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Lecture 4 Intersections Transportation Engineering

This document discusses types of intersections and design parameters of intersections. There are two main types of intersections - grade-separated intersections which use bridges or tunnels to eliminate conflicts, and at-grade intersections where exchanges occur on the same plane. Design parameters include the design vehicle, levels of intersection control from passive to active, and lane width. Common intersection designs discussed are diamond, cloverleaf, trumpet, and roundabout configurations.

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Iftikhar Mughal
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166 views

Lecture 4 Intersections Transportation Engineering

This document discusses types of intersections and design parameters of intersections. There are two main types of intersections - grade-separated intersections which use bridges or tunnels to eliminate conflicts, and at-grade intersections where exchanges occur on the same plane. Design parameters include the design vehicle, levels of intersection control from passive to active, and lane width. Common intersection designs discussed are diamond, cloverleaf, trumpet, and roundabout configurations.

Uploaded by

Iftikhar Mughal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TYPES OF INTERSECTIONS OF

ROAD AND DESIGN PARAMETERS


OF INTERSECTION
Intersection of road
• Intersection is an area shared by two or more
roads.

• This area is designated for the vehicles to


turn to different directions to reach their
desired destinations.

• This is because vehicles moving in different


direction want to occupy same space at the
same time
Types
There are two main types of intersection of
roads .
Grade-separated intersections or
interchanges
At-grade intersections .
Grade Seperated
intersection
Grade separated intersection
or interchanges
• It is a bridge that eliminates crossing conflicts at
intersections by vertical separation of roadways in
space.

• Route transfer at grade separations is


accommodated by interchange facilities consisting of
ramps.

• The interchange configurations are designed in such


a way to accommodate economically the traffic
requirements of flow, operation on the crossing
facilities, physical requirements of the topography,
adjoining land use, right-of-way and direction of
movements.
Grade separated intersection or
interchanges
Objective
• The ultimate objective of grade separated
intersections is to eliminate all grade crossing
conflicts and to accommodate other intersecting
maneuvers by merging, diverging and weaving at
low relative speed.
Major Interchanges
Underpass
Overpass
Trumpet Interchange
Diamond Interchange
Cloverleaf Interchange
Partial Cloverleaf Interchange
Directional Interchange
Underpass
 An underpass or a tunnel is an underground passageway,
completely enclosed except for openings for ingress and
egress, commonly at each end.

 A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail


traffic .
Underpass
Overpass
• An overpass also known as a flyover, is a bridge,
road,
railway or similar structure that crosses over
another
road or railway.

• A pedestrian overpass allows pedestrians safe


crossing
over busy roads without impacting traffic.
Overpass
Trumpet interchanges
• Trumpet interchanges have been used where one
highway terminates at another highway.

• These involve at least one loop ramp connecting


traffic either entering or leaving the terminating
expressway with the far lanes of the continuous
highway.

• The principal advantages are low construction cost


and are useful for highways as well as toll roads.
Trumpet interchanges
Diamond interchange
• A diamond interchange is a common type of road
junction, used where a freeway crosses a minor
road.

• The diamond interchange uses less space than


most types of freeway interchange, and avoids
the interweaving traffic flows that occur in
interchanges such as the cloverleaf.

• Diamond interchanges are most effective in areas


where traffic is light.
Diamond interchange
Cloverleaf interchange
• A cloverleaf interchange is a two-
level interchange in which left turns are handled by
ramp roads .
Cloverleaf interchange
Partial cloverleaf interchange
• Partial clover leaf is a modification that combines
some elements of a diamond interchange with one
or more loops of a cloverleaf to eliminate only the
more critical turning conflicts. 

• It provides more acceleration and deceleration


space on the freeway.
Partial cloverleaf interchange
Directional interchange
• A Directional interchange provides direct paths for
left turns.

• These interchanges contain ramps for one or more


direct or semi direct left turning movements.

• Interchanges of two freeways or interchanges with


one or more very heavy turning movements usually
warrant direct ramps, which have higher speeds of
operation and higher capacities, compared to loop
ramps.
Directional interchange
At Grade Intersections
At grade intersections
• At-grade intersections in which all the exchanges
between the roads take place on the same plane.

These are of two main types:


 Standard at- grade intersections
 Round about at-grade intersections.
Most intersections have three or
four legs, but multi-leg
intersections (five- and even six-leg
intersections) are not unusual.
Simple intersections
• Simple intersections maintain the street’s typical
cross-section and number of lanes throughout the
intersection, on both the major and minor streets.

• Simple intersections are best-suited to locations


where auxiliary (turning) lanes are not needed to
achieve the desired level-of-service
Simple intersections
Channelized intersections
• Vehicles approaching an intersection are directed to
definite paths by islands, marking etc. and this
method of control is called channelization.

• Channelized intersection provides more safety and


efficiency.

• It reduces the number of possible conflicts by


reducing the area of conflicts available in the
carriageway.

• If no channelizing is provided the driver will have


less tendency to reduce the speed while entering
Channelized intersections
Roundabout intersections
• A roundabout is a type of circular intersection or
junction in which road traffic flows almost
continuously in one direction around a central island.

• It provides maximum safety in all types of


intersections .
Roundabout intersections
Design parameters of
intersections
Motor Vehicles
Design Vehicle
• The largest type of motor vehicle that is normally expected to
be accommodated through the intersection.

• At intersections, the most important attribute of design


vehicles is their turning radius, which in turn influences the
pavement corner radius and therefore the size of the
intersection.

• Lane width, another feature related to the design vehicle, has


some impact on intersection design .

• The design vehicle appropriate for most types of transit


service is the “City-Bus” as defined by AASHTO.
Levels of intersection control
Levels of intersection control
Passive control
No control
Traffic signs
Traffic signs plus marking .
Levels of intersection control
Semi control
 Channelization
 Traffic rotaries
Active control
 Traffic signals
 Grade separated intersections

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