Introduction

NGUYEN Hong Phuong

Email: [email protected]
Site: https://users.soict.hust.edu.vn/phuongnh

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Contents
 What is SQL?  Instance of SQL Server
 When do you need a  Advantages of Instances
Database?  SQL Server – Editions
 Uses of Databases  Create databases
 Ways to Use SQL  Create table
 Some Relational Database
Concepts
 Finding Your Way Around
the Server
 What is SQL Server?
 Usage of SQL Server
 Versions of SQL Server
 SQL Server Components

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Software environment (1)

 Link to download SQL Server 2014:

 https://www.microsoft.com/en-
us/download/details.aspx?id=42299
 https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/ssms/download-sql-
server-management-studio-ssms?view=sql-server-ver16

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Software environment (2)

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What is SQL?

 SQL stands for Structured Query

Language
 SQL lets you access and manipulate
databases
 SQL became a standard of the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) in
1986, and of the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)
in 1987

5
SQL is a Standard - BUT....

 Although SQL is an ANSI/ISO standard,

there are different versions of the SQL
language.
 However, to be compliant with the ANSI
standard, they all support at least the
major commands (such as SELECT,
UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE) in a
similar manner.

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When do you need a Database?

 Multiple simultaneous changes to data

(concurrency)
 Data changes on a regular basis
 Large data sets where you only need
some observations/variables
 Share huge data set among many
people
 Rapid queries with no analysis
 Web interfaces to data, especially
dynamic data
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Uses of Databases

 Traditional Uses:
 Live Queries
 Report Generation
 Normalization, foreign keys, joins, etc.
 Newer uses:
 Storage - data is extracted and analyzed in
another application
 Backends to web sites
 Traditional rules may not be as important

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Ways to Use SQL

 Console command
 GUI interfaces are often available
 Interfaces to many programming
languages: R, python, perl, PHP, etc.
 SQLite - use SQL without a database
server
 PROC SQL in SAS

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What Can SQL do?
 SQL can execute queries against a database
 SQL can retrieve data from a database
 SQL can insert records in a database
 SQL can update records in a database
 SQL can delete records from a database
 SQL can create new databases
 SQL can create new tables in a database
 SQL can create stored procedures in a database
 SQL can create views in a database
 SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and
views

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Using SQL in Your Web Site

 To build a web site that shows data

from a database, you will need:
 An RDBMS database program (i.e. MS
Access, SQL Server, MySQL)
 To use a server-side scripting language,
like PHP or ASP
 To use SQL to get the data you want
 To use HTML / CSS to style the page

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Some Relational Database Concepts

 A database server can contain many

databases
 Databases are collections of tables
 Tables are two-dimensional with rows
(observations) and columns (variables)
 Limited mathematical and summary
operations available
 Very good at combining information
from several tables

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RDBMS

 RDBMS stands for Relational Database

Management System.
 RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all
modern database systems such as MS
SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL,
and Microsoft Access.
 The data in RDBMS is stored in database
objects called tables. A table is a
collection of related data entries and it
consists of columns and rows.
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Finding Your Way Around the Server

 Since a single server can support many

databases, each containing many tables, with
each table having a variety of columns, it’s
easy to get lost when you’re working with
databases. These commands will help figure
out what’s available:
 SHOW DATABASES;
 SHOW TABLES IN database;
 SHOW COLUMNS IN table;
 DESCRIBE table; - shows the columns and their types

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 Show some information with SQL Server
SELECT name, database_id, create_date
FROM sys.databases;

SELECT name FROM master.dbo.sysdatabases

SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE

TABLE_TYPE='BASE TABLE'

SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME =

'GiangVien'

EXEC sp_help 'Sach'

select * from sys.all_columns where object_id =

OBJECT_ID('TacGia')
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SELECT s.name as schema_name, t.name as table_name,
c.* FROM sys.columns AS c
INNER JOIN sys.tables AS t ON t.object_id = c.object_id
INNER JOIN sys.schemas AS s ON s.schema_id = t.schema_id
WHERE t.name = 'Lecturers' AND s.name = 'dbo';

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What is SQL Server?

 It is a software, developed by Microsoft, which

is implemented from the specification of
RDBMS.
 It is also an ORDBMS.
 It is platform dependent.
 It is both GUI and command based software.
 It supports SQL (SEQUEL) language which is
an IBM product, non-procedural, common
database and case insensitive language.

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Usage of SQL Server

 To create databases.
 To maintain databases.
 To analyze the data through SQL Server
Analysis Services (SSAS).
 To generate reports through SQL Server
Reporting Services (SSRS).
 To carry out ETL operations through SQL
Server Integration Services (SSIS)

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Versions of SQL Server

Version Year Code Name

6.0 1995 SQL95
6.5 1996 Hydra
7.0 1998 Sphinx
8.0 (2000) 2000 Shiloh
9.0 (2005) 2005 Yukon
10.0 (2008) 2008 Katmai
0.5 (2008 R2) 2010 Kilimanjaro
11.0 (2012) 2012 Denali
12 (2014) 2014 Hekaton (initially), SQL 14
(current)

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SQL Server Components
 SQL Server works in client-server architecture, hence it
supports two types of components: (a) Workstation and
(b) Server.
 Workstation components are installed in every
device/SQL Server operator’s machine. These are just
interfaces to interact with Server components. Example:
SSMS, SSCM, Profiler, BIDS, SQLEM etc.
 Server components are installed in centralized server.
These are services. Example: SQL Server, SQL Server
Agent, SSIS, SSAS, SSRS, SQL browser, SQL Server full
text search etc.

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Instance of SQL Server
 An instance is an installation of SQL Server.
 An instance is an exact copy of the same software.
 If we install 'n' times, then 'n' instances will be created.
 There are two types of instances in SQL Server a)
Default b) Named.
 Only one default instance will be supported in one
Server.
 Multiple named instances will be supported in one
Server.
 Default instance will take the server name as Instance
name.
 Default instance service name is MSSQLSERVER.
 16 instances will be supported in 2000 version.
 50 instances will supported in 2005 and later versions.
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Advantages of Instances

 To install different versions in one

machine.
 To reduce cost.
 To maintain production, development,
and test environments separately.
 To reduce temporary database problems.
 To separate security privileges.
 To maintain standby server.

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SQL Server – Editions
 SQL Server is available in various editions. This chapter
lists the multiple editions with its features.
 Enterprise: This is the top-end edition with a full feature
set.
 Standard: This has less features than Enterprise, when
there is no requirement of advanced features.
 Workgroup: This is suitable for remote offices of a larger
company.
 Web: This is designed for web applications.
 Developer: This is similar to Enterprise, but licensed to
only one user for development, testing and demo. It can
be easily upgraded to Enterprise without reinstallation.

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SQL Server – Editions (cont'd)

 Express: This is free entry level database. It

can utilize only 1 CPU and 1 GB memory, the
maximum size of the database is 10 GB.
 Compact: This is free embedded database for
mobile application development. The maximum
size of the database is 4 GB.
 Datacenter: The major change in new SQL
Server 2008 R2 is Datacenter Edition. The
Datacenter edition has no memory limitation
and offers support for more than 25 instances.

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SQL Server – Editions (cont'd)
 Business Intelligence: Business Intelligence Edition is a
new introduction in SQL Server 2012. This edition
includes all the features in the Standard edition and
support for advanced BI features such as Power View
and PowerPivot, but it lacks support for advanced
availability features like AlwaysOn Availability Groups
and other online operations.
 Enterprise Evaluation: The SQL Server Evaluation Edition
is a great way to get a fully functional and free instance
of SQL Server for learning and developing solutions. This
edition has a built-in expiry of 6 months from the time
that you install it.

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SQL Server – Editions (cont'd)
2005 2008 2008 R2 2012 2014
Enterprise    
Standard    
Developer    
Workgroup    
Win Compact Edition    
- Mobile
Enterprise Evaluation    
Express    
Web   
Datacenter  
Business Intelligence 

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Data Types

 SQL supports a very large number of

different formats for internal storage of
information.
 Numeric
 INTEGER, SMALLINT, BIGINT
 NUMERIC(w,d), DECIMAL(w,d) - numbers
with width w and d decimal places
 REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION - machine and
database dependent
 FLOAT(p) - floating point number with p
binary digits of precision
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Data Types (cont'd)

 Character
 CHARACTER(L) - a fixed-length character of length L
 CHARACTER VARYING(L) or VARCHAR(L) – supports
maximum length of L
 Binary
 BIT(L), BIT VARYING(L) - like corresponding
characters
 BINARY LARGE OBJECT(L) or BLOB(L)
 Temporal
 DATE
 TIME
 TIMESTAMP

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CREATE DATABASE

 Two ways:
 Use SQL Server Management Studio
 Use Transact-SQL

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Use SQL Server Management Studio

 To create a database
 In Object Explorer, connect to an instance of the SQL
Server Database Engine and then expand that
instance.
 Right-click Databases, and then select New Database.
 In New Database, enter a database name.
 To create the database by accepting all default
values, select OK;
 See for more information:
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-
databases/databases/create-a-database?view=sql-
server-ver15

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Use Transact-SQL

 To create a database
 Connect to the Database Engine.
 From the Standard bar, select New Query.
 Copy and paste the following example into the query
window and select Execute.
This example creates the database QLKH. Because the
keyword PRIMARY is not used, the first file (QLKH_dat)
becomes the primary file. Because neither MB nor KB is
specified in the SIZE parameter for the QLKH _dat file, it
uses MB and is allocated in megabytes. The QLKH_log
file is allocated in megabytes because the MB suffix is
explicitly stated in the SIZE parameter.

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Use Transact-SQL (cont'd)
USE master;
GO
CREATE DATABASE QLKH
ON
( NAME = QLKH_dat,
FILENAME = 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\
MSSQL13.MSSQLSERVER\MSSQL\DATA\QLKHdat.mdf',
SIZE = 10,
MAXSIZE = 50,
FILEGROWTH = 5 )
LOG ON
( NAME = QLKH_log,
FILENAME = 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\
MSSQL13.MSSQLSERVER\MSSQL\DATA\QLKHlog.ldf',
SIZE = 5MB,
MAXSIZE = 25MB,
FILEGROWTH = 5MB );
GO

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CREATE TABLE statement

 Suppose we have data measured on the height

and weight of children over a range of ages.
The first step is deciding on the appropriate
variable types, and creating the table with the
CREATE TABLE command.

CREATE TABLE kids(

id CHAR(6),
race SMALLINT,
age DECIMAL(6,3),
height DECIMAL(7,3),
weight DECIMAL(7,3),
sex SMALLINT);

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Now, create three tables

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CREATE TABLE Lecturers(
LID char(4) NOT NULL,
FullName nchar(30) NOT NULL,
Address nvarchar(50) NOT NULL,
DOB date NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pkLecturers PRIMARY KEY (LID)
)

CREATE TABLE Projects(

PID char(4) NOT NULL,
Title nvarchar(50) NOT NULL,
Level nchar(12) NOT NULL,
Cost integer,
CONSTRAINT pkProjects PRIMARY KEY (PID)
)

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CREATE TABLE Participation(
LID char(4) NOT NULL,
PID char(4) NOT NULL,
Duration smallint,
CONSTRAINT pkParticipation PRIMARY KEY (LID, PID),
CONSTRAINT fk1 FOREIGN KEY (LID) REFERENCES Lecturers (LID),
CONSTRAINT fk2 FOREIGN KEY (PID) REFERENCES Projects (PID)
)

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INSERT INTO Lecturers VALUES('GV01',N'Vũ Tuyết Trinh',N'Hoàng Mai, Hà Nội',
'1975/10/10'),
('GV02',N'Nguyễn Nhật Quang',N'Hai Bà Trưng, Hà Nội','1976/11/03'),
('GV03',N'Trần Đức Khánh',N'Đống Đa, Hà Nội','1977/06/04'),
('GV04',N'Nguyễn Hồng Phương',N'Tây Hồ, Hà Nội','1983/12/10'),
('GV05',N'Lê Thanh Hương',N'Hai Bà Trưng, Hà Nội','1976/10/10')

INSERT INTO Projects VALUES ('DT01',N'Tính toán lưới',N'Nhà nước','700'),

('DT02',N'Phát hiện tri thức',N'Bộ','300'),
('DT03',N'Phân loại văn bản',N'Bộ','270'),
('DT04',N'Dịch tự động Anh Việt',N'Trường','30')

INSERT INTO Participation VALUES ('GV01','DT01','100'),

('GV01','DT02','80'),
('GV01','DT03','80'),
('GV02','DT01','120'),
('GV02','DT03','140'),
('GV03','DT03','150'),
('GV04','DT04','180')
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