Analog signals and systems (1)

Topic: First order circuit

Natural response of an RL circuit

i(t) = I0 e−(R/L)t t ≥ 0

τ = L/R

Natural response of RC circuit

v(t) = V0 e−1/τ
τ = RC

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 The step response of an RL circuit

i(t) = i(∞) + (I0 − i(∞))e−(R/L)t

Step response of an RC circuit

vC = V∞ + (V0 − V∞ )e−t/RC

Energy dissipated
E = ∫ P dt = ∫ [i2 (t)R]dt
A general solution

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 Exercice

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Analog signals and systems (1) 4
 Date: @October 11, 2022

Topic: Second order circuit

Notes

Parallel RLC circuit

Neper frequency(damping factor)

1
α= (rad/s)
2RC
Resonant radian frequency( frequency when XL = XC
1
ω0 = (rad/s)
LC
Damped frequency

ωd = ω02 − α2
Characteristic equation
s 1
s2 + + =0
RC LC
Characteristic roots

s1 = −a + a2 − ω02
s2 = −a − a2 − ω02

Natural response
The forms

Overdamped ω02 < α2

Underdamped (imaginary number) ω02 > α2

If there is no damping, α = 0 and the frequency of oscillation is ω0 . Whenever there is a dissipative element, R, in the circuit, α is not zero and the
frequency of oscillation, ωd , is less than ω0 . Thus when α is not zero, the frequency of oscillation is said to be damped.

Overdamped vs Underdamped

Overdamped

Shorter time to final value

Bouncing (oscillating), may exceed the desired value

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 Underdamped

Longer time to final value

Do not exceed the desired value

Step response

Series RLC circuit

Characteristic equation
R 1
s2 + s+ =0
L LC

Neper frequency(damping factor)

R
α= (rad/s)
2L
Resonant radian frequency( frequency when XL = XC )
1
ω0 = (rad/s)
LC
Characteristic roots

s1 = −a + a2 − ω02
s2 = −a − a2 − ω02
Exercise

Analog signals and systems (1) 6

 📌 SUMMARY:
Overdamped ω02 < α2
Underdamped ω02 > α2
Critically damped ω02 = α2

Topic: Laplace Transform

Notes
Step function u(t-a)

Impulse function

x
I = ∫y f(t)δ(t − a) = f(a) if a ∈ (x; y)
= 0 if a ∈
/ (x; y)
An impulse function can be thought of as a derivative of a step function
du(t)
δ=
dt
Explanation

Analog signals and systems (1) 7

 General formulas

∞
F (s) = ∫0 e−st f(t)dt
s = σ + jω

ejωt − e−jωt
sin(ωt) =
2j
ejωt − e−jωt
cos(ωt) =
2

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 Some formula

f(t) F (t)
u(t) 1
s
1 1
s
t
1
s2
tn n!
e at sn+1
1
s−a
tn e−at
n!
cos(ωt) (s + a)n+1
s
sin(ωt) s2 + ω2
ω
s + ω2
2
e−at sin ωt
w
e −at
cos ωt (s + a)2 + ω2

s+a
XL = ωL (s + a)2 + ω2
sL
1
XC =
ωC
1
sC

Properties

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 Shifting on the S-axis

L[eat f(t)] = F (s − a)

Shifting on the T-axis

L[f(t − a)] = e−as F (s)

Initial and final value theorem

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 Inverse

Steady state part/expression: the part that doesnt have α

Transient part/expression: the part that has α

Repeated real root

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 Repeated complex root

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 Poles and zero

Example

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 An "integro-differential equation" is an equation that involves both integrals and derivatives of an unknown function
. Using the Laplace transform of integrals and derivatives, an integro-differential equation can be solved.

Analog signals and systems (1) 14

 📌 SUMMARY:

Date: @October 11, 2022

Topic: Laplace Transform in system analysis

Notes
Circuit elements

Resistor

Inductor

Z = sL

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 V = Li(0− )
Capacitor

1
Z=
sC
Example

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 Analysis

Prioritize Y to Δ, because it reduces mẫu

- Impedance is Z
- Admittance is Y
Admittance of parrallel

For series, use voltage source to represent inductor and capacitor in the s-domain

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 For parallel, use current source in the s-domain

Cramer’s rule

Transfer function
Y (s)
H(s) =
X(s)
H(s) is the transfer function
Y (s) is the output
X(s) is the input
Steady state response

The response that exists after the transient components have become negligible

Impulse and step unit response

Analog signals and systems (1) 18

 Exercises

Topic: Frequency selective circuit

Cutoff frequency
The location on the frequency axis that separates the stopband from the passband. At the cutoff frequency the magnitude of the transfer function equals
1
H(jωc ) = Hmax
2
To find cutoff frequency
Z1
H(s) =
Z2 + ω
ωc = Z2
Example

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 Low past filter

Transfer function for a lowpass filter

ωc
H(s) =
s + ωc
RL series

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 RC series

Example

High pass filter

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 Transfer function for a lowpass filter

s
H(s) =
s + ωc
RL series

RC series

Example

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 Loaded filter(RL in parallel with the output)

Series RL high-pass filter

Ks
H(s) =
s + K(R/L)
RL
Where K =
R + RL
Series RC high-pass filter
s
H(s) =
s + 1/KRC
RL
Where K =
R + RL
Series RL Low-pass filter
K(R/L)
H(s) =
s + K(R/L)
RL
Where K =
R + RL
Series RC Low-pass filter
1/RC
H(s) =
s + 1/KRC
RL
Where K =
R + RL

Bandpass filters

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 βs
H(s) =
s2 + βs + ω02
Misce

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 1
ω0 =
LC
Series RLC circuit

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 Parallel RLC circuit

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 Bandreject filters

s2 + ω02
H(s) =
s2 + βs + ω02
Series RLC circuit

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 📌 SUMMARY:
- fc (rad/s) =
ωc
(Hz)
2π

Date: @July 30, 2022

Topic: Fourier series

Notes
Periodic function

f(t) = f(t ± nT )

Fourier series

Condition for fourier series

Fouriere coefficients for general

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 Even function

Odd function

Half wave

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 Remark: the formula is only for k odd
Quarter wave

A periodic function x(t) which has either odd symmetry or even symmetry along with the half wave symmetry is said to have quarter wave symmetry.

Square wave

Full-wave rectified sine wave

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 Half-wave rectified sine wave

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 Trigonometric form

Example

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 Average power calculation

Rms

Exponential form

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 📌 SUMMARY:

Topic: Fourier Transform

General formula

∞
F (ω) = F{f(t)} = ∫−∞ f(t)e−jωt dt

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 Inverse

∞
f(t) = 1/2π ∫−∞ F (ω)ejωt dω
Formulas

2a
e−a∣t∣ =
(a + jω)(a − jω)

Application

Analog signals and systems (1) 35

 ∞
∫−∞ f(ω)δ(ω − 0) = f(0) (Sifting property)

📌 SUMMARY:

Date: @July 30, 2022

Topic: Two ports circuit

Notes
Parameters

Y to Z

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 Z to Y

H parameter

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 Reciprocal

Symmetric

Δ to Y

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 Exercises

v2k = v1 − v2
v9k = v1 − v3
vx = v2 − v3 = −(v2k − v9k ) = v6k − v3k
⟹ Số bị trừ phải trùng dấu với 1 trong 2 terminals

Analog signals and systems (1) 39