Content Creator:

Sahil Gupta

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B.E. PEC Chandigarh

6 Years JEE/NEET Teaching &

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 Heat

1 cal = 4.2J

T2 T1

Heat Flow
Cold surrounding Heat

Hot body
 Heat

It is form of energy which flows

from high temp to low temp
without help of any external
agent.
● It is a scalar quantity.
● SI unit is joules (J).
Temperature
 Temperature

It is the degree of hotness or

coldness of a body.
● It is a scalar quantity.
● SI unit is Kelvin.
 Temperature measuring Scales

Boiling water 100oC 212 oF 373.15K

Human Body
temperature 37oC 310.15K
98.6 oF
Room
temperature 21oC
69.8 oF 294.15K
Freezing
point of water 0oC 32 oF 273.15K

Absolute zero
-273.15oC -459.67 oF 0K

OC Celsius OF Fahrenheit K Kelvin

Conversion between scales
 Conversion between scales

(1) Celsius Scale to Fahrenheit scale

(2) Celsius to kelvin scale:

TK = TC + 273.15
The celsius scale and fahrenheit scale show
different reading at all general temperatures
except one. Find that particular temperature
at which both scales show similar reading.

A 0o

B 100o

C -40o

D +80o
The celsius scale and fahrenheit scale show
different reading at all general temperatures
except one. Find that particular temperature
at which both scales show similar reading.

A 0o

B 100o

C -40o

D +80o
Solution:

On Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales

4C = – 160
Given that C = F C = – 400 C
∴ – 400C = – 400 F

9 C = 5C – 160
 Let us start with
Thermal Expansion
Thermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
 Linear Expansion

dL ∝ L
dL ∝ dT
dL = 𝛼LdT

𝛼 = coefficient of linear expansion

dL
L2 = L1 [1 + 𝛂ΔT]
L, T
Aerial Expansion
 Aerial Expansion

dA ∝A
dA∝ dT
dA = βAdT

β = Coefficient of Areal expansion

A2 = A1 e βΔT

A2 = A1 [1 +a β Δ T] A, T

β = 2𝛼
Volume Expansion
 Volume Expansion
dV ∝ V
dV ∝ dT
dV = 𝛾VdT
𝛾 = Coefficient of volume expansion
V
V2 = V1 [ 1 + 𝛾Δ T]
dV
dV

𝛾 = 3𝛼
Variation of density with temperature
 Variation of density with temperature

On heating mass remains constant i.e.

ρ0 V 0 = ρ t V t

But from volume expansion

Vt = V0 (1 + γ ΔT)

ρt = ρ0 (1 - γ ΔT)
Relation between α, β , and 𝛾
A rod has length 10 m at 27oC. if ∝ of rod is 10-
3 oC, Find length at 127o C percentage

increases in length.
A Rod rotates about its end is shown. Find
percentage increases in MOI if
(i) on heating length increased by 1%

A 2%

M,L
B 4%

C 0.5%

D 1%
A Rod rotates about its end is shown. Find
percentage increases in MOI if
(i) on heating length increased by 1%

A 2%

M,L B 4%

C 0.5%

D 1%
A Rod rotates about its end is shown. Find
percentage increases in MOI if
(ii) 𝛼 = 10-4 & ΔT = 100oC

M,L
Length of pendulum increases by 1% on
heating. Find % in time period of pendulum if

it is given by

A 2%

B 4%

C 0.5%

D 1%
Length of pendulum increases by 1% on
heating. Find % in time period of pendulum if

it is given by

A 2%

B 4%

C 0.5%

D 1%
Solution:
 Two rods (L1, L2) having coefficient of linear
expansion 𝛼1 and 𝛼2 are joined together to
form a composite system. Find equivalent
coefficient of linear expansion for the system.

L1, 𝛼1 L2, 𝛼2 B

D
L1, 𝛼1 L2, 𝛼2
Solution:
L1 = L1(1 + 𝛼1ΔT)
L2 = L2(1 + 𝛼2ΔT)
ΔL = (L2’ + L1’) – (L2 + L1)
ΔL = (L1𝛼1 + L2𝛼2) ΔT
But ΔL = 𝛼eq Ltotal ΔT
(L1𝛼1 + L2𝛼2)ΔT = Leq (L1 + L2)ΔT
 Two rods (L1, L2) having coefficient of linear
expansion 𝛼1 and 𝛼2 are joined together to
form a composite system. Find equivalent
coefficient of linear expansion for the system.

L1, 𝛼1 L2, 𝛼2 B

D
A scale reads a length 60 cm of a body at
27°C. Find the new reading of scale if scale is
heated to 127°C. [⍺ = 10–3 C–1]

A 66.6cm

B 64.6cm

C 56.6cm

D 54.54cm
A scale reads a length 60 cm of a body at
27°C. Find the new reading of scale if scale is
heated to 127°C. [⍺ = 10–3 C–1]

A 66.6cm

B 64.6cm

C 56.6cm

D 54.54cm
Solution:
Final length of scale 1’ = (1 + ∝ΔT)
= [1 + (0.001) (100)]60
=1.1cm
So, new scale would read actual 1.1cm to be 1 cm
∴ It scale down by a factor of 1.1
∴ 60 cm appears to be
 A square metallic plate having a hole at its
centre is heated uniformly. Comment on all the
dimensions of plate after heating

Length increases radius

A
decreases

B Both increase
R
L
Length increase radius
C
remains constant

D Both decrease
 A square metallic plate having a hole at its
centre is heated uniformly. Comment on all the
dimensions of plate after heating

Length increases radius

A
decreases

B Both increase
R
L
Length increase radius
C
remains constant

D Both decrease
Solution:
Distance between any two pair of particles must increase
on heating. Hence both the dimensions that is radius of
hole as well as length of square plate increases.

L
If a rod has length L0 at temp T0. FInd length at
temperature 2T0 if 𝛼 = 𝛼0T /T0.
Let us now use
the concepts of stress & strain
learnt in previous chapter.
A rod is lying freely on horizontal surface. Find
thermal stress & thermal strain produced in
rod if it is heated by ΔT.

A 𝛼ΔT, 𝛼YΔT

L, 𝛼, Y ,
B

C 𝛼LΔT, 𝛼YΔT

D 0, 0
A rod is lying freely on horizontal surface. Find
thermal stress & thermal strain produced in
rod if it is heated by ΔT.

A 𝛼ΔT, 𝛼YΔT

L, 𝛼, Y ,
B

C 𝛼LΔT, 𝛼YΔT

D 0, 0
A metallic rod is fixed between two rigid
supports. Find thermal stress & thermal strain
produced in the rod If it is heated by ΔT.
Given Young’s modulus of Rod is Y.

A 𝛼ΔT, 𝛼YΔT

B ,
L, 𝛼

C 𝛼LΔT, 𝛼YΔT

D 0, 0
L, 𝛼
A metallic rod is fixed between two rigid
supports. Find thermal stress & thermal strain
produced in the rod If it is heated by ΔT.
Given Young’s modulus of Rod is Y.

A 𝛼ΔT, 𝛼YΔT

B ,
L, 𝛼

C 𝛼LΔT, 𝛼YΔT

D 0, 0
Solution:

Strain =

l, 𝛼 Δl
Two rods are joined parallely as shown. Find
angle subtended by arrangement when it is
heated by ΔT.

L0
𝛼1
𝛼2
Let us start with
Calorimetry
Calorimetry
Calorimetry
Calorimetry
 Let us discuss
Some important Terms
 1. Specific Heat(s):

● It is the heat required to raise the temperature of unit

mass of substance by 1°C

Ex:- specific Heat of ice= 0.5cal/g°C

specific Heat of water = 1 cal/g°C
specific heat of steam = 0.47 cal/g°C
 2. Molar Specific Heat(C):

It is the heat required to raise temperature

of 1 mole of substance by 1°C.
 3. Heat Capacity (s’):

It is the heat required to raise the temperature

of complete object by 1 °C.

s’= C = ms’
 4. Latent Heat(L):

● Latent heat is defined as the heat of energy that is

absorbed or released during a phase change of a
substance keeping its temperature constant.

● It is of two types:

● Latent Heat of fusion (LF):

● Latent Heat of vaporization (LV ):

 4. Latent Heats(L)

● Latent Heat of fusion (LF):

It is the amount of heat required to convert per unit
mass of substance from solid to liquid phase or
vice versa. E.g. Lf of ice = 80 cal/g

● Latent Heat of vaporization (LV ):

It is the amount of heat required to convert per unit
mass of substance from liquid to gas phase or vice
versa. E.g. Lv of water= 500 cal/g,
 5. Water Equivalent (mw)

● A substance’s water equivalent is equivalent to the amount of

water that is required to consume the same quantity of heat as
that substance does for a temperature rise of one degree.

● The water equivalent of a body is indeed equivalent to the

product of its mass and its specific heat.
 Calorimetry

● When a hot body is mixed

with cold body, both
bodies will come to
common temperature.
● Heat gained by cold body
is equal to heat lost by
hot body.
Qgain = QLost
How much heat is required to convert 5g of ice
at -10oC to steam at 120oC?
 Solution:

ΔQ= mice sice ΔT + mLf + mwater swater ΔT + mwater Lv+ msteamr ssteam ΔT
= (5) (0.5)(10) + (5) (80) + 5(1) (100-0) + (5) (500) + 5(0.47)(120-100)
= 25 + 400 + 500 + 2500+282
= 3707 cal
30 calories of heat is given to the system
containing 10g water and a container initially
in equilibrium at 200C. Find final temperature
of water assuming
(i) No heat absorbed by container
(ii) Water equivalent of container is 20g.
Find final temp of mixture:
10g of H2O at 20°C + 30g of H2O at 50°C

A 24 oC

B 31.5 oC

C 42.5 oC

D 22.5 oC
Find final temp of mixture:
10g of H2O at 20°C + 30g of H2O at 50°C

A 24 oC

B 31.5 oC

C 42.5 oC

D 22.5 oC
Solution:
Heat gained = Heat lost
(10) (1)(T – 20) = (30) (1) (50 – T)
10T – 200 = 1500 – 30T
40T = 1700
T = 42.5°C
Find final temp of mixture:
5g of Ice at –10°C + 40g of H2O at 80°C.

A 61.6 oC

B 52.4 oC

C 0 oC

D –2 oC
Solution:
Heat required by 5g ice to arvin at 0°C
= (5) (0.5) (0 – 10) = 25 cal
Heat required by ice to melt ≈ (5) (⍴) = 400 cal
Heat that ca be given by water at 80°C to
arrive at 0°C = (40) (1) (80 – 0)
= 3200 Cal
∴ of course all ice would melt
Heat gained by ice = Heat given by water
25 + 400 + (5)(1)(T – 0) = (40)(1)(80 – T)
425 + 5T = 3200 – 40T
45T = 2775
T = 61.6°C
Find final temp of mixture:
5g of Ice at –10°C + 40g of H2O at 80°C.

A 61.6 oC

B 52.4 oC

C 0 oC

D –2 oC
Find final temp of mixture:
5g of Ice at –10°C + 10g of H2O at 20°C.
Find final temp of mixture:
1g of Ice at 0°C + 1g of steam at 100°C
(HOME WORK)

A 48 oC

B 70 oC

C 0 oC

D 100 oC
Find final temp of mixture:
1g of Ice at 0°C + 1g of steam at 100°C

A 48 oC

B 70 oC

C 0 oC

D 100 oC
Solution:
Heat required by ice to reach 100°C
= (1) (80) + (1) (1) (100 – 0)
= 80 + 100 = 180 cal
Heat that can be given by 1g steam to condense.
= (1) (500) = 500 cal.
Hence all 1g vapours would not condense final
temperature = 100°C
 Given the temperature versus heat supplied
graph for two materials 1 and 2. Compare their
specific heats s1 & s2 and their latent heats L1
& L2.

A s1 > s 2, l 1 > l 2
Material 2

Temperature
B s1 < s 2, l 1 < l 2

C s1 > s 2, l 1 < l 2

Material 1 Heat
D s 1 < s 2, l 1 > l 2
 Material 2

Temperature
Heat
Material 1
 Given the temperature versus heat supplied
graph for two materials 1 and 2. Compare their
specific heats s1 & s2 and their latent heats L1
& L2.

A s1 > s 2, l 1 > l 2
Material 2

Temperature
B s1 < s 2, l 1 < l 2

C s1 > s 2, l 1 < l 2

Material 1 Heat
D s 1 < s 2, l 1 > l 2
 Done with
Calorimetry.
Let us start with
Heat Transfer
 3 ways of Heat Transfer

Conduction
Hot Convection Cold
Radiation
3 ways of Heat Transfer
Let us firstly start
with Conduction.
 Conduction

T2
 Conduction

T2
 Conduction

It is the mode of heat transfer

in which neither source moves
nor receiver & whole medium
is involved in propagation of
heat.
 Conduction

● At steady state rate of heat flow i.e. heat current is constant.

= constant

= Heat current
= iQ [J S–1]

● iQ ∝

iQ ∝ A TT2 2 T1
Δx

● K = Coefficient of thermal conductivity

SI unit is (Js–1 m–1 K–1 or W m–1 K–1)
 Thermo-Electric Analogy of Ohm’s Law

Thermal Current Electrical Current

T1 T2 V1 V2
q q i i

RTh Rel
T1 T2 V V2 i
q q i
1

● Heat current ● Electric current

Rel
Thermal resistance ● Electrical resistance

Series: RS = R1 + R2 Parallel:
 A rod is placed between two heat sinks
having temperature T1 =100oC & T2 = 0oC. If
rod has length, L =10m, Area A = 2m2 & its
thermal conductivity is K = 8 × 10-3 Wm-1K-1,
then find
(i) RTh (ii) Thermal current

A 625 KW-1, 0.16 Js-1

B 1250 KW-1 ,0.16 Js-1

100°C 0oC
L = 10m C 625 KW-1, 0.32 Js-1

D 1250 KW-1, 0.32 Js-1

100°C 0oC

L = 10m
 A rod is placed between two heat sinks
having temperature T1 =100oC & T2 = 0oC. If
rod has length, L =10m, Area A = 2m2 & its
thermal conductivity is K = 8 × 10-3 Wm-1K-1,
then find
(i) RTh (ii) Thermal current

A 625 KW-1, 0.16 Js-1

B 1250 KW-1 ,0.16 Js-1

100°C 0oC
L = 10m C 625 KW-1, 0.32 Js-1

D 1250 KW-1, 0.32 Js-1

Solution :
(a)

(b)
A rod (L,K,A) is placed between two heat sinks
(T2 & T1) as shown. Plot the temperature-
position graph.

T2 T1
Solution :
T = [(T2 - T1)x/L] + T2

Temperature

T2
Tj
L

x
Two rods, (L1,K1,A & L2 ,K2, A) are placed
between two heat sinks (T2 & T1) as shown.
Find (i) Req (ii) Keq (iii) iq

L2, K2, A L1, K1, A

T2 T1
Two rods, (L1,K1,A & L2 ,K2, A) are placed
between two heat sinks (T2 & T1) as shown.
Find
(iv) Temperature at junction
(v) T-x graph (Assuming K2 > K1)

L2, K2, A L1, K1, A

T2 T1
 Two identical rods are connected making the
alphabet T as shown. If their ends are at
100oC, 20oC and 10oC , then find the junction
temperature under steady conditions.

A 70oC
100° 20°
T=? C
B 50oC

C 30oC

D 25oC
10° C
 Two identical rods are connected making the
alphabet T as shown. If their ends are at
100oC, 20oC and 10oC , then find the junction
temperature under steady conditions.

A 70oC
100° 20°
T=? C
B 50oC

C 30oC

D 25oC
10° C
Find the temperature of junction.

400C

600C

1000C

800C
Three similar rods of same material are joined
in the form of an equilateral triangle as shown.
Find temperature of the third joint T as shown.

2T0

T0 T=?
If t1 & t2 are the time taken to boil certain
amount of water in two different arrangements
by two identical RODS as shown. FInd t1/t2.
Given both rods are identical in every aspect.

Identical rods
High H2O at
temp 100oC

H2O at
High 100oC
temp
 Identical
H2O at H 2O
High rods
High 100oC
temp at
temp
100o
C
Find x such that rate of melting ice cube equal
to rate of evaporation of water.

x Water
Ice
100oC
0 oC

4000C
A lake starts freezing due to ambient air
temperature of -0oC. Find time in which ‘H’
depth of lake freezing if density of water is 𝜌,
latent heat is L and thermal conductivity of ice
is K.

H
Given to concentric shells of radii R1 & R2
whose surface temperatures are maintained
at T1 & T2. The gap between them is filled with
a material of thermal conductivity K. Find Req
and the rate of conduction of heat between
them.

(i)

R2
R1

T1

T2
 R2
R1

T1

T2
Given to concentric hollow cylinders of radii R1
& R2 whose surface temperatures are
maintained at T1 & T2. The gap between them
is filled with a material of thermal conductivity
K. Find Req.

T1
T1

T2
T1
T1

T2
Done with Conduction
Let us discuss about
Convection
 Convection

It is the mode of transfer of

heat in which either the
source moves or the receiver.

It is of two types :
(1) Free/Natural Convection
(2) Forced Convection
 Free/Natural Convection:

Convection by natural buoyancy i.e. density

differences eg Sea breeze, convective cells in earth
core.
 Forced Convection
By artificial forceful means.
Eg Room Air circulation with help of a fan.
Done with Convection
Let us start with
Radiation
Radiation
 Radiation

It is the mode of heat

transfer without movement
of source & receiver &
without heating the
intervening medium.
 Radiation

● Every object above 0K emits

some thermal radiation.
 Radiation

● The energy radiated per second by

object depends on
→ Its surface area
→ Its temperature
● More the surface area & temp of body
more is energy radiated & vice versa.
 Radiation

● A body also absorbs some of Radiations from

surroundings in additions to radiate energy.

Rate of radiation & Rate of absorption Body’s

Temperature
❖ If rate of radiation > rate of absorption decreases

❖ If rate of radiation < rate of Absorption increases

❖ If rate of radiation = Rate of absorption constant

 Blackbody

● A black body is the one

that absorbs all radiations
falling on it. Hence it is a
perfect absorber. Eg sun is
almost a black body

All incident radiation

is absorbed
 Good Absorbers are Good Emitters

● If temp of black body is constant, it means that

Rate of absorption = Rate of emission.

● Hence a good absorber is a good emitter and

a poor absorber is a poor emitter.

Emitted radiation
All incident radiation keeps temperature of
is absorbed Blackbody constant
 Blackbody

A black body need not be black.

Ferry’s black body

Emissive Power
 Emissive Power (PE)

● The energy radiated per sec per

unit area by a body is called as
emissive power. ΔQ, A, Δt

● SI Unit is Js–1m–2 or Wm–2

 Emissive Power (PE)

Stefan’s Law:
● For a black body the emissive power is
proportional to 4th power of it temperature.
PE ⍺ T4

PE = 𝜎T4

𝜎 = Stefan's Constant
= 5.67 × 10–8 Wm–2 K–4
 Emissive Power (PE)

● For a non-black body

Low emissivity High Emissivity
PE = e 𝜎 T4 Light/Reflective Dark/Dull

e = emissivity

● 0 < e < 1 for non-black body

& e = 1 for black body
 spectral emissive power.

● A black body radiates a mixture of large no of wavelengths.

● The energy corresponding to a unique wavelength is called as
spectral emissive power.
𝜆 max
● It is observed that some
particular wavelengths have
significant contribution Temp (T)

(W/m2/𝜇m) ⟶
towards energy radiated.

Radiation
Intensity
Wavelength (𝜇m)
 Wein’s Law

𝜆 max

● Wein’s Law: Temp (T)

(W/m2/𝜇m) ⟶
𝜆T = constant

Radiation
Intensity
𝜆T = b (Wein’s constant)
Where b = 2.88 × 10–3 mk

Wavelength (𝜇m)
Absorptive Power

Ua
Ut
Ur
 Absorptive Power

● The fraction of incident energy absorbed by a

body is called as absorptive power.

Ua
● For Blackbody a = 1
Ut
● For non-Blackbody a < 1 Ur
 Kirchoff’s Law

● The ratio of emissive power to absorptive

power for all the bodies at a given temp is
equal to the emissive power of black body
at that temp.
 Good absorbers are good emitters

● Good absorbers are good emitters &

Poor absorbers are poor emitters.
● If surrounding temperature is T0,
the net power radiated per unit area
by a black body
A spherical Blackbody has radius 2m & a
temperature of 127°C. Find its
(i) emissive power (ii) Energy radiated per sec.
(iii) energy radiated in 4 seconds.
(iv) Net energy radiated per sec per unit area
if surrounding temperature is 27°C.
Solution:
(i) Emissive Power = 𝜎T4
= (5.67 × 10–8) (127 +
273)4
= 5.67 × 10–8 × (400)4
= 5.67 × 256
= 1450 w/m2
(ii) Energy Radiated per second
= (emissive power) ×
(Area)
= (1450 w/m2)(𝜋22)
(iii) Energy Radiated in 4 seconds
= (5800 𝜋)
= 23200 𝜋 Joules
Solution:

(iv) Net every radiated per unit time per unit area
=
= 5.67 × 10–8 (4004 – 3004)
= 5.67 (256 – 81)
= 992 W/m2
The Wein’s displacement curve for a
blackbody at a particular temperature is given.
What happens to the shape of the curve if
temperature is increased.

𝜆 max

Temp (T)

(W/m2/𝜇m) ⟶
Radiation
Intensity
Wavelength (𝜇m)
Solution :
As block body heats, Max. wavelength Emission shortens &
energy radiated increases at all wavelengths.

1200K

Radiation Intensity
(W/m2/𝜇m) ⟶

0
Wavelength (𝜇m)
Sun has radius R & Temperature T0. Earth
revolves around Sun in radius r & earth has
radius r0. FInd energy received per second by
Earth.

R r0
The power radiated by a black body is P and it
radiates maximum energy at wavelength, 𝜆0 . If the
temperature of the black body is now changed so
that it radiates maximum energy at wavelength 3/4
𝜆0, the power radiated by it becomes nP. The value
of n is

D
The power radiated by a black body is P and it
radiates maximum energy at wavelength, 𝜆0 . If the
temperature of the black body is now changed so
that it radiates maximum energy at wavelength 3/4
𝜆0, the power radiated by it becomes nP. The value
of n is

D
Solution:
From Wien’s law, max, 𝜆maxT = constant
So, 𝜆max1 T1 =𝜆max2 T2

According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, energy emitted unit time by a

black body is Ae𝜎T4 , i.e. power radiated.
Newton’s Law of Cooling
Newton’s Law of Cooling Derivation

Body temperature

T0

time
Certain quantity of water cools from 70°C to
60 °C in the first 5 minutes. Find the temp of
body in next 5 mins if surrounding temp is
25°C.
A Spherical Black Body of radius R takes 10
Seconds to cool from 100 °C to 80 °C. Find the
taken by another spherical body of same
material of Radius 2R to cool from same temp
range of 100 °C to 80 °C.
MASTER CLASS
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