4 Identify the role of the Network Layer, as it describes communication from one end device to another end device Identify the most common Network Layer protocol, Internet Protocol (IP), and its features for providing connectionless and best-effort service Identify the principles used to guide the division or grouping of devices into networks Identify the hierarchical addressing of devices and how this allows communication between networks Identify the fundamentals of routes, next hop addresses and packet forwarding to a destination networkProvides addressing via IP version 4 and increasingly IPv6 The routing of data sO) a (BSEInternet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Allows network devices to find each other ‘TCP segments . a is IP Packets flow through the Internetwork. + Connectionless - No connection is established before sending data packets + Best Effort (unreliable) - No overhead ls used to guarantee packet deliveryIP protocol is connectionless The receiver is not contacted before the data is sent Connectiontess Communication x= Letter A letter is sent. Erccecomcnns kc baci + tthe receiver is present + when its coming + ifthe leter arrived + ifthe receiver can read the letterIP is an unreliable protocol i.e. does not guarantee data delivery —— t 5 oe PS 1 _——__—_ <> a vase ee Wheat rhea ' — a vain a Lae ‘Asan unreliable Network layer protocol IP does not guarantee that al sent packets willbe received ‘other protocols manage the process of tracking packets and ensuring their deliveryIP uses the same protocol irrespective of the media Media Independence optical Rhee &_@e& copper serial \ copper Ethernet .copper Ethernet is wireless, j sy é y a, IP packets can travel over different media.IP uses the same protocol irrespective of the media Media Independence optical Rhee &_@e& copper serial \ copper Ethernet .copper Ethernet is wireless, j sy é y a, IP packets can travel over different media.Transport Layer Segments or PDU are encapsulated in Packets Generating IP Packets ‘Segment Transport Layer Encapsulation pce Data IP Header | Transport Layer PDU IP Packet In TCPIIP based networks, the Network layer PDU Is the IP packet.4 IP Packets have fields just like TCP/UDP segments IP Encapsulate TCP/UDP segment with its header Ver = IPv4 IHL = IP header length, Service Type =Priority (QOS), Header Checksum = Error checking Source Address =IP address of data source Destination addres: ation address Optionsoe Enhances: Security, Manageability, Performance, Troubleshooting, Scalability Networks can be Divided Department al . j "What bse sect the eto be Purpose Location User ~ Permissions \s = User — RightsPerformance: Keeping traffic where it should be increases network performance Broadcast = The ability to reach \ all the devices ‘on your network with the same data Replacing the middle switch with a router creates 2 IP subnets, hence, 2 distinct broadcast domains. All devices are connected but local broadcasts are contained,oe Security: User permission and rights can be specified Increase Security i. wh a = at = a) \ = 4 Raministrator § — force (ae ce —) L™ P4 Structure allows network devices to be quickly found i.e. What network, then what host on that network . ee - - Emoays peer hanThe host portion can be further subdivided into smaller networks or subnets HicrarchiclIPvt Adeeoss Subnetting converts Host its Into Network bts <—— 22 bite a Anes Network Portion [_ HostPertion | ‘m2 i) (fod Val, Qe ‘Complete IPvé Address4 Routers allow devices on different networks to pass data between each other ™ = = ‘ Ss 7 2 (cae ly) Cm =)oe To move packets to a different network a router is required Routing IP Packets El a g4 Gateways are used to pass data to other networks a Information in my routing taba to determine Pes where to forward thie messone Network4 Gateways lead to other networksA route consist of: Destination network, a Next hop interface address and an Outgoing interface Local Router Routing Table Network 10.1.1.0/24 Local Router aN Spy Remote Router LOCAL ROUTER ROUTING TABLE destination next network __hop address. 10.1.1.024 Network 10.1.2.0724 10.1.2.01244 A destination network is where the data is required to be when its journey is complete 192.168.2.1124 bocat Router (Aa remote Router ‘This Is the routing table output of Local Router when the “show ip route" Is. 192.168.2.2.4 Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses and Packet Forwarding = The next hop interface address tells the current router what next interface to use for data to reach its destination network Routing Table Output with Next Hops.Routers move packet between subnets Route Enty Exists 40.120 Network 10.20 4. The outer removes the Layer 2 encapsulation le 2. Router extract the destination IP address 3. Router checks the routing table fora match 4. Network 101.20 is found in the outing table 5. Router reencapsulates the packet 6. Packets sent to Network 10.4.2.04 Routing protocols allow routers to learn routing tables that contain the location of networks Routing tables can be statically (manually) or dynamically (automatically) configured GS a EP. a 24 Routes or destination networks can be configured to automatically build routing tables i.e. (RIP,IGRP,EIGRP,OSPF etc) Dynamie Routing Routing Router a's next nop to 10.1.1.0 and 10.1.20 ts 192 168-2-2 (Router B).4 Both ping and tracert are used by network engineers to test network connectivity. For basic network connectivity, the ping command works best. To test latency (delay) and the network path, the tracert command is preferred. The ability to accurately and quickly diagnose network connectivity issues is a skill expected from network engineer. Knowledge about the TCP/IP protocols and practice with troubleshooting commands will build that skillTo ping the destination address utl stopped, use the ~t cpio, To stop, ees1. Open a Windows tarminel andiseus the following command: C:\> tracert 192.168.254.254 Figure 6 Output ofthe tracrt command to Eagle Server