of religion in the growth of globalization at the same time the effect of globalization in the
aspect of religion. We will also discuss the role of media, but we will have its introduction when we get there.
Now, in this part of our lesson we will try to understand the different undertakings that religion had to go
through since globalization is inevitable. Henc e, we will also see how religion adapts to the world of
globalization.

(B) Metalanguage

12
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

2. Religion follows divine commandments while globalism abides by human-made laws.

3. Religion assumes that there is the possibility of communication between humans and the
transcendent, while globalism’s yardsticks is of how much of human actions can lead to
the highest material satisfaction and subsequent wisdom that this new status produces.

13
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

4. Religious people are less concerned with the wealth and all that comes along with it, while
globalists believed that this is a form of asceticism precisely because they shun anything
material for complete simplicity.

5. Religious person’s main duty is to live a virtuous and sinless life while globalists are less
worried whether they will end up in heaven or in hell, since they are more concerned
about the general progress of the community, the nation and the global economic system.

6. Religious detest politics and the quest for power for they are evidence of humanity’s
weakness, while the globalists values them as both means and ends to open up further
economies of the world.

7. The religious is concerned with spreading holy ideas globally, while globalists wish to
spread goods and services.

8. Religious regard identities associated with globalism such as citizenship, language and race
as inferior and narrow, membership to religious group, organization or cult represent a
superior affiliation that connects humans directly to the divine.

However, religion and globalism clash over the fact that religious evangelization is a
form of globalization. Moreover, our first impression of religion is that they could help us find
our way of life. That is actually true. However there is one disadvantage that rises above this
idea. Religion tends to divide everyone. Islam, Catholic, Born Again, etc. And by us divided, we
tend to result to war and conflict because of the different beliefs reinstated.

Furthermore, because of the philosophical differences and the threat of

modernization, some religious groups create impenetrable sanctuaries where that can
practice their religion without the meddling and control of authorities brought about by
globalization. Some of them are:
1. The followers of Dalai Lama established Tibet

2. Buddhist monasteries are located away from civilization so that Hermits can devote
themselves in prayer and meditation.

3. The Rizalistas isolate themselves in Mount Banahaw

14
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

4. The Essenes hid themselves in the dessert during the Roman-controlled Judea

5. The Mormons of Utah also isolate themselves in sometime

These groups believe that living among the non-believers will distract them from their mission
or tempt them to abandon their faith and become sinners like everyone else.

II. The Realities

In actuality the relationship between religion and globalism is much more complicated. Peter
Berger argues that far from being secularized, “the contemporary world is…furiously
religious.” In most of the world, there are veritable explosions of religious fervor, occurring in
one form of another in all the major religious traditions (Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism,
Buddhism and even Confucianism) and in many places in imaginative synthesis of one or more
world with indigenous faiths.

Religions are the foundations of modern republics.

1. In Islam

The Malayan government places religion at the center of the political system.
Its constitution explicitly states that “Islam is the Religion of the Federation.” and the
rulers of each state was also the “Head of the religion Islam”.

The late Iranian religious leader Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini bragged about the
superiority of Islamic rule over its secular counterparts and pointed out that “there is
no fundamental distinction among constitutional, despotic, dictatorial, democratic,
and communistic regimes.”
To Khomeini, all secular ideologies were the same, they were all flawed, and
Islamic rule was the superior form of government because it was spiritual. Yer, Iran
calls itself a republic, a term that is associated with the secular.

Moreover, religious movements do not hesitate to appropriate secular themes

and practices. The moderate Muslim Association Nahdlatul Ulama in Indonesia has
Islamic Schools (Pesantren) where students are taught not only about Islam but also

15
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

about modern science, the social sciences, modern banking, civic education, rights of
women, pluralism and democracy.

2. In Christianity

The Church of England was shaped by the rationality of modern democratic

and bureaucratic culture. King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church and
established his own Church to bolster his own power.

In the United States, religion and law were fused to together to help build this
“modern secular society”. It was observed in the early 1800s by French historian and
diplomat Alexis de Tocqueville who wrote “not only do the Americans practice their
religion out of self interest but they often even place in this world the interest which
they have in practicing it.”

Jose Casanova confirms this statement by noting that “historically religion has
always been at the very center of all great political conflicts and movements of social
reform. From independence to abolition, from nativism to women suffrage, from
prohibition to the civil rights movement, religion had always been at the center of
these conflicts but also on both sides of the political barricades. It remains the case
until today with the power the Christian Right has on the Republican Party.

III. Religion FOR and AGAINST Globalization

1. Religion is FOR Globalization

Christianity and Islam see globalization less as an obstacle and more as an opportunity to
expand their reach all over the world. Globalization has “freed” communities from the
constraints of the nation-state, but in the process, also threatened to destroy the cultural
system that bind them together. Religion seeks to take the place of these broken traditional

16
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

ties to either help communities cope with their new situation or organized them to oppose
this major transformation of their lives.

2. Religion is AGAINST Globalization

Some Muslims view globalization as Trojan Horse hiding supporters of Western values like
secularism, liberalism or even communism ready to spread these ideas in their areas to
eventually displace them. The world council of Churches has criticized economic
globalization’s negative effect. It vowed to make themselves accountable to the victims of the
project of economic globalization by becoming its advocates inside and outside the centers of
power.

(D) Self Help

1. Article: El Azzouzi, Monaim (2013). Religion and GLobalization: Benefits and Challenges.
Retrieved: June 1, 2020.

https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2013/01/75121/religion-and-globalisation-
benefitsand-challenges/

2. YouTube: Tony Blair Faith Foundation (June 2, 2014). The Impact of Globalisation on
Religion: Session 2, Dimensions of Globalisation. Retrieved: June 3, 2020.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hIc3KYs5_k 3.

Recommended Film: God’s not Dead (2014)

(E) Let’s Check

Exercise no. 6: TRUE OR FALSE. Write TRUE is the statement is correct and FALSE if the
statement is incorrect.

1. In Iran Islamic Schools called Pesantren are also teaching other sciences besides Islam.

2. According to Jose Casanova, the contemporary world is furiously religious.

17
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

3. For some Muslims and Christians, they see globalization as an opportunity to expand faith.

4. Some Muslims view globalization as Trojan Horse which hides western values like
secularism

5. Historically, religion had always been the centre of any political conflicts.

6. Khomeini bragged about the superiority of Islamic rule over other form of government.

7. The followers of Shiva established what we know now as Tibet.

8. In reality, Religions are the foundations of modern republics.

9. King Henry VIII broke with Roman Catholicism to established his own Church.

10. Religion and globalism clash over the fact that religious evangelization is a form of
globalization.

(F) Let’s Analyze

Describe how your Church/Religion adapts from the trend of globalization and modern world.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

(G) In a Nutshell

Activity no. 5: Using the lessons and ideas we have about regionalism and using your own
words kindly discuss the following:

1. The conflicts between Religion and Globalism

18
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. The Reality on the relationship between Religion and Globalization

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Religion is FOR Globalization

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
19
 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Religion is AGAINST Globalization

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

20