Ao Lab Report 5
Ao Lab Report 5
Ao Lab Report 5
TAXILA
LAB – 05
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
ENGR.FAISAL SHAHZAD
M.SAAIR TAHIR (21-TE-13)
ABDULLAH (21-TE-11)
HABIBULLAH (21-TE-79)
OBJECTIVES:
By cascading multiple stages of amplifiers, each stage can contribute to the overall voltage
gain of the amplifier, resulting in a higher overall voltage gain than a single-stage
Amplifier.
By using different types of amplifiers in each stage, the frequency response of
the amplifier can be extended to cover a wider range of frequencies.
By using feedback and careful design techniques, the noise and distortion of each
stage can be minimized, resulting in a cleaner output signal.
By increasing the voltage gain and current capability of each stage, the overall output
power of the amplifier can be increased.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIER:
A Multistage Amplifier is an electronic amplifier consisting of multiple amplifier stages, with
each stage contributing to the overall gain of the amplifier. The purpose of using multiple
Amplifier stages is to achieve a higher gain, bandwidth, and lower output impedance than what
is achievable with a single stage amplifier.
The Theoretical Background of a multistage amplifier can be understood by analyzing the
characteristics of each amplifier stage and the overall behavior of the amplifier. A common
configuration of a multistage amplifier is the cascaded common-emitter amplifier, in which each
stage consists of a common-emitter transistor amplifier connected to the next stage through a
coupling capacitor.
The gain of each amplifier stage is determined by the biasing conditions, the transistor parameters,
and the load resistance. The overall gain of the multistage amplifier is the product of the gains of
each stage. The bandwidth of the amplifier is determined by the frequency response of each stage
and the frequency response of the coupling capacitors.
LAB TASK:
Make a multistage amplifier
PROCEDURE:
Design the circuit diagram of the multistage amplifier. Determine the appropriate
transistor and resistor values for each stage of the amplifier. Calculate the voltage gain
and input and output impedance of each stage.
Using a breadboard, construct the multistage amplifier circuit as per the design.
Connect the DC power supply to the circuit and turn it on. Adjust the power supply
voltage to the desired value.
Use a function generator to input a test signal to the input of the amplifier. Measure the
output signal using an oscilloscope and calculate the voltage gain and bandwidth of the
amplifier.
If the amplifier is not functioning properly, use a multimeter to check the voltage
and current at different points in the circuit.
MULTISIM CIRCUIT:
QUESTIONS:
Q1: Explain why it is necessary to measure the input resistance indirectly.
ANSWER:
Measuring the input resistance of a circuit is important to determine the amount of current that
flows into the circuit when a signal is applied at its input. However, in some cases, it may not be
possible or practical to measure the input resistance directly. In such cases, an indirect
measurement method can be used.
One such method is to measure the voltage at the output of the circuit when a test signal is applied
to the input, and then measure the current flowing through the circuit. The input resistance can
then be calculated as the ratio of the measured voltage to the measured current.
Q2: When you calculated the ac parameters, you were instructed to consider the capacitors
the capacitors as shorts. Under what condition is this assumption not warranted?
ANSWER:
However, at low frequencies, the reactance of the capacitor increases, and it begins to act as
an open circuit, blocking the flow of AC signals. In such cases, the assumption of considering
capacitors as shorts would not be warranted, as the actual impedance of the capacitor would
significantly affect the performance of the circuit.
Therefore, in cases where the frequency of the AC signal is comparable to or lower than the
reactance of the capacitor, the capacitor cannot be considered as a short circuit. In such
situations, the impedance of the capacitor must be taken into account when calculating the AC
parameters of the circuit.
Q3: For the circuit in the experiment output resistance of both transistors was considered to
be the individual collector resistor. explain
ANSWER:
In the circuit of a common emitter multistage amplifier, the output resistance of each transistor is
typically considered to be the individual collector resistor. This is because the collector resistor
sets the DC bias point of the transistor, and also limits the current that flows through the
collector.
In the common emitter configuration, the output voltage is taken across the collector resistor, and
the collector current is proportional to the input signal. Therefore, the collector resistor determines
the gain and output impedance of the amplifier.
If the collector resistance is too low, the gain of the amplifier will be reduced due to voltage
division between the collector resistor and the load. On the other hand, if the collector resistance
is too high, the amplifier will have a high output impedance, which can lead to signal reflection
and reduced power transfer to the load.
Q4: What is the phase between the input and the output signal?
ANSWER:
The phase relationship between the input and output signals of a multistage amplifier depends on
the circuit configuration and the frequency of the signals being amplified.
In general, in a common emitter configuration, the output signal is inverted with respect to the
input signal, and there is a phase shift of 180 degrees between them. This means that when
the input signal is positive, the output signal is negative, and vice versa.
At low frequencies, the phase shift between the input and output signals is typically small and can
be neglected for most practical purposes. However, at high frequencies, the phase shift can
become significant, and must be taken into account when designing and analyzing the amplifier.
circuit.
CONCLUSION:
From this lab we can conclude that a multistage amplifier is a powerful and versatile tool for
amplifying electronic signals. While there are some challenges to using a multistage amplifier,
The benefits of high gain, high output power, and signal fidelity make it an essential component
in many electronic systems. Careful design and implementation are necessary to ensure stable
and reliable performance.