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CSE860 - 10 - Uninformed Search Strategies

This document discusses uninformed search techniques in artificial intelligence, including breadth-first search, uniform cost search, depth-first search, depth-limited search, and iterative deepening search. It provides examples of each technique and compares their time and space complexity, showing that breadth-first search has the highest space complexity while depth-first search has the lowest.

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Aqeel Ahmed
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63 views21 pages

CSE860 - 10 - Uninformed Search Strategies

This document discusses uninformed search techniques in artificial intelligence, including breadth-first search, uniform cost search, depth-first search, depth-limited search, and iterative deepening search. It provides examples of each technique and compares their time and space complexity, showing that breadth-first search has the highest space complexity while depth-first search has the lowest.

Uploaded by

Aqeel Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSE 860 Artificial Intelligence

(Uninformed Search)

Prof. Dr. Yasar Ayaz


(Pride of Performance)

Chairman / Central Project Director


National Center of Artificial Intelligence (NCAI)
Pakistan

Professor & Founding Head


Department of Robotics & AI
NUST-SMME
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• Uninformed (or Blind) Search:
No additional information about states
beyond that provided in the problem
definition.
• Informed (or Heuristic) Search:
When it is possible to know whether one non-
goal state is more promising than the other.

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• Root node is expanded first,
• Then all the successors of the root node are
expanded next,
• Then their successors and so on!

In general, all the nodes at a given depth in the


search tree are expanded before the nodes at
the next level.
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• Breadth First search is an instance of the
general graph search algorithm in which the
shallowest unexpanded node is chosen for
expansion.

→ FIFO queue for the frontier.


→ Goal test is applied to nodes upon
generation rather than upon expansion!

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Number of nodes generated:
b + b2 + b3 + … + bd = O(bd)

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• Breadth First Search (BFS) is Optimal when all
step costs are equal because it always expands
the shallowest unexpanded node.

• Uniform Cost Search (UCS) expands the node


n with the lowest path cost g(n).
→ This is done by storing the frontier as a
priority queue ordered by g.

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Other differences with BFS:
• Goal test is applied upon expansion of the
node (as in generic graph search algorithm)
rather than at the time of generation.

• A test is added in case a better path is found


to a node currently on the frontier.

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• Uniform Cost Search is Optimal in general!!

• Space Complexity:

O(b1+C*/ε)
where:
C* is cost of the optimal solution
ε is minimum permissible cost of an action.

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• Depth First Search always expands the
deepest node in the current frontier of the
search tree.
• It is also an instance of the Graph Search
Algorithm but with a LIFO queue (stack) as
frontier.
• It is usually implemented using Recursion.

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• Space Complexity: O(bm)
m: Maximum depth of a node in the search
tree.
• If the nodes are discarded after Goal Check,
then the depth first search requires storage of
only O(bm) nodes!!
• At d=16 depth first search requires 156 kB of
memory space … 7 trillion times less than BFS!

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• Depth Limited Search (DLS) is Depth First
Search with a limit applied on the depth of the
tree.

• Applying a bound l on the maximum depth of


the tree the space complexity of a depth the
space complexity is O(bl)

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Number of nodes
• N(IDS) = d(b) + (d-1)b2+ …. + (1) bd
If b = 10 and d = 5

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• Space Complexity: O(bd/2)

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• Comparison

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