Media - File 23 486858673

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu nlIft :jfWoog ;fdu|L
Oltxf;
sIff !)
n]vsx¿
dfwjk|;fb bfxfn
xf]dgfy kf}8]n
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
@)&&
k|sfzs M g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
;jf{lwsf/ k|sfzsdf
klxnf] ;+:s/0f M lj=;+= @)&&

e"ldsf
ljBfyL{x¿sf] lzIffsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/sf nflu v'nf ljBfno lzIff k4ltsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{
x'G5 . v'nflzIff k4ltn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ef}uf]lns tyf o:t} cGo sf/0faf6 ljBfno lzIff
k"/f ug{ g;s]sf afnaflnsf tyf ljBfno pd]/ sl6;s]sf JolStx¿nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/
k|bfg u/L lzIffsf] d"n wf/df Nofpg] p2]Zo /fVb5 .
ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t /x]/ ljut jif{x¿df ;fljssf] z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf;
s]Gb|af6 sIff bzsf] clgjfo{ ljifosf :jfWoog ;fdu|Lx¿ ljsf; xF'b} cfPsf]df o; s]Gb|af6
ut cf= j= df yk $ cf]6f P]lR5s ljifosf :jfWoog ;fdu|L ljsf; eO ;fj{hlgsLs/0f
eO;s]sf 5g\ . o; jif{ rf/cf]6f P]lR5s ljifosf :jfWoog ;fdu|L ljsf; ug]{ sfo{j|md
/x]sf] ;Gbe{df of] Pp6f ;fdu|L ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
cf}krfl/s lzIff sIff bzsf] æOltxf;Æ ljifosf] kf7\oj|mdsf] cfwf/df v'nf ljBfnosf] sIff
bzsf] of] :jfWoog ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . sIff cf7 kf; u/]sf JolStx¿n] klg sIff
bzsf] k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g ;Sg] k|fjwfg ePsfn] o; ;fdu|Ldf sIff gf}sf] ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{
;d]t ;d]6L l;sf?d}qL ljifoj:t' k|:t'ltdf lg/Gt/tf sfod ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
ljBfyL{x¿n] cfkmF}n] k9]/ l;Sg ;s'g\ eGg] p2]Zon] ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ ;/n / Jojxfl/s
agfpg] sf]lz; ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|sf/ of] ;fdu|L kf7\ok':tssf] ;§fdf geO{ kl/k'/ssf]
?kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
o; æOltxf;Æ ljifosf]] n]vg sfo{ ug'{x'g] n]vsåo >L dfwjk|;fb bfxfn / >L xf]dgfy
kf}8]nnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . k':ts n]vgsf j|mddf ;do ;dodf ;Nnfx / ;'emfj k|bfg
ug'{x'g] o; s]Gb|sf pkdxflgb]{zs >L lji0f'k|;fb clwsf/L / n]vg sfo{sf] ;+of]hg ug'{x'g]
kf7\oj|md tyf ;fdu|L zfvfsf lgb]{zs >L /fhs'df/ yfkf, zfvf clws[t >L eLdfb]jL
sf]O/fnfnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
o; k':tssf] ljifoj:t' ;Dkfbg ug'{x'g] lgb]{zs >L /fhs'df/ yfkf, efiff ;Dkfbg ug'{x'g]
lgb]{zs >L u0f]zk|;fb e6\6/fO{, lrq tyf n]cfp6 l8hfOg / se/k]h l8hfOg ug'{x'g] >L
ho/fd s'OFs]n k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5' . cGTodf o; k':tsnfO{ yk kl/dflh{t, kl/is[t
agfpg ;DalGWft kf7s tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 ;b}j /rgfTds ;'emfj tyf k|ltlj|mofsf]
ck]Iff ;d]t ub{5' .
8f= t'n;L k|;fb yklnof
dxflgb]{zs
lzIff tyf dfgj;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb|
ljifo;"rL
kf7 zLif{s k[i7;ª\Vof
PsfO – Ps dWosfnLg g]kfn !
kf7– ! l;Fhf /fHosf] ;Eotf !
kf7–@= l;d/f}gu9 /fHosf] ;Eotf &
kf7– # afO;L /fHox¿ !#
kf7 $ rf}la;L /fHox¿ !^
Kff7– % ;]g /fHox¿ @!
kf7– ^ sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf /fHox¿ @%
kf7– & dWosfnLg g]kfnsf /fHox¿sf] ;DaGw #$
PsfO – b'O{ cfw'lgs g]kfn #*
kf7 – ! @))& ;fnsf] s|flGtsf sf/0f / pknlAwx¿ #*
kf7 – @ @))& b]lv @)!& ;fn;Ddsf]] /fhgLlts ===== $@
kf7 – # lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo / cGTo $^
kf7 – $ @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng / pknlAw %)
kf7 –% cfd lgjf{rg %$
kf7 –^ @)%@ b]lv @)^@ ;Ddsf] 36gfj|md %(
kf7 –& hgcfGbf]ng a};6\7L–lq;6\7L / ;+ljwfg;ef ^@
kf7 – * @)^# b]lv @)&$ ;Ddsf d'Vo d'Vo 36gfx¿ ^&
kf7 – ( ;ª\3Lo zf;gk4lt -;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx_ &@
PsfO– tLg ljZjsf ;Eotfx¿ &(
kf7 – ! lu|s tyf /f]dg ;Eotf &(
kf7– @ j}lbs ;Eotf *%
PsfO – rf/ ljZjsf j|mflGt **
kf7 M ! ?;L j|mflGt **
kf7 M @ ?;L j|mflGtsf kl/0ffdx¿ ($
kf7 M # ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fd -;g\ !**%–!($&_ ((
kf7 M $ ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdsf kl/0ffdx¿ !)$
kf7 M % rLgsf] hgjfbL j|mflGt !)&
PsfO – kfFr ljZjo'4 !!#
kf7 M ! låtLo ljZjo'4 !!#
kf7 M @ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf kl/0ffdx¿ !!(
PsfO – 5 ljZjJofkL ;ª\u7gsf] cjwf/0ff !@#
kf7 M ! ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3 !@#
kf7 M @ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 / g]kfn !#!
PsfO – ;ft k|of]ufTds If]q !#^
kf7 M ! P]ltxfl;s vf]h !#^
kf7 M @ ;do/]vf lgdf{0f / k|of]u !#(
PsfO Ps dWosfnLg g]kfn
kf7 – ! l;Fhf /fHosf] ;Eotf

kl/ro, dxŒj / g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df sfn ljefhg
Oltxf; ljutsf ultljlwx¿sf] ;Fufnf] xf] . Oltxf; hLj / lgh{Lj ;a}sf] x'G5 .
Oltxf;sf] kl/efiff lbg] j|mddf Oltxf;sf/x¿df Psdt 5}g . Oltxf;sf/x¿sf]
efjdf eg] p:t} s'/f kfOG5 . jf:tjdf k|df0fsf cfwf/df ul/Psf ljleGg
sfnv08sf] cWoog g} Oltxf; xf] / o;df sf/0f, 36gf, ;do, :yfg, kl/0ffd
cflbsf] l;nl;nf ldn]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
Oltxf;sf] cWoogn] dflg;nfO{ ljutsf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] hfgsf/L lng
jt{dfgsf] cjnf]sg ug{ l;sfpF5 . ljut / jt{dfgsf] t'ngfTds cWoogn]
ljleGg ;dosf 36gfx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg / ;dfnf]rgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ub{5 .
kmn:j¿kM dflg;df gofF of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf eljiosf] dfu{ lgb]{zg ug]{
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ub{5 . Oltxf;n] g} dflg;nfO{ cfk\mgf k"vf{sf] of]ubfg /
pgLx¿n] :yflkt u/]sf ;+:sf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f / cEof; ug{ l;sfpF5 .
g]kfnsf] cWoogsf ljåfg\x¿n] g]kfnsf] Oltxf;nfO{ d'VotM k|frLg sfn
-lj=;+=(#& ;Dd_, dWosfn -lj=;+=(#&–!*@%_ / cfw'lgs sfn - lj=;+=!*@% b]lv
xfn;Dd_ u/L tLg sfndf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ .
l;Fhf /fHo
Oltxf;sf] dWosfndf l;Fhf gfdsf] k|l;4 /fHo lyof] . of] /fHo jt{dfg g]kfnsf]
s0ff{nL k|b]zdf kb{Yof] . xfnsf] h'Dnf lhNnfsf] l;Fhf pkTosfdf o;sf] /fhwfgL
ePsfn] o; /fHonfO{ l;Fhf /fHo eg]/ lrlgGYof] . o; /fHosf] :yfkgf afx|f}F
ztfAbLsf] ;'?lt/ ePsf] lyof] . l;Fhf /fHosf ;+:yfks /fhf gfu/fh x'g\ / pgL
ltAatsf]] u'u]af6 l;Fhfdf cfP/ of] /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . l;Fhfsf /fhfx¿
v; j+zsf ePsfn] logLx¿nfO{ v; /fhf / logLx¿sf] /fHonfO{ v; /fHo eg]/
;d]t lrlgG5 . l;Fhfdf gfu/fhkl5 rfk, rflkNn, j|mflzrNn, j|mflwrNn /fhf
1
ePsf lyP . cGo s]xL /fhfx¿ / pgLx¿sf] of]ubfgsf ljifodf tn rrf{ ul/g]
5.
-s_ j|mfrNn
j|mfrNn j|mflwrNnsf 5f]/f x'g\ . logsf] hGd gfu/fhsf] 5}6f}F k':tfdf ePsf]
xf] . logL l;Fhfsf lgs} zlStzfnL / s'6gLlts Ifdtf ePsf /fhf lyP .
logsf] u'0fufg ufOPsf] Pp6f lznfn]v s'dfpFsf] afn]Zj/ dlGb/df kfOPsf]
5 . o; lznfn]vn] To;sfndf v; /fHo s'dfpF;Dd lj:tf/ ePsf] k'li6
ub{5 . sfj|]m laxf/
-v_ czf]srNn
j|mfrNnsf 5f]/f czf]srNn
Gofok|]dL, wfld{s tyf k|tfkL /fhf
lyP . ;'v]{tsf] sfFj|m] ljxf/ log}n]
agfPsf x'g\ . logsf] k|;l:t
ufOPsf :tDe / lznfn]vx¿
u9jfn / af]wuofdf ;d]t k|fKt
ePsf kfOPsf 5g\ .
-u_ lhtf/L dNn
cfk\mgf] gfdsf] k5fl8 dNn pkflw nufpg] v; /fhf lhtf/L dNn x'g\ .
logsf] sf7df8f}F pkTosf dflysf] k6s k6ssf] cfj|md0fn] pkTosfjf;Lx¿
lgs} cflQPsf lyP . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf To;a]nf cgGtdNnn] /fHo
ul//x]sf lyP . lhtf/LdNnsf] cfj|md0faf6 cflQP/ cgGt dNnn] pgL;Fu
;Demf}tf u/]sf lyP . sf7df8f}F pkTosf dNn /fhfx¿dfly ljho k|fKt
u/]sfn] lhtf/L dNnn] cfk\mgf] cfk\mgf k"vf{x¿ rNn pkflw Tofu u/L dNn
pkflw u|x0f u/]sf x'g\ eGg] Oltxf;sf/x¿sf] /fo /x]sf] 5 .
2
-3_ l/k' dNn
l/k' dNn l;Fhf /fHosf pQ/flwsf/L xf]Ogg\ . logn] ;Qfdf s' u/]/ l;Fhfsf
/fhf eP . oxL a]nf l/k' dNnn] cfk\mgf h]7fafa' cIfo dNnnfO{ x6fO{ cfk"m
/fhf eP . logn] sf7df8f}F / n'lDagLsf] ofqf u/]sf lyP . n'lDagLsf]
czf]s :tDedf logL / logsf 5f]/f ;ª\u|fd dNnsf] gfd pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
-ª_ cflbTo dNn
cflbTo dNn lgs} wfld{s k|s[ltsf dflg; lyP / logn] leIf' ag]/ hLjg
z}nL rnfO/x]sf lyP . t/ To; a]nf v; /fHodf hfnem]n / if8\oGqsf
sf/0fn] ptf/r9fjx¿ cfPsf] x'Fbf logn] ToxfFsf] zf;gdf xft xfn] .
To;a]nf l;Fhf /fHodf s' u/]/ l/k' dNnn] zf;g ul//x]sf] lyP . bf];|f] k6s
cflbTo dNn] l/k' dNn / pgsf 5f]/f ;Fu|fddNndfly s' u/L /fHosf]
lhDd]jf/L cfk\mgf] xftdf lnP . logn] sf7df8f}d F fly ;d]t cfj|md0f u/]sf
lyP . cflbTo dNnsf] z]ifkl5 logsf HjfO{+ k'0o dNn v; /fHosf] /fhf
eP .
-r_ k[YjL dNn
k[YjL dNn lgs} k|efjzfnL / b"/bzL{ /fhf lyP . logn] /fHosf] lj:tf/ tyf
k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf nflu ljz]if of]ubfg lbPsf lyP . v; /fHosf] Oltxf;
hfGg] ;|f]t b'Nn'sf] sLlt{:tDe xf] / o;sf] :yfkgf k[YjL dNnn] u/]sf lyP .
-5_ ceo dNn
ceo dNnsf] zf;g sfndf ef/bf/x¿sf lardf zlSt ;ª\3if{sf] eof] .
o; k|sf/sf] if8\oGq / ;ª\3if{sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ceo dNnsf] zf;gsfnkl5
dno jdf{n] oxfFsf] ;Qf sAhf u/] . pgL v; /fHosf zlStzfnL ef/bf/
lyP . o;kl5 j|mdzM v; /fHoaf6 afO;] /fHox¿sf] ljsf; eof] .
l;Fhf /fHosf] ;Eotf
jt{dfg g]kfndf v; ;Eotfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ tnsf
a'Fbfdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
3
-s_ /fhgLlts cj:yf
g]kfndf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cEof; v; /fHoaf6 ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
To;a]nf o; /fHosf] lj:tf/ 6f9f6f9f;Dd ePsf] lyof] . s]Gb|af6 l;w}
zf;g rnfpg ;Dej gePsf] x'gfn] v; /fhfx¿n] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cEof;
u/]sf lyP . /fHosf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ /fhfdf x'GYof] / pgL g}
;a}sf k|d'v x'Gy] . /fhfsf] d[To'kl5 pgsf] h]7f] 5f]/f /fhf x'g] u/L /fHosf]
pQ/flwsf/ sfod ul/Psf] x'GYof] . /fhsfhdf ;3fpgsf nflu
/fhs'df/x¿nfO{ ljleGg lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] x'GYof] . To:tf lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{
kbx¿ ;]gfklt, d08n]Zj/, cdfTo cflb x'Gy] . /fhfsf] 5f]/f gePdf
/fHosf] lhDd]jf/L HjfO{+df hfg] ub{Yof] . dxfcdfTo, cdfTo, e08f/L, /fhu'?
cflb /fhgLlts kbx¿ lyP . k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{sf
nflu u'Ktr/, k|]Ifs, c8}, dxftf/f cflbh:tf kbx¿sf] l;h{gf ul/Psf]
lyof] .
-v_ ;dflhs cj:yf
v; ;dfh j0f{ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t lyPg . dflg;x¿n] ug]{ sfd
hftcg';f/ lyPgg\ . v;x¿sf] cfk\mg} efiff lyof] ;f] efiffnfO{ v; efiff
elgGYof] / xfn cfP/ of] efiff g]kfnL efiff ag]sf] 5 . /fhkl/jf/sf
gf/Lx¿ eg] lgs} ;Ddflgt / pRr cf]xbfdf lyP . t/ ;j{;fwf/0f ju{sf
gf/Lx¿sf] cj:yfsf] eg] s'g} hfgsf/L g} kfOFb}g .
-u_ wfld{s cj:yf
l;Fhf /fHodf wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . v; /fhfx¿
kz'kltgfy, :joDe"gfy tyf dR5]Gb|gfysf] bz{g ug{sf nflu sf7df8f}F
cfpFy] eg] af}4 k/Dk/fcg';f/sf cfr/0f klg ub{y] .
-3_ rf8kj{
v; /fHodf lxGb' tyf af}4 ;+:sf/;Fu ;DalGwt rf8kj{x¿ dgfOGYof] .
s'nk"hf, b;}F, ltxf/, a'4 hoGtL, PsfbzL, r}t] b;}F, gj jif{, j}zfv k"l0f{df
cflb l;Fhfdf dgfOg] dxŒjk"0f{ rf8kj{x¿ lyP .
4
-ª_ cfly{s cj:yf
s[lif, kz'kfng, pBf]u, Jofkf/ cflb v; /fHosf dflg;x¿n] cjnDag
u/]sf cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿ lyP . o; sfndf Jofkf/sf] lgs} /fd|f] ljsf;
ePsf] lyof] . ef/t / ltAat;Fu of] /fHosf] Jofkf/ rNbYof] . Jofkf/sf
nflu af6fsf] k|aGw ;d]t ePsf] lyof] .
l;Fhfsf /fhfx¿ Gffu/fh
rfkrflkNn
j|mflzrNn
s|flwrNn
czf]s rNn
lhtf/L dNn cfgGb dNn
cIfo dNn cflbTo dNn l/k' dNn

-logLdfly -s" u/L ;Qfk|fKt_
l/k'dNnåf/f s" _
cflbTo dNn
-k}t[s ;Qf k|fKt _
k'0o dNn
-cflbTo dNnsf HjfO{+_
k[YjL dNn
;"o{ dNn -c:ki6_
ceo dNn
dno jd
5
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ v; /fHosf] :yfkgf s;n] u/]sf lyP <
-v_ s'g /fhfsf] kfnfb]lv v; /fHodf ef/bf/x¿sf] x:tIf]k ;'? eof] <
-u_ s] sf/0fn] b'Nn'sf] sLlt{:tDe dxTTjk"0f{ 5 <
-3_ l;Fhf /fHosf k|yd / clGtd /fhf sf] x'g\ <
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6s/Ldf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ czf]s rNnnfO{ lsg k|tfkL /fhf elgPsf] xf] < pgsf] of]ubfgsf]
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ wfld{s k|s[ltsf eP klg cflbTo dNnn] lsg l/k' dNn / ;Fu|fd
dNndfly s' u/L /fHosf] zf;gsf] ef/ cfk\mgf] xftdf lnPsf
xf]nfg\ <
-u_ jt{dfg g]kfndf l;Fhf /fHosf] s:tf] /fhgLlts k|efj /x]sf\ 5 <
5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ .
6
kf7– @ l;d/f}gu9 /fHosf] ;Eotf
xfnsf] af/f -l;d/f_nfO{ /fhwfgL agfO{ sg{f6s j+zsf /fhf gfGob]jn] lj=;+=
!!%$ df Pp6f /fHo :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . ;f] /fHonfO{ lt/x't tyf 8f]o /fHosf]
gfdn] ;d]t lrlgGYof] . of] /fHosf] l;dfgf k"j{df sf];L gbL, klZrddf /fKtL gbL,
pQ/df r'/] kj{t tyf blIf0fdf euL/yL gbL;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] . of] /fHosf
;+:yfks gfGob]jn] cfk\mgf] /fHo lj:tf/sf nflu sf7df8f}F pkTosf -g]kfn
d08n_ dfly ;d]t cfj|md0f u/]sf lyP . of] cfj|md0fdf pkTosfsf] kmf}hn]
gfGob]jsf] kmf}hnfO{ v8\un] sf6]/ k/flht u/]sf] lyof] . gfGob]j kl5sf dNnb]j,
uª\ufb]j -uf]ª\ub]j_, g/l;+xb]j, /fdl;+xb]j, x/l;+xb]j cflb oxfFsf k|l;4 /fhfx¿
x'g\ .
dNnb]j M gfGob]jkl5 pgsf 5f]/fx¿ dNnb]j / uª\ufb]j /fhf ePsf] eGg]
kfOG5 . t/ dNnb]j sxfFsf /fhf eP eGg] s'/f eg] :ki6 x'Fb}g .
uª\ufb]j M Oltxf;sf/x¿n] uª\ufb]jnfO{ g} gfGob]jsf pQ/flwsf/L ePsf] bfjL
ub{5g\ . uª\ufb]j s'6gLlts, k|zf;lgs tyf ;}lgs ;ª\u7gdf s'zn /fhf lyP .
logn] aª\ufndfly ljho kfPsf lyP / cfk\mgf] /fhsfhnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf
nflu /fHonfO{ ljleGg k|uGgfx¿df ljefhg u/]sf lyP . x/]s k|uGgfnfO{
Jojl:yt ¿kn] rnfpgsf nflu ærf}w/LÆx¿sf] lgo'lSt ug]{ k|fjwfg agfPsf
lyP . logn] b/eª\ufnfO{ ;d]t cfk\mgf] c:yfoL /fhwfgLsf ¿kdf ljsl;t u/]sf
lyP
g/l;+xb]j M uª\ufb]jsf] d[To'kl5 logn] /fHoef/ ;Dxfn]sf lyP . logL wdf{Tdf /
bofn' /fhf ePsf x'gfn] logsf] zf;gsfndf rf/}lt/ zflGt sfod ePsf] lyof] .
t/ logL /fhgLltdf eg] k|an /fhfsf] ¿kdf b]lv+b}gg\ .
/fdl;+xb]j M Oltxf;sf/x¿n] /fdl;+x b]jnfO{ lt/x't -ldlynf_sf s'zn tyf
k|tfkL /fhfsf] ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . logn] cfk\mgf] b/af/ / /fHosf] ;'/Iffsf
nflu lgs} alnof] lsNnf agfPsf lyP . lsNnfleq logsf] b/af/ lyof] .
b/af/nfO{ zq'x¿af6 ;'/lIft /fVgsf nflu ;ftcf]6f kvf{n / PSsfO;cf]6f
vfN6fx¿ agfOPsf] lyof] . x/]s vfN6fnfO{ kfgLn] el/Psf] lyof] . b/af/df
7
P3f/cf]6f b/afhfx¿ lyP / k|To]s b/jfhfdf wg'lj{Bfdf s'zn of]4fx¿ /flvPsf
lyP . logsf] zf;gsfndf snf, ;+:s[lt, efiff tyf ;flxTosf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf]
lyof] . logn] ljåfg\x¿sf] lgs} ;Ddfg ub{y] / sfg'gL /fHosf] :yfkgfsfnflu
;gftg ljlwcg';f/ cg]s lgodx¿ agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/]sf lyP .
x/l;+xb]j M k|l;4 tyf clGtd sgf{6s /fhf x/l;+xb]j s;sf pQ/flwsf/L x'g\
eGg] s'/f :ki6 5}g . x/l;+xb]jn] cfk\mgf] zf;gsfndf sf7df8f}F pkTosfdfly
k6s–k6s xdnf ubf{ oxfFsf] hghLjg tx;gx; ePsf] lyof] . logn] cfk\mgL
Oi6b]jL tn]h' ejfgLnfO{ l;d|f}gu9af6 eStk'/df NofO{ :yflkt u/]sf lyP . lj=;+=
!#*@ df x/l;+xb]jsf] zf;gsfndf lbNnLsf ;'Ntfg -/fhf_ uof;'l4g t'unsn]
lt/x't -l;d|f}gu9_ dfly cfj|md0f u/L of] /fHo Wj:t kfl/lbP . o'4df k/flht
ePkl5 /fhf x/l;+xb]j ;kl/jf/ bf]nvflt/ efUg] j|mddf af6}df pgsf] d[To' eof] .
/fhfsf] d[To'n] /fgL b]jnb]jL, 5f]/f hut l;+x tyf cGo ;xof]uLx¿ cnkq
kl//x]sf lyP . o; cj:yfdf g]kfn d08nsf /fhf ?b| dNnn] pgLx¿nfO{ {
efbufpF b/af/df z/0f lbO /fv] . b]jnb]jLn] cfk\mgf] ;fydf t'nhfejfgL klg
NofPsL lyOg\ . lognfO{ eStk'/d} :yflkt ul/of] / dNn /fhfx¿n] ;d]t t'nhf
ejfgLnfO{ cfk\mgL Oi6b]jL dfg]/ pgsf] cf/fwgf ug{ yfn] . o;kl5 b]jnb]jL
sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] /fhgLltdf ;d]t ;lj|mo ePsf] kfOG5 .
sgf{6s j+zLo /fhfx¿sf] ktg ePkl5 lbNnLsf ;'Ntfg uof;'l4gn] sfd]Zj/
7fs'/ gfds Ps a|fx\d0fnfO{ l;d|f}gu9sf] /fhf agfP . of] j+zn] klg sl/a @))
jif{;Dd oxfF /fhsfh ;~rfng u/] .
l;d|f}gu9sf] ;Eotf
cGj]if0f / pTvggsf cfwf/df l;d|f}gu9 /fHosf] ;Eotfsf] cWoog ePsf] 5 .
ToxfFsf] ;EotfnfO{ Oltxf;sf/ rGb|k|;fb lqkf7Ln] lgDglnlvt ¿kdf k|:t't
u/]sf 5g\ M
-s_ jf:t'snf M l;d|f}gu9df kfOPsf ljleGg cjz]ifx¿sf] cWoog ubf{ oxfF
jf:t'snfsf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;'/Iff jf:t', k|f;fb jf:t',
ejg jf:t' tyf Ogf/ cflb oxFfsf jf:t'snfsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . oxfF
8
ljleGg ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgdf0f{sf nflu kfs]sf OF6fx¿sf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf]
lyof] .
-v_ d"lt{snf M d"lt{snf l;d|f}gu9sf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;Eotf tyf ;+:s[lt dflgG5 .
9'ª\ufsf d"lt{ tyf df6fsf ljleGg v]nf}gfx¿ ;d]t oxfF pknAw ePsf
5g\ . tn]h'sf] d"lt{ / u9LdfO{sf] d"lt{ To;sfnsf] d"lt{snfsf gd'gfx¿
x'g\ .
-u_ l;d|f}gu9sf] ef]hg M l;d|f}gu9sf] pTvgg ub{f df5fsf sfF8f, aFb]nsf
gª\u|f tyf 3f]uF Lsf cjz]zifx¿ kfOPsf 5g\ . oL cjz]ifx¿ cWoog ubf{
df5fdf;' tTsfnLg l;d|f}g9sf] ef]hgsf kl/sf/x¿ lyP eGg] s'/f a'lemG5 .
-3_ lnlk M l;d|f}gu9sf /fhf /fdl;+xb]jsf s]xL clen]vsf cjz]ifx¿ kfOPsf
5g\ / tL clen]vx¿df d}lynL efiff / lnlksf] k|of]u ePsf] b]Vbf
l;d|f}gu9df d}lynL efiff / lnlksf] k|rng u/]sf] s'/f a'lemG5 .
-ª_ d'b|fsf] ljsf; M l;d|f}gu9 /fHodf d'b|fsf] cjz]if gkfOPsf] / s}f8fx¿
kfOPsfn] d'b|fsf] ¿kdf sf}8fsf] k|of]u ePsf x'g ;S5 . k};fnfO{ sf}8L eGg]
rng oxLFaf6 rn]sf] x'g;S5 .
-r_ wd{ M l;d|f}gu9 /fHo lxGb' ;gftg wd{df cfwfl/t lyof] / oxfFsf
dflg;x¿n] d"lt{k"hf ub{y] . oxfFsf /fhf tyf hgtfn] ;gftg wd{sf]
cjnDag u/] klg cGo wd{x¿sf] ;Ddfg ub{y] . /fhf /fdl;+xb]jn] ltAatL
leIf'x¿k|lt cufw cfb/ / ;Ddfg k|s6 u/]sf lyP .
;}lgs ;ª\u7gsf b[li6sf]0fn] of] ;Eotf lgs} alnof] / z;St lyof] . gfGob]j
tyf xl/l;+xb]jn] k6sk6s pkTosfdfly xdnf u/L oxfFsf] hghLjg tx;gx;
agfpg', l;d|f}gu9df alnof] lsNnf lgdf{0f ug'{ tyf uof;'l4g t'uns;Fu
d'sfljnf ug{ tof/ x'g'n] oxfFsf] ;}lgs ;ª\u7g alnof] lyof] eGg] s'/f k'li6
ub{5 . To;} u/L /fHosf] cfGtl/s k|zf;g ;d]t lgs} alnof] / k|efjsf/L lyof] .
/fHo ;~rfngsf nflu ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cEof; ug{ yflnPsf] lyof] . o;sf nflu
rf}w/L / k6jf/Lx¿ lgo'St ug]{ rng rn]sf] lyof] . Gofo / Joj:yfsf nflu
;gftg ljlwdf cfwfl/t sfg'g lgdf{0f u/L sfg'gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff ;d]t cl3
9
a9]sf] lyof] . oxfF efiff / ;flxTosf] klg /fd|} ljsf; ePsf] / ljåfg\ju{n] ;Ddfg
kfPsf pbfx/0fx¿ kfOG5g\ . wfld{s b[li6n] of] /fHo ;gftg lxGb' ;+:s[ltdf
cfwfl/t lyof] . zlStb]jLsf cf/fwgf tyf k"hfkf7 x'g] ub{y] . /fhkl/jf/n]
t'nhf÷tn]h'nfO{ cfk\mgL Oi6b]jL dfGby] . To;} u/L u9LdfO{sf] :yfkgf klg oxL
sfndf ePsf] lyof] . xl/l;+xb]jn] sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf cfj|md0f u/]kl5
kz'kltgfysf] bz{g u/]sf / t'nfbfg u/]sf k|df0fx¿n] ;d]t sgf{6s j+zLo
/fhfx¿ lgs} wfld{s lyP eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfb{5g\ . To; ;Eotfdf ;fwf/0fju{sf
gf/Lsf] :yfg s] lyof] eGg] s'/f :ki6 geP klg /fhb/af/sf gf/Lx¿ pRr tyf
;Ddflgt x'Gy] . b]jnb]jLn] eStk'/ b/af/df ;d]t /fhgLltdf ;lj|mo ePsf] x'Fbf
/fhgLltdf ;d]t gf/Lx¿sf] e"ldsf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
l;d|f}gu9sf] ;Eotfn]] sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf klg k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] . l;d|f}gu9sf
lsNnfx¿af6 k|efljt eP/ pkTosfsf /fhfx¿n] ljleGg lsNnfx¿sf] lgdf{0f
u/]sf lyP . pkTosfsf d7dlGb/ tyf kf6L{ kf}jfx¿sf] lgdf{0fdf ;d]t l;d|f}gu9
;Eotfsf] k|efj k/]sf] lyof] . tn]h' ejfgLnfO{ l;d|f}gu9af6 NofO{ oxfF :yflkt
ul/Pssf] lyof] . pkTosfsf] ;flxTo / ;ª\uLtdf d}lynL efiffsf] Jofks k|of]u
x'GYof] . sltko dNn /fhfx¿n] t d}lynL efiffdf gf6s ;d]t n]v]/ d~rg
u/fpFy] . pkTosfsf ljleGg dlGb/sf] lgTo k"hf tyf cGo wfld{s sfo{sf nflu
dNn /fhfx¿n] d}lynL a|fx\d0fsf] lgo'lSt u/]sf lyP . pkTosfsf ljleGg
d7dlGb/x¿df ufOg] ehgdf d}lynL zAbx¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 .
o;k|sf/ l;d|f}gu9sf] ;Eotfn] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, wfld{s tyf s'6gLlts
If]qdf /fd|f] pGglt u/]sf] a'lemG5 .
10
l;d/f}gu9sf /fhfx¿
gfGob]j
uª\ufb]j
g/l;Fxb]j
/fdl;Fxb]j
zlStl;Fxb]j
e"kfnl;Fx b]j
x/l;Fx b]j
el;Fxb]j
el;Fxb]j
cEof;
-s_ l;d|f}gu9 /fHosf k|yd / clGtd /fhfsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ l;d|f}gu9df sgf{6s j+zn] hDdf slt jif{ zf;g rnfPsf] lyof] <
-u_ l;d|f}gu9sf s'g /fhfn] snf, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbPsf
lyP <
11
-3_ sgf{6s j+zkl5 l;d|fg} u9df s'g j+zsf] zf;g :yflkt eof] <
-ª_ l;d|f}gu9sf] ;Eotf lsg tx;gx; eof] <
-s_ l;d|f}gu9sf /fhfx¿df gfGob]j / xl/l;+xb]j k|l;4 x'g'sf sf/0fx¿
-v_ k|uGgf / rf}w/L eg]sf] s] xf] < :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-u_ uª\ufb]jnfO{ tkfO{F s] sf/0fn] l;d|f}gu9sf k|tfkL /fhf dfGg'x'G5 <
-3_ b]jnb]jL sf] x'g\ / pgL s;/L eStk'/ b/af/df cfOk'lug\ <
-ª_ l;d|f}gu9sf] ;Eotfn] sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] ;Eotfdfly s] s:tf]
k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] < pbfx/0f lbP/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
12
kf7– # afO;L /fHox¿
g]kfn PsLs/0f x'g'eGbf cufl8sf] o'u dWosfnLg o'u xf] . o;sfndf g]kfnsf]
s0ff{nL k|b]zdf afO;L, u08sL k|b]zdf rf}la;L, pkTosfdf dNn / k'aL{ g]kfndf
;]g /fHox¿ cl:tTjdf cfPsf lyP . afO;L, rf}la;L, dNn / ;]g afx]s uf]/vf /
d':tfª klg 5'6\6} :jtGq /fHosf] ¿kdf :yfkgf eO/x]sf lyP . ;ª\Vofsf]
cfwf/df x]bf{ s0ff{nL k|b]zsf @@, u08sL k|b]zsf @$, pkTosfsf #, k"j{sf #,
uf]/vf / d':tfª @ u/L xfnsf] g]kfndf g]kfndf %$ cf]6f /fHox¿ lyP . oL
cfk;df :jtGq lyP .
l;Fhfsf /fhf ceo dNnsf] zf;gsfnkl5 s0ff{nL k|b]zdf afO;L /fHox¿
:yfkgf eP . tL k|d'v afO;L /fHox¿ o;k|sf/ lyP M
j|m=;+= /fHosf] :yfkgf ;+:yfks PsLs/0f clGtd /fhf
gfd ldlt /fhf ldlt
!= aemfª lj=;+=!%)# zlStl;+x la=;++= !*$& df ;d'Gb| l;+xn]
g]kfnsf] cflwkTo :jLsf/_
@= ynx/f lj=;+= hlStl;+x lj=;+=!*$^ uh]Gb| l;+x
!%)#
#= afh'/f lj=;+= 8'Fu/l;+x lj=;+= !*$& cgGt kfn
!^%)
$ 8f]6L lj=;+= lg/o kfn lj=;+= !*$^ bLk zfxL
!$)(
%= c5fd lj=;+= hutL lj=;+= !*$& b]jrGb| zfx
!$%# jdf{
^= bgf{ lj=;+= pbo jdf{ lj=;+= !*$& ?b| zfxn] g]kfnsf]
!$($ cflwkTo :jLsf/
13
&= b}n]v lj=;+= dno lj=;+= !*$^ s0f{ zfxL
!$%# jdf{
*= b'Nn' lj=;+= dno !*$^,plQd zfxLn] g]kfnsf]
!$%# jdf cflwkTo :jLsf/
(= hfh/sf]6 lj=;+= !*$# /fhf uh]Gb| zfxn] g]kfnsf]
!$^! cflwkTo :jLsf/
!) h'Dnf lj=;+= lj=;+= !*$^ ;"o{efg zfx
!$%)
!!= w'nLsf]6 lj=;+= !^@% k|eft lj=;+= !*$^ e"kgf/fo0f zfxL
/fo
!@= ;Nofg lj=;+= ;'d]? jdf{ g]kfn PsLs/0fdf ;xof]u u/]sf]
!$&% x'gfn] cfl>t /fHo
!#= ?s'd lj=;+= g/L jd lj=;+= !*$^ /fh zfxL
!$&%
!$ hxf/L lj=;+= dfwj jd lj=;+= !*$&
!$&%
!% kNnf] lj=;+= hot' lj=;+= !*$^ d's'Gb zfxL
d';Lsf]6 !$&% jdf{
!^ uh'n lj=;+= h'wfl;+x lj=;+= !*$# uh]Gb|kfn ;]g
!%%)
!& v'd|L lj=;+= !^@# OGb|kfn lj=;+= !*$#
;]g
!* dfng]6f lj=;+= dbg/fh lj=;+= !*^# ¿kgf/fo0f zfx
!&()
14
!( kmnfafª\ s'g} ;dodf :yfkgf eP/ g]kfn PsLs/0f x'g'eGbf cufl8 g}
;Nofg /fHodf ljnLg ePsf]
@) bfª bnLl;+x la= ;+= !*$# gjnl;+x
@! l5NnLsf]6 lj=;+= lj=;+= !*$& jL/eb| zfx
!&)#
@@ afFkmLsf]6 lj=;+= hubLz lj=;+= !*$^ clt dNn
!$&% ad
cEof;
-s_ dWosfndf xfnsf] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf sltcf]6f /fHox¿ lyP <
-v_ aemfª /fHosf] :yfkgf s;n] / slxn] u/]sf lyP <
-u_ afFkmLsf]6sf clGtd /fhf sf] lyP <
-3_ h'Dnf /fHosf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
-ª_ s'g afO;L /fHo ;a}eGbf klxnf :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] <
-s_ s:tf] kl/l:yltsf sf/0fn] afO;L / rf}la;L /fHox¿sf] :yfkgf ePsf]
lyof] <
-v_ afO;L /fHox¿dWo] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ /fHo s'g lyof} < lsg <
-u_ s'g s'g afO;L /fHox¿ Ps} ;dodf :yfkgf ePsf lyP < :yfkgfsf]
ldltsf cfwf/df n]Vg'xf];\ .
15
kf7 – $ rf}la;L /fHox¿
s0ff{nL k|b]zdf afO;L /fHox¿ ePh:t} lqz"nLb]lv klZrd / /fKtLb]lv k"j{df

sl/a @$ cf]6f /fHox¿ :yfkgf ePsf lyP . ljleGg sf/0fn] logLx¿sf]
;ª\Vofdf 36a9 eO/xGYof] . g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] ;dodf lgDg cg';f/sf rf}la;L
/fHox¿ lyP M
j|m=;+= /fHosf] gfd :yfkgf ;+:yfks PsLs/0f clGtd

ldlt /fhf ldlt /fhf
! Ko'7fg lj=;+= !%^) n6/fh lj=;+= !*$@ ?b| k|tfk
rGb
@ c3f{ la=;++= lhNn /fO{ lj=;+= !*$# df kfNkfdf
!$() uflePsf]
# vfFrL lj=;+= !$(@ hoGt lj=;+= !*$# df kfNkfdf
zfx uflePsf]
$ u'NdL rf/kfnf la=;++= !$(# jL/ zfx lj=;+= !*$# df kfNkfdf
uflePsf]
% w'sf]6{ lj=;+=!$^% v8\u/fh lj=;+= !*$# df kfNkfdf
dNn uflePsf]
^ O:df lj=;+= !%%) Rojg/fh lj=;+= !*$# df kfNkfdf
e§ ch]{n uflePsf]
& d';Lsf]6 lj=;+= !%%) horGb| lj=;+= !*$# df kfNkfdf
l;+x uflePsf]
16
* unsf]6 lj=;+= !^#! lhtf/L lj=;+= !*$@ b]lv cfl>t
dNn /fHo
( kj{t la=;++= !$(# cfgGb lj=;+= !*$# sLlt{jd
jd dNn
!) sf:sL lj=;+= !%@$ s'nd08g lj=;+= !*$@ l;l4gf/fo0f
vf0f zfx
!! ndh'ª la=;++= !%%) ozf]ax| \d lj=;+= !*$@ jL/e"kfn
zfx zfx
!@ tgx'F lj=;+= !^!) e[ª\uL lj=;+= !*$! x/s'df/bQ
;]gn ;]g
!# l/l;ª lj=;+= !%%) horGb| lj=;+= !*$@ xl/gf/fo0f
l;+x ;]g
!$ l3l/ª lj=;+= !^)) la=;++= !*$@
!% 9f]/ lj=;+= !%!) bz/y lj=;+= !*$@ lzjgf/fo0f
vf0f vf0f
!^ ;tx'F lj=;+=!%!) lz/lzDa' lj=;+=!*$@ bL3{ zfxL
vf0f
!& uxf}F lj=;+= !%!) bz/y lj=;+= !*$@ 3]? Vff0f
vf0f
!* le/sf]6 lj=;+= !%)) h}g vf0f lj=;+= !*$@ k|]d cd/
vf0f
17
!( g'jfsf]6 lj=;+= !%!) lj=;+= !*$@
@) k}oF' lj=;+= !%)@ /fdl;+x lj=;+= !*$@ csj/l;+x
;]g ;]g
@! kfNkf lj=;+= !%%) ?b|;]g lj=;+= !*^! k[YjLkfn
;]g
@@ /fdk'/ lj=;+= !^!) v8\u ;]g lj=;+= !*$@ b'n{e ;]g
@# ljgfosk'/÷a'6jn lj=;+= !^!) ljgfos lj=;+= !&!) df kfNkfdf

;]g ;dflxt
@$ alnxfª lj=;+= lj=;+= !%*) u'NdL, c3f{,
!$)) vfFrL / kfNkfdf ljnLg
j|m=;+= /fHosf] gfd :yfkgf ;+:yfks /fhf PsLs/0f clGtd /fhf

ldlt ldlt
! d':tfª lj=;+= ldr] lwpFsn lj=;+= a3]n lji7
!#&) lji6 !*$^
@ uf]/vf lj=;+= !^!^ b|Jo zfx k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfx
18
zfx j+zfjnL
ldGrf vfg
-g'jfsf]6sf /fhf_
elSt vfg -g'jfsf]6sf /fhf_ ljlrq vfg -sf:sLsf /fhf_
g/fh vfg
s'nd08g vfg
ozf]a|Dx zfx -ndh'ªsf /fhf_
g/xl/ zfx -ndh'ªsf /fhf_ b|Jo zfx

-uf]/vfsf ;+:yfks /fhf_
k'/]Gb| zfx
5qklt /fd zfx

zfx
/fd zfx
-bfh'sf] d[To'kl5 /fHof/f]x0f_
s[i0f zfx
?b| zfx
k[YjLklt zfx
g/e"kfn zfx
k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfx
19
cEof;
-s_ s'g If]qsf /fHonfO{ rf}la;L /fHo eg]/ lrlgGYof] <
-v_ ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] rf}la;L /fHo s'g xf] <
-u_ s'g s'g /fHox¿nfO{ lqzlSt eg]/ lrlgGYof] <
-3_ /hf}6f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-ª_ kfNkf /fHosf] PsLs/0f slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
-s_ kj{t /fHosf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ rf}la;L /fHox¿df sf:sL /fHonfO{ lsg dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 <
-u_ kfNkfn] lsg rf}la;L /fHox¿sf lj?4 g]kfnnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] xf]nf <
o;af6 kfNkfnfO{ s] kmfObf eof] < n]Vg'xf];\ .
20
Kff7 – % ;]g /fHox¿
P3f/f}F ;]gx¿ aª\ufnaf6 g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf x'g\ . lj=;+=
!%%) df ?b| ;]gn] kfNkf /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP .
?b| ;]gkl5 d's'Gb ;]gn] kfNkf /fHosf] l;dfgf k"j{df
sf];L gbL;Dd lj:tf/ u/] . t/ logsf z]ifkl5 of] /fHo
logsf 5f]/fx¿n] cfk;df ljefhg u/] .
/fhf d's'Gbsf 5f]/f ljgfos ;]gn] ljgfosk'/ / dfl0fSo
;]g kfNkfsf] /fhf eP . To;} u/L e[ª\uL ;]g tgx'F /
nf]xfª ;]g dsjfgk'/sf /fhf eP . o;/L] kfNkf /fHo /fhf d's'Gb ;]gsf] ;flns
rf/ /fHodf ljeflht eof] . kl5 k"j{tkm{ dsjfgk'/,
rf}b08L / ljhok'/ /fHox¿ :yfkgf eP . oL /fHonfO{ k"j{sf ;]g /fHo eg]/
lrlgGYof] .
;]g j+z
?b| ;]g
d's'Gb ;]g
ljgfos ;]g dfl0fSo ;]g e[ª\uL ;]g nf]xfª ;]g
dsjfgk'/
21
nf]xfª;]gn] lj=;+= !^!) dsjfgk'/ /fHosf]
:yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . logn]] rt/fdf a/fxsf]
:yfkgf u/]sf lyP . xfn o;nfO{ æa/fx
If]q wfdÆ elgG5 .
Nff]xfª ;]gsf gflt xl/x/ ;]gn]
ælxGb'kltÆsf] pkflw ;d]t wf/0f u/]sf
a/fx dlGb/, a/fx If]q
lyP . log}sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;]g /fhfx¿nfO{
ælxGb'kltÆ tyf æk"j{sf jfbzfxÆ ;d]t elgof]] . of] /fHo k"j{df l6:6f, klZrddf
tgx',F pQ/df r'/] / blIf0fdf rDkf/g;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] . lxGb'klt xl/x/ ;]gsf
pQ/flwsf/L o'j/fh z'e ;]gn] lktfnfO{ x6fO cfk"m /fhf ag] . /fhf z'e ;]gsf
elth ljwftfOGb| ;]gn] ljhok'/ /fHosf] :yfkgf u/] . oL b'a} /fHox¿df lsrn]f
eO/xof] . lj=;+= !*!( df /fhf lbUaGwg ;]gsf] zf;gsfndf dsjfgk'/nfO{
g]kfndf PsLs/0f ul/of] .
rf}b08L
dsjfgk'/sf /fhf x]ds0f{ ;]gsf dfOnf efO hut ;]gn]] lj=;+= !&^$ df rf}b08L
/fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . s0f{ ;]gsf] zf;gsfndf lj=;+= !*#) df of] /fHosf]
ljzfn g]kfndf PsLs/0f ePsf] xf] .
ljhok'/
dsjfgk'/sf /fhf nf]xfª ;]gn] df]/ª÷ljhok'/ /fHodfly cfk\mgf] clwsf/ sfod
u/]sf lyP . dsjfgk'/sf /fhf z'e ;]gsf elth ljwftfOGb| ;]gn] :jtGq
ljhok'/ /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . dsjfgk'/df z'e ;]g / ljhok'/df
ljwftfOGb| ;]gnfO{ ef/bf/x¿n] lbNnLdf nu]/ s}b u/] . o;kl5 dfl0fs ;]g
dsjfgk'/ / dlxklt ;]g ljhok'/sf /fhf eP . /fhf sfdbQ ;]gsf] ToxfFsf
dGqL a'l4s0f{ /fO{n] xTof ul/lbP . lj=;+= !*#! Df ljhok'/sf] klg g]kfndf
PsLs/0f ePsf] lyof] .
22
k"j{sf ;]g /fHo / /fhfx¿
d's'Gb ;]g -kfNkfsf /fhf_
nf]xfª ;]g -dsjfgk'/sf ;+:yfks_
/f3j ;]g
lxGb"klt xl/x/ ;]g
Z'e ;]g -lktfnfO{ s}bu/L_ ljwftfOGb| ;]g -ljhok'/_
b'a} /fhf lbNnLdf s}b
Dffl0fs ;]g dlxklt ;]g

dlxklt ;]g -ljhok'/_
x]ds0f{ ;]g hut ;]g las|d ;]g

sfdbQ ;]g
rf}b08L
lbUaGwg ;]g
las|d ;]g
s0f{ ;]g s0f{ ;]g-ljhok'/_
23
cEof;
-s_ ;]gx¿ slxn] g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf lyP <
-v_ kfNkf /fHosf] :yfkgf slxn] / s'g /fhfn] u/]sf x'g\ <
-u_ u08sL If]qsf] klxnf] :jtGq ;]g /fHosf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
@= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5]6s/Ldf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ /fhf d's'Gb ;]gsf] d[To'kl5 kfNkf /fHosf] cj:yfsf af/]df rrf{
ug{'xf];\ .
-v_ nf]xfª ;]gnfO{ lsg dxTTjfsf+IfL / k|tfkL /fhf dflgG5 < ;]g /fHosf]
:yfkgf / ljsf;df pgsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
24
kf7– ^ sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf /fHox¿
sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf gjfF} ztfAbLdf lnR5lj zf;gsf] cGTo ePsf] lyof] .

o;kkl5 s'g j+zsf] zf;g :yfkgf eof] eGg] :ki6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . gjf}Fb]lv
afx|f}F ztfAbLsf] larsf] Oltxf; :ki6 gePsf] x'gfn] of] cjlwnfO{ æcGwsf/sf]
o'uÆ elgG5 . af/f} ztfAbLkl5 eg] dNnx¿n] zf;g ub{y] . /fhf cl/b]j dNnn]
;j{k|yd dNn pkflw wf/0f u/]sf x'g\ . pgn] lj=;+= !@%& –!@&$ ;Dd zf;g
u/]sf lyP . /fhf cl/b]j s':tL v]ln/x]sf] ;dodf 5f]/f ceosf] hGd ePsfn]
cl/b]j cfk\mgf] gfdsf] k5fl8 ædNnÆ /fv]sf x'g\ . s; s;n] /fHo ;+rfng u/]
eGg] s'/f :ki6 5}g . tn lbOPsf dWo] k|foM ;a} /fhf ePsf] cGbfh ul/G5 .
cl/b]j dNn
ceob]j dNn
hob]j dNn
hoeLdb]j dNn
hol;+xb]j dNn
cgGt dNn
cfgGb dNn
?b| dNn
hol:ylt dNn
wd{ dNn
oIf dNn
25
-s_ hol:ylt dNn
hol:ylt dNn sf7df8f}Fsf k|l;4 dNn /fhf x'g\ . pgnfO{ /fhs'df/L;Fu
ljjfx ug{sf nflu b/af/df NofOPsf] lyof] . /fhf ?b| dNnsf 5f]/f gePsf
x'gfn] ?b| dNnsf] d[To'kl5 pgsL 5f]/L gfosb]jLn] /fhsfhsf] sfd ug{
yflng\ . gfosb]jLn] 5f]/L /fhNnb]jLnfO{ hGdfPkl5 :ju]{ eOg\ . pg} 6'x'/L
aflnsf /fhNnb]jL;Fu hol:ylt dNnsf] ljjfx eof] / oxL ljjfxsf] gftfn]
hol:ylt dNnn] sf7df8f}s F f] /fhsfh ;DxfNg yfn] . o;a]nf sf7df8f}F
pkTosfsf] cj:yf lau|]sf] lyof] . hol:ylt dNnn] cfk\mgf] /fHosf]
;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, wfld{s cj:yf / k//fi6« ;DaGwdf ;d]t
;'wf/ u/]sf x'gfn] logsf] zf;g sfnnfO{ æ/fd /fHoÆ elgG5 .
hol:ylt dNn dxfg ;dfh ;'wf/s /fhf x'g\ . logL /fhf x'Fbf pkTosfsf
;dfhdf a]lylt lyof] . pgn] sLlt{gfy pkfWofo, /3'gfy emf, >Lgfy e§,
dxLgfy e6\6 / /fdgfy emf u/L kfFr hgf ef/tLo a|fx\d0fx¿sf] ;xof]udf
gLlt agfO{ ;dfhdf lylt sfod u/]sf lyP . cfly{s ;'wf/sf nflu
hdLgnfO{ rf/ >]0fLdf ljefhg u/]/ To;sf] d"No lgwf{/0f u/]sf u/]sf
lyP . hol:ylt dNnn] g} dfgfkfyL / 9s t/fh'nfO{ Jojl:yt u/L
k|rngdf NofPsf lyP . logn] ck/fwsf cfwf/df ;hfo lbg] Joj:yf u/]/
Gofo If]qdf ;d]t ;'wf/ u/]sf lyP . kz'kltgfysf pGdQ e}/j /
njs'zsf] d"lt{, efbufpFsf] g[l;+x tyf kf6gsf] s'De]Zj/ dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f
u/]/ logn] wfld{s If]qdf ;d]t of]ubfg lbP . logsf] d[To' ePkl5 lj=;+=
!$%@ df Hof]ltd{Nn oxfFsf /fhf eP .
-v_ oIf dNn
oIf dNn hol:ylt dNnsf gflt x'g\ . logL lgs} k/fj|mdL lyP / cfk\mgf]
/fHosf] l;dfgf 6f9f6f9f;Dd lj:tf/ u/]sf lyP . t/ logsf] d[To'kl5 of]
/fHonfO{ logsf 5f]/fx¿n] c+z nufO{ ljefhg u/] .
26
ljeflht pkTosfsf /fHox¿
-s_ sflGtk'/
oIf dNnsf dflxnf 5f]/f /Tg dNnn]
lj=;+= !%#* df sflGtk'/ /fHosf] :yfkgf
u/]sf x'g\ . xfnsf] sf7df8f}n F fO{ To;
a]nf sflGtk'/ elgGYof] . of] /fHodf !$
hgf /fhfx¿n] /fHo u/]sf lyP . dxLGb| xg'dfg 9f]sf
dNn, k|tfk dNn, hok|sfz dNn cflb
oxfFsf k|l;4 /fhfx¿ x'\g\ .
dxLGb| dNn k|hf kfns /fhf lyP . cfk\mgf] /fHosf k|hfn] vfgf vfPsf]
olsg ePkl5 dfq cfk"mn] vfgf vfg] x'gfn] lognfO{ æ;a}n] vfPkl5 vfg]
/fhfÆ elgGYof] . logn] ;j{k|yd rfFbLsf] d'b|f k|rngdf NofPsf lyP / ;f]
df]xf]/nfO{ ædxLGb| dNnLÆ elgGYof] .
/fhf k|tfk dNn sflGtk'/sf k|l;4 /fhf x'g\ . logn] b/af/sf] d"n 9f]sfdf
xg'dfgsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . To;}n] ;f] b/af/sf] gfd xg'dfg9f]sf
/xg uPsf] xf] . /fgL kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f klg log}n] u/fPsf x'g\ . logL ljåfg\
tyf ;flxTok|dL /fhf lyP / cfk\mgf] gfdsf] cufl8 æsljGb|Æ n]Vg] ub{y] .
logn] b/af/sf] leQfdf ljZjsf !% efiffsf lnlkx¿ s'bfPsf lyP .
hok|sfz dNn sflGtk'/sf clGtd dNn /fhf x'g\ . sflGtk'/df s'df/L
/fVg] rng log}n] rnfPsf x'g\ . logsf] zf;gsfndf lj=;+= !*@% c;f]h
!# df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sflGtk'/dfly ljho k|fKt u/]sf lyP . sflGtk'/-
sf7df8f}_F /fHodf lgDglnlvt /fhfx¿n] zf;g u/]sf lyP M
27
/Tg dNn
cd/ dNn
;"o{ dNn
g/]Gb| dNn
dxLGb| dNn
;bflzj dNn
lzjl;+x dNn
xl/x/l;+x dNn
nIdLg/l;+x dNn
k|tfk dNn
e"kfn]Gb| dNn
efis/ dNn
hojL/ dNn
huHho dNn
hok|sfz dNn
28
-v_ kf6g
kf6g eg]sf] xfnsf] nlntk'/ xf] .
l;l4g/l;+x dNn k|l;4 / rnfv
/fhf lyP . logn] sflGtk'/ tyf
efbufpFaf6 kf6gnfO{ ;'/lIft
/fVgsf nflu uf]/vfsf /fhf /fd
zfx;Fu ldqtf sfod u/]sf lyP .
logL wfld{s /fhf lyP . logn]
rGb|fo0fsf] j|t u/L udL{df k~rfUgL
tfKg] / hf8fdf lr;f] 9'ª\ufdf a;L
tk:of ug]{ ub{y] . lj=;+= !^(# df
log}n] kf6gsf] s[i0f dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f
u/fPsf lyP . kf6gsf] s[i0f dlGb/
>Llgjf; dNn /fhf x'Fbf pkTosfsf tLg cfk;L åGåsf] cj:yf lyof] . logL
k|efjzfnL /fhf ePsf x'gfn] dsjfgk'/sf /fhfn] >Llgjf; dNnnfO{ xfQL
pkxf/ lbPsf lyP .
of]ug/]Gb| dNn >Llgjf; dNnsf 5f]/f x'g\ . logsf] /fHosfndf pkTosfsf
/fHox¿sf lardf o'4x¿ eP . efbufpF;Fusf] o'4df rfFu'df a;]/ tdfv'
tflg/x]sf] a]nf lj=;+= !&^@ df logsf] d[To' eof] . efbufpFsf] hf;";n]
logsf] tdfv'df ljif xflnlbPsf] lyof] eGg] Oltxf;sf/x¿sf] egfO 5 .
logn] kf6g b/af/ cufl8 cfk\mgf] zflns :yfkgf u/fP . of] zflnssf]
lz/df r/f /x]sf] 5 . logn] æha;Dd of] ;flnssf] /ª v'OlnFb}g / lz/sf]
r/f p8]/ hfFb}g, ta;Dd d hLljt 5' eGg] ;Demg"Æ eg]sf lyP . /fhf
of]ug/]Gb| dNn d/]sf 5}gg\ eGg] ;De]m/ clxn] klg kf6g b/af/sf] Pp6f
‰ofn v'nf /fVg] / Pp6f sf]7fdf cf]5\ofg tof/ kf/]/ /fVg] ul/G5 .
of]ug/]Gb| dNnsf 5f]/fx¿ gePsf x'Fbf /fHosf] lhDd]jf/L 5 k|wfgx¿sf]
xftdf kg{ uof] . logLx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ JolStnfO{ /fhf agfpg] / dg
29
gk/]df /fhfaf6 x6fpg] ub{y] . logLx¿nfO{ æ/fhf agfpg] dflg; (King
Makers)Æ ;d]t elgGYof] . cGTodf t]hg/l;+x dNnsf] zf;gsfndf lj=;+=
!*@% c;f]h @$ ut] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] kf6g ljho u/] . kf6gsf
/fhfx¿ o;k|sf/ lyP M
l;l4g/l;+x dNn
>Llgjf; dNn
of]ug/]Gb| dNn
nf]sk|sfz dNn
OGb| dNn
of]uk|sfz dNn
lji0f' dNn
/fHok|sfz dNn
ljZjlht dNn
bndb{g zfx
t]hg/l;+x dNn
30
-u_ efbufpF
xfnsf] eStk'/sf] k'/fgf] gfd
efbufpF xf] / pkTosfsf]
ljefhg x'g'eGbf cufl8 g]kfn
d08nsf] /fhwfgL efbufpF g}
lyof] . pkTosfsf] ljefhg
x'g'eGbf cufl8 of] /fHosf] gfd
g]kfn d08n lyof] . oIf
dNnsf h]7f 5f]/f /fo dNn eStk'/sf] krk~g e\mofn ePsf] b/af/
:jtGq efbufpFsf k|yd /fhf x'g\ .
huHof]lt{ dNn efbufpFsf k|l;4 /fhf x'g\ . logn] cgGtlnª\u]Zj/df g]kfnL
efiffdf clen]v /fVg nufPsf lyP . s'df/Lsf] k"hf ug]{ rng klg log}n[
rnfPsf x'g\ . eStk'/sf] lj:s]6 hfqf / l7dLsf] e}/j hfqf klg log}n]
rnfPsf x'g\ .
hutk|sfz dNnn] 9'ª\ufsf l;+x tyf u¿9sf d"lt{x¿ agfpg nufPsf
lyP . logn] tn]h'sf] d08k agfO{ ToxfF cfk\mgf] zflns :yfkgf u/]sf lyP .
of] d08knfO{ æ:g]x d08kÆ elgG5 . lognfO{ æg]kfn r"8fdl0fÆsf] pkflwn]
;d]t lrlgG5 .
lhtfldq dNnn] 9'ª\u] wf/f / /fhs'nfsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . jT;nfb]jL
dlGb/ klg log}n] agfPsf x'g\ . logn] cfk\mgf] gfdsf] cufl8 æ;'dltÆ n]Vg]
ub{y] .
e"ktLGb| dNn snfsf/Ltfsf nflu k|l;4 dflgG5g\ . dfntL rf]sdf ;'Gwf/f
tyf b/af/sf] 9f]sfdf g[l;+x / xg'dfgsf] :yfkgf /fhf e"ktLGb| dNnn]
u/fPsf x'g\ . lj=;+= !&%( df logn] Goftkf]n b]jnsf] lgdf{0f u/fPsf
lyP . o;nfO{ kfFr tn] dlGb/ eg]/ klg lrlgG5 . of] l;l4nIdLsf] dlGb/
xf] . To:t} %% e\mofn] b/af/ / :j0f{åf/ klg log}n] agfpg nufPsf x'g\ .
%% ‰ofn] b/af/ cufl8 9'ª\ufsf] :tDedf /flvPsf] zflns log}sf] xf] .
31
/0flht dNnsf] zf;gsfndf lj=;+= !*@^ dª\l;/ ! ut] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn]
efbufpF ljho u/] . oxL ljho;Fu} cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] yfngL eof] .
/fo dNn
;'j0f{ dNn
k|f0f dNn
ljZj dNn
huHof]lt dNn
g/]Gb| dNn
hutk|sfz dNn
lhtldq dNn
e"ktLGb| dNn
/0flht dNn
32
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] dWosfnsf] ;'?sf] cj:yfnfO{ lsg cGwsf/sf]
o'u elgG5 < Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ sf];uF sf] j}jflxs ;DaGwsf cfwf/df hol:ylt dNn /fhgLltdf
cfPsf lyP <
-u_ oIf dNnnfO{ lsg k/fj|mdL /fhf dflgG5 < s'g} Ps sf/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ s'g /fhfn] ;a}n] vfPsf] olsg ePkl5 dfq cfk"mn] vfgf vfGy] <
-s_ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df s'g ;donfO{ cGwsf/sf] o'u eg]/ lrlgG5 / Tof]
o'unfO{ lsg cGwsf/sf] o'u elgPsf] xf] <
-v_ ;a}eGbf klxnf dNn pkflw wf/0f ug]{ /fhf sf] x'g\ / pgn] lsg of]
pkflw wf/0f u/]sf x'g\ < 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ hol:ylt dNnn] s] s:tf ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ u/]sf lyP <
-3_ /fhf k|tfk dNnn] s:tf sfo{x¿ u/]sf lyP < a'Fbfdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ ækf6gsf 5 k|wfgx¿ :j]R5frf/L lyP .Æ s] tkfO{F of] egfO;Fu ;xdt
x'g'x'G5 < s;/L <
-r_ æ/fhf e"ktLGb| dNn snfsfl/tfsf kf/vL /fhf lyP .Æ of] egfOnfO{
pgsf] of]ubfgsf] cfwf/df k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
33
kf7– & dWosfnLg g]kfnsf /fHox¿sf] ;DaGw
-s_ cfGtl/s ;DaGw

dWosfnLg g]kfnsf /fHox¿larsf] ;DaGw l:y/ k|sf/sf] lyPg .
logLx¿sf lar slxn] ;'dw'/ ;DaGw x'GYof] eg] slxn] cfk;df emu8f
x'GYof] .
k"j{dWosfnsf l;Fhf, sf7df8f}F pkTosf / l;d/f}gu9sf lardf cl:y/
;DaGw lyof] . a]nf avt l;d/f}gu9 / l;Fhfn] pkTosfdfly cfj|md0f
ub{y] . o:tf] cj:yfdf l;Fhfn] pkTosfdfly cfj|md0f ubf{ l;d/f}gu9 /
l;d/f}gu9n] cfj|md0f ubf{ l;Fhfn] pkTosfnfO{ ;xof]u ub{y] .
l;Fhf / pkTosfsf] ;DaGw l:y/ lsl;dsf] geP v; / dNnx¿sf lar
j}jflxs ;DaGw klg :yflkt ePsf] lyof] . ltAat;Fusf] Jofkf/df
logLx¿sf] d]nldnfk lyof] . v; /fhfx¿ b]jb]jLx¿sf] bz{g ug{sf nflu
pkTosfdf cfpFy] . logLx¿n] pkTosfdfly k6sk6s cfj|md0f ;d]t u/]sf
lyP .
To;} u/L pkTosf / l;d/f}gu9sf] ;DaGw /fd|f] geP klg logLx¿sf
lardf j}jflxs ;DaGw :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . l;d/f}gu9sf /fhf xl/l;+x
b]jsL /fgL b]jnb]jL sf7df8f}F pkTosfsL /fhs'df/L lyOg\ . l;d/f}gu9sf
/fhfx¿n] k6sk6s pkTosfdfly cfj|md0f u/]/ gf]S;fgL kf/]sf lyP .
l;d/f}gu9dfly lbNnLsf ;'Ntfg uof;'l4g t'unsn] cfj|md0f u/]kl5
l;d/f}gu9sf] /fhkl/jf/n] pkTosfdf z/0f lnPsf] lyof] .
pQ/dWosfndf afO;L / rf}la;Lx¿sf larsf] ;DaGw klg l:y/ lsl;dsf]
lyPg . rf}la;Lx¿df kfNkf, kj{t / ndh\'ªnfO{ ælqzlStÆ eg]/ lrlgGYof] .
uf]/vf /fHo lgs} zlStzfnL ePsf] x'gfn] rf}la;Lx¿;Fu o;sf] b':dgL
lyof] . uf]/vfn] rf}la;Lx¿nfO{ cfk;df k'm6fpgsf nflu kfNkf, tgx'F tyf
ndh'ª;Fu ldqtf sfod u/]sf] lyof] . vfFrL, kj{t, kfNkf;Fu uf]/vfsf]
j}jflxs ;DaGw lyof] eg] cGo /fHox¿;Fu bf}To ;DaGw lyof] .
34
afO;Lx¿larsf] cfk;L ;DaGw
afO;Lx¿df cfk;L ;DaGw /fd|f] lyPg . h'Dnf / 8f]6L /fHox¿ zlStzfnL
ePsf x'gfn] logLx¿n] c?dfly lyrf]ldrf] ub{y] . ;fgf /fHox¿n] oL 7'nf
/fHox¿;Fu ;DaGw lj:tf/ u/L cfk"m ;'/lIft x'g rfxGy] .
pkTosfsf /fHox¿sf] cfk;L ;DaGw
pkTosfsf /fhfx¿ Pp6} j+zsf ePklg logLx¿sf lardf b':dgL lyof] .
logLx¿n] cfk;df o'4 ug]{ / csf{sf] /fHo x8Kg] ub{y] Ps /fHon] csf]{
/fHonfO{ bafpgsf nflu ;]g /fHo tyf uf]/vf;Fu klg ;xof]u lng] ub{y] .
;]g /fHox¿sf] cfk;L ;DaGw
klxnf] ;]g /fHo kfNkf xf] / oxLFsf ;]gx¿n] tgx'F, dsjfgk'/, ljhok'/ /
rf}b08Ldf ;]g /fHox¿ :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . logLx¿sf lar /fd|f] d]nldnfk
lyPg . k'aL{ ;]g /fHox¿n] pkTosfsf /fHox¿;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt u/]sf
lyP eg] pkTosfsf /fhfx¿sf] t/fO{;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw lyof] .
uf]/vf / pkTosfsf /fHox¿sf larsf] ;DaGw klg lbuf] lyPg . /fdzfxsf]
zf;g sfndf logLx¿sf] lgs} /fd|f] ;DaGw lyof] . /fd zfxn] kf6gsf
Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{{ uf]/vfdf @$ sf]7L vf]Ng nufPsf lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn]
efbufpFsf o'j/fh;Fu ldt nufPsf lyP / sflGtk'/;Fu jfl0fHo ;lGw
u/]sf lyP .
uf]/vf / dsjfgk'/sf lardf ;DaGw ePklg /fd|f] lyPg . k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxn] dsjfgk'/df ljjfx u/]sf lyP t}klg logLx¿sf lardf zq'tf sfod}
lyof] .
hfh/sf]6, ;Nofg / aemfªh:tf afO;L /fHox¿;Fu uf]/vfsf] ;DaGw /fd|f]
lyof] . pkTosf / dsjfgk'/sf] klg /fd|f] ;DaGw lyof] .
-v_ j}b]lzs ;DaGw
dWosfndf l;F+hf / pkTosfsf /fHox¿n] ltAat / ef/t;Fu Jofkf/ ub{y] .
l;d/f}gu9sf] Jofkf/ k|foM ef/t;Fu x'GYof] . h'Dnfn] ef]6af6 ;'g NofP/
35
oxfFsf ;'gf/x¿nfO{ ufNg nufpFYof] . aemfªn] klg ef]6;Fu Jofkf/
ub{Yof] . o;k|sf/ afO;L /fHox¿n] ef]6 / ef/t;Fu k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf ;DaGw
:yfkgf u/]sf lyP .
;Nofg, kfNkf / tgx's
F f] ef/tsf /hf}6fx¿;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw lyof] . ctM
ef/t;Fu Jofkf/ ub{y] . kfNkfn] d':tfªsf] af6f] x'Fb} ef]6;Fu klg Jofkf/
ub{Yof] . To:t} d':tfª / ef]6n] j}jflxs gftf klg sfod u/]sfn]
logLx¿sf lardf ;'dw'/ ;DaGw lyof] . uf]/vfn] klg ef]6;Fu Jofkf/
ub{Yof] .
dsjfgk'/ / rf}b08Ln] blIf0ftkm{ cfk\mgf] e"efu lj:tf/ u/]sf lyP /
pgLx¿;Fu l;tf]{ p7fpFy] . ljhok'/ / df]/ª /fHosf] klg ef/tLo
/hf}6fx¿;Fu ;DaGw lyof] .
pkTosfsf tLg} /fHox¿sf] ef/t tyf ef]6;Fu;DaGw lyof] . sf7df8f}aF f6
ltAat / ef/tsf larsf] Jofkf/ ;~rfng x'GYof] . sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf
dflg;x¿ Nxf;f k'u]/ Jofkf/ ug]{ ub{y] .
sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf /fhfx¿n] ef/taf6 rfFbL NofO{ df]xf]/ agfpFy] ef]6
k7fpFy] . csf]{tkm{ dª\uf]lnofsf] a'sL ;'g pkTosfdf NofP/ uflnGYof] .
afO;L–rf}la;L ;a} /fHosf dflg;x¿n] ef]6df cGg n}hfg] / ToxfFaf6 g'g
;f6\g] ub{y] .
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ dWosfnsf /fHox¿sf lardf lsg /fd|f] ;DaGw gePsf] xf]nf < s'g}
Ps sf/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ rf}la;L /fHox¿ lsg uf]/vf;Fu 8/fPsf xf]nfg\ <
-u_ afO;L /fHox¿df s'g s'g /fHox¿ zlStzfnL lyP xf]nf <
36
-3_ dWosfndf /fHox¿sf larsf] ;DaGw lsg l:y/ x'g g;s]sf] xf]nf <
-ª_ kf6g / uf]/vflarsf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGw s;n] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP <
-s_ /fHox¿sf lardf lsg /fd|f] ;DaGw x'g' kb{5 < s'g} rf/ sf/0f
lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ pkTosfsf /fHox¿sf] ;DaGwsf] rrf{ ub}{ Ps cg'R5]b n]Vg]xf];\ .
-u_ afO;L tyf rf}la;L /fHox¿sf] j}b]lzs ;DaGw s:tf] lyof] <
37
PsfO – b'O{ cfw'lgs g]kfn
kf7 – ! @))& ;fnsf] j|mflGtsf sf/0f / pknlAwx¿
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] efbufpFsf] PsLs/0f u/]kl5 cfw'lgs

sfnsf] yfngL ePsf] dflgG5 . g]kfn cª\u|]h o'4kl5 g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf
uGhfuf]n eof] . oxL kl/l:yltdf lj=;+= !()# ;fnaf6 /f0ff zf;gsf] :yfkgf
eof] . of] Joj:yf /f0ffx¿sf] hxfgLof Joj:yf lyof] . hgtfsf clwsf/x¿
;ª\s'lrt ul/Psf lyP eg] /f0ffx¿n] c;Lldt clwsf/ k|of]u ub{y] . ctM of]
Joj:yfsf] cGTosf nflu lj=;+= @))& ;fndf b]zdf j|mflGt ePsf] lyof] . of]
j|mflGtsf w]/} sf/0fx¿ lyP . tLdWo] s]xL o;k|sf/ lyPM
-s_ /f0ffx¿sf] cfGtl/s snx
hª\axfb'/n] /f]nj|mdsf] lgod agfPsf lyP . of] lgod k|fOdldlg:6/sf]
kbsf nflu lyof] . o;}sf sf/0fn] /f0ffx¿sf lardf cfGtl/s snx ;'?
eof] . To;}u/L /f0ffx¿sf P, aL / ;L u/L tLg ;d"x ag]] . æPÆ ;d"xsf
/f0ffx¿ dfq k|fOdldlg:6/ PG8 sdfG8/–Og–lrkm x'g kfpg] eP . æ;LÆ
;d"xsf /f0ffx¿ sf/jfxLdf k/] . ltg} sf/jfxLdf k/]sf /f0ffx¿ g}
/f0ffzf;gsf] cGTosf nflu ;ª\ul7t eP .
-v_ e|i6frf/L zf;g
/f0ffx¿ e|i6frf/L lyP . /fHosf]if /f0ff k|wfgdGqLsf] cwLgdf x'GYof] /
pgn] /fHosf]ifnfO{ cfk\mgf] OR5fcg';f/ kl/rfng ub{y] . /f0ffx¿sf]
;DklQ s/d'St x'GYof] . b]zsf pRr kbx¿df /f0ffx¿n] dfq} /xGy] .
-u_ r]tgfsf] ljsf;
oftfoft, ;~rf/, lzIff cflb sf/0fn] b]zsf gful/sx¿df r]tgfsf] j[l4
ePsf] lyof] . oxL r]tgfsf sf/0fn] /f0ff zf;gsf lj?4 g]kfnL gful/sx¿
Pstfa4 eP .
38
-3_ ef/tLo :jtGqtfsf] k|efj
g]kfnsf /f0ffx¿nfO{ cª\u|]hsf] ;xof]u lyof] . ef/tsf] :jtGqtf ;Fu|fddf
g]kfnLx¿ ;d]t ;xefuL ePsf lyP . g]kfndf j|mflGt ug{sf nflu ef/tsf]
;d]t ;xof]u ldn]sf] lyof] .
-ª_ g]kfnL sfFu];
| sf] :yfkgf / a}/ulgofF ;Dd]ng
lj=;=@))^ ;fn r}q @$ ut] g]kfnL sfFu|]; kf6L{{sf] :yfkgf eof] / ;f]
kf6L{{n] lj=;+=@))& c;f]h !@ / !# ut] ef/tsf] a}/ulgofFdf ;Dd]ng u/L
g]kfndf / j|mflGt ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ly/ad dNnsf]
d'lSt;]gf u7g u/L ljleGg :yfgx¿df tflnd lbg yfNof] .
@))& ;fnsf] j|mflGt / o;sf pknlAwx¿
j|mflGt cufl8 g]kfnL sfFu|];n] b]zsf ljleGg :yfgx¿df
xjfOhxfhaf6 kr{f 5¥of] . lj=;++=@))& sflQs @& ut]]
jL/uu~h cfj|md0f u/]/ j|mflGtsf] yfngL u¥of] . oxL
cfj|md0fdf d'lSt;]gfsf sdfG8/ ly/ad dNnn] jL/ult
k|fKt u/] . jL/u~hkl5 k'aL{ df]rf{sf sn}of, dxf]Q/L,
;nf{xL, jL/u~h, lj/f6gu/, emfkf Pjd\ cGo kxf8L
efux¿ d'lSt ;]gfsf] sAhfdf cfP . ly/ad dNn
klZrdsf] e}/xjf df]rf{df g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfjZos xltof/x¿ k7fpg ;s]sf]

lyPg . o; cj:yfdf oxfFsf sdfG8/ 8f= s'Fj/ OGb|lht l;+x -8f= s]=cfO{= l;+x_n]
cfk\mg} kxndf xltof/x¿ vf]hL e}/xjfdf cfj|md0f u/] / yL/ad
c:yfoL
dNn];/sf/ u7g
u/] . sf7df8f}s
F f hgtfnfO{ t;f{pg] p2]Zon] /f0ffx¿n] ;}lgs k|bz{gL ug]{, uf]nL
rnfpg] Pjd\ sk\mo'n{ ufpg] ;d]t u/] .
j|mflGtsf kl/0ffx¿
-c_ lbNnL ;Demf}tf
b]zsf] kl/l:ylt lgoGq0f ug{ g;s]kl5 tTsfnLg /f0ff k|wfgdGqL df]xg
;d;]/n] ef/t;Fu dWo:ytfsf nflu cg'/f]w u/] . lj=;+= @))& kmfu'g !
39
-;g\ !(%& k]mj|'c/L !@_ ut] ef/tsf] dWo:ytfdf g]kfnL sfFu|];, /fhf
lqe'jg / /f0ff u/L tLg kIfsf] lardf lbNnLdf Pp6f ;Demf}tf eof] .
o;}nfO{ lbNnL ;Demf}tf elgG5 . of] ;Demf}tfn] g]kfndf ePsf] j|mflGt
/f]Sof] / g]kfndf k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf u¥of] . oxL ;Demf}tfsf
cfwf/df /fhf lqe'jg g]kfn cfO{ @))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut] lgDglnlvt
s'/fx¿sf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP M
– aflnu dtflwsf/sf cfwf/df b'O{jif{leq j}wflgs ;efsf] u7g ug]{ /
ToxL ;+ljwfg ;efn] b]zsf] ;+ljwfg agfpg]
– df]xg;d;]/ k|fOdldlg:6/ /x]sf]] !) ;b:oLo /f0ff–sfFu|]; ;/sf/
u7g ug]{
– lqe'jg g} g]kfnsf j}wflgs /fhf x'\g] / b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ /fhsLo
clwsf/ /fhfdf hfg]
– ;Dk"0f{ /fhaGbLx¿nfO{ lagf;t{ l/xfO ug]{
-cf_ /fhgLlts cGof]n
/f0ff zf;gsf] cGTokl5 cfd"n kl/jt{g x'G5 eGg] ;f]r lyof] . t/ b]zdf
l:y/ ;/sf/ aGg ;s]g . ;/sf/sf] km]/abn eO/x\of] . kf6L{{x¿sf lar
;xof]usf] jftfj/0f gagL /fhgLlts cGof]nsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf eof] .
-O_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))& hf/L
g]kfndf of] j|mflGteGbf cufl8 /f0ffx¿sf] x's'dL zf;g rln/x]sf] lyof] .
t/ /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo ePkl5 lj=;+= @))& r}q !& ut] æg]kfnsf]
cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))&Æ sf] 3f]if0ff eof] . k|hftGqsf] of] Pp6f
pknlAw klg lyof] .
-O{_ gful/s clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
/f0ff zf;gsf sfndf b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ /f0ffx¿df s]lGb|t lyof] .
k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 b]zdf ;+ljwfg aGof] / o;n] gful/s xssf]
k|Tofe"lt u¥of] .
40
cEof;
-s_ s'g 36gfkl5 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df cfw'lgs sfnsf] yfngL x'G5 <
-v_ /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTolt/ s'g s'g 36gfx¿n] g]kfnL hgtfdf r]tgfsf]
ljsf; u/fPsf lyP <
-u_ lbNnL ;Demf}tfdf s; s;n] efu lnPsf lyP <\
-3_ lbNnL ;Demf}tfnfO{ lsg lqkIfLo ;Demf}tf elgG5 <
-s_ s] sf/0fn] /f0ff kl/jf/df cfGtl/s snx lyof] / o;sf] kl/0ffd s]
eof] <
-v_ /f0ff zf;g s;/L e|i6frf/L lyof] <
-u_ a}/ulgof ;Dd]ng eg]sf] s] xf] / g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df of] lsg
dxŒjk"0f{ 5 < rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ lbNnL ;Demf}tfsf ;t{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
41
kf7– @ @))& b]lv @)!& ;fn;Ddsf]] /fhgLlts
cEof; / ;'wf/x¿
g]kfndf /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo eO;s]kl5 emG8} #@ cf]6f kf6L{{x¿sf] :yfkgf eof] .

oL kf6L{{x¿df Pstf sfod x'g ;s]g . ctM b]zsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf cl:y/ x'g
uof] . To; cjlwdf b]zdf lgDglnlvt ;/sf/x¿sf] u7g / ktg eof] M
-s_ /f0ff–sfFu;
]| cGtl/d ;/sf/— lj=;+=@))& kmfu'g &
-v_ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] PsbnLo ;/sf/— lj=;+= @))* dª\l;/ !
-u_ k/fdz{bft{ ;/sf/sf] u7g —lj=;+= @))( ;fnsf] ;fpg #) ut]
-3_ /fli6«o k|hf kf6L{{sf] ;/sf/—lj=;+= @)!) c;f/ @ ut]
-ª_ /fli6«o ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f— lj=;+=@)!) kmfu'g & ut]
-r_ ;Nnfxsf/ ;efsf] u7g—lj=;+ @)!! j}zfv ! ut]
-5_ ;Nnfxsf/ ;efsf] u7g—lj=;+= @)!! r}t ! ut]
-h_ 6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] ;/sf/—lj=;+=@)!@ df3 !# ut]
-em_ 8f=s]=cfO{= l;+xsf] ;/sf/—lj=;+= @)!$ ;fn ;fpg !! Uft]
-`_ /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;g / sfdrnfp ;/sf/—la=;++= @)!% h]7 @ ut]
cfdlgjf{rg @)!% / k|hftflGqs ;/sf/
g]kfndf k|ltlglw ;ef / dxf;ef u/L b'O{ ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf /xg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] lyof] . k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu b]znfO{ !)( lgjf{rg If]qx¿df
ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)!% kmfu'g & ut] b]zdf k|yd k6s k|ltlglw
;efsfnflu cfdlgjf{rg eof] . b]zsf s"n !)( dWo] lgjf{rg If]qx¿dWo] g]kfnL
sfFu|]/n] b'OltxfO ax'dt ;lxt b]zsf &$ :yfgdf ljho k|fKt u¥of] . cGo
bnx¿df g]kfnL /fli6«o uf]/vf kl/ifb\n] —!(, ;+o'St k|hftGq kf6L{{n] — %, g]kfn
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{{n] —$, :jtGqn] —$ / cGo bnx¿n] —# :yfg k|fKt u/] . o;df
Pshgf dfq dlxnfn] 88]Nw'/faf6 r'gfj lht]sL lyOg\ . pgsf] gfd åfl/sf b]jL
42
7s'/fgL lyof] . lj=;+= @)!^ h]7 !# ut] aL=kL=sf]O/fnfsf] k|wfgdlGqTjdf !(
;b:oLo dlGqd08n u7g eof] . of] g} b]zsf] klxnf] hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/ lyof] .
hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf lj|mofsnfk
k|zf;lgs ultljlwx¿
– æe|i6frf/ lgjf/0f cfof]uÆsf] u7g u¥of] .
– nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ultljlwx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/of] .
– sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna j[l4 u¥of] .
– /hf}6f pGd"ng eof] .
– tLgcf]6f pRr cbfntsf] :yfkgf eof] .
cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs ultljlwx¿
— hª\nsf] /fli6«os/0f eof] .
— e"ldxLg ju{nfO{ hldgsf] ljt/0f ul/of] .
— e"ld;'wf/ nfu"' eof] .
— ljtf{ Pjd\ hldGbf/L k|yfsf] cGTo eof] .
— ef/t;Fu lj=;+= @)!& efb| @& -;g !(^) ;]K6]Dj/ !!_ df kf/jfxg tyf
jfl0fHo ;lGw eof] .
s'6gLlts ultljlw M o;a]nf ;/sf/n] ef/t / rLg;Fu ;db'/Lsf] ;DaGw :yfkgf
ug{ ;kmn ePsf] lyof] .
/fhf dx]Gb|sf] k|ToIf zf;g
lj=;+= @)!& k'; ! ut] /fhf dx]Gb|n] k|wfgdGqL aL=kL= sf]O/fnfnfO{ lu/k\mtf/
u/fP . To;} lbg ;Dk"0f{ dGqL Pjd\ /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx¿nfO{ ;d]t lu/k\mtf/
u/] . /fhfn] zfxL 3f]if0fåf/f g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!% sf] wf/f %% sf]
k|of]u u/L k|ltlglw ;ef / ;/sf/ eª\u u/] . o; a]nf /fhfn] /fhgLlts bn /
;/sf/nfO{ lgDglnlvt cf/f]kx¿ nufOPsf] lyof] M
43
– ;Qf / zlStsf] b'?kof]u ub}{ k|zf;gnfO{ ljs[t agfPsf] / e|i6frf/ u/]sf]
– /fli6«olxtnfO{ k|fyldstf glbO{ c/fli6«o tŒjsf ultljlwx¿ a9fPsf]
– b]zdf zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug{ g;s]sf]
– ca}1flgs cfly{s gLlt canDag u/]sf]
– /fhf, /fhd's'6 / ;+ljwfgk|lt cfFr cfpg] sfd u/]sf]
– /fli6«otf Pjd\ ;fj{ef}ldstfdfly cf3ft k'¥ofPsf]
k|hftflGqs sfndf ePsf ;'wf/x¿
k|hftGqsf b; jif{df ePsf s]xL ;'wf/x¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\M
cfly{s pknlAwx¿
— lj=;+= @)!# ;fn cflZjg @@ ut] klxnf] k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] 3f]if0ff
— e"ld ;'wf/ dGqfno tyf e"ld;'wf/ cfof]usf] :yfkgf, ljtf{ pGd"ng
— lj=;+=@)!# j}zfv !$ df /fi6« a}ª\ssf] :yfkgf
— lqe'jg /fhkysf] lgdf{0f / gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf
k|zf;lgs pknlAwx¿
— lgjf{rg cfof]u, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, sfg'g÷Gofo cfof]usf] :yfkgf
— lj=;+=@)!# h]7 * df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] :yfkgf
— lj=;+= @)!@ dª\l;/ @* df ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] ;b:otf k|fKt
— sf7df8f}F gu/kflnsf tyf k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rg
z}lIfs pknlAw
— lj=;+= @))& ;fndf lzIff ljefusf] :yfkgf
— sGof sn]hsf] :yfkgf
— /fli6«o lzIff af]8{ / /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g
44
— /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f÷tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
— lqe'jg ljZjljBfno / sn]h ckm Ph's];gsf] :yfkgf
cEof;
-s_ /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo ePkl5 g]kfndf sltcf]6f kf6L{{ ag]sf lyP <
-v_ k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] klxnf] ;/sf/sf] gfd s] xf] <
-u_ cfd lgjf{rg @)!% df s'g bnn] ax'dt kfPsf] lyof] <
-3_ k'; ! ut]nfO{ lsg sfnf] lbg elgG5 <
-ª_ k~rjifL{o of]hgf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-s_ lj=;+= @))& ;fnb]lv @)!& ;fnsf] cjlwdf ag]sf s'g} kfFr
;/sf/sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf ultljlwx¿sf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ k|hftGqsf] cGTo ug]{a]nf /fhf dx]Gb|n] /fhgLlts bnx¿ s:tf
cf/f]kx¿ nufOPsf lyP < n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ cfk\mgf] sfkLdf tn lbOPsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ lj=;+=@))& ;fnb]lv
lj=;+=@)!& ;fnsf] cjlwdf ePsf pknlAwx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ M
j|m=;+= cfly{s pknlAw k|zf;lgs pknlAw z}lIfs pknlAw
!
@
#
$
%
45
kf7 – # lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo / cGTo
-s_ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf

lj=;+=@)!%;fnsf] lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO ax'dt k|fKt ePsfn] lj=;+=
@)!^ ;fn h]7 !# ut] aL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] k|wfgdlGqTjdf !( ;b:oLo
dlGqd08nsf] u7g eof] t/ clt dxŒjfsfª\IfL /fhf dx]Gb|nfO{ g]kfnL
sfFu;
]| dg k/]sf] lyPg . /fhfn] cfk\mgf] OR5fcg';f/ b]zdf zf;g rnfpg
rfxGy] . k|hftflGqs Joj:yfdf /fhfsf] OR5fcg';f/sf] zf;g rNg
;Sb}gYof] . ctM /fhf dx]Gb|n] @)!& ;fn k'; ! ut] k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf]
cGTo u/L k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf u/] . k~rfotL Joj:yf
ck|hftflGqs Joj:yf lyof] . cfk"mn] sfof{Gjog u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ alnof]
agfpgsf nflu /fhf dx]Gb|n] lj=;+= @)!( ;fn k'; ! ut]sf lbg g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg @)!( hf/L u/] . h;cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf tyf b]zsf]
Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfsf ;a} clwsf/x¿ /fhfdf s]lGb|t
ul/of] .
-v_ @)#^ sf] cfGbf]ng / hgdt ;ª\ux|
k~rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ dha't agfpFb} ubf{
lzIff If]qdf klg gofF Joj:yfx¿ ul/Psf
lyP . ;/sf/n] ljBfyL{ ;ª\u7gx¿dfly
k|ltaGw nufpFb} pgLx¿nfO{ bdg u/]sf]
lyof] . oxL kl/l:yltdf lj=;+ @)#% r}q !
df kfls:tfgsf] ;}lgs ;/sf/n]
hglgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL h'lNkmsf/ cln
e'6\6f]nfO{ kmfF;Lsf] ;hfo lbof] . e'6\6f]nfO{
kmfF;L lbPsf] lj/f]wdf g]kfnsf ljBfyL{x¿n] Students' Demonstration
kfls:tfgL /fhb'tfjf;df lj/f]w kq

a'emfpg] lg0f{o u/] . ljBfyL{x¿sf] zflGtk"0f{ h'n';df k|x/Ln] x:tIf]k u/]kl5
46
ljBfyL{x¿n] o;sf] lj/f]wdf ;ª\3if{ ug{ yfn] . hgtfn] klg ljBfyLx¿sf]
cfGbf]ngdf ;fy lbPkl5 /fhf jL/]Gb|n] @)#^ ;fn h]7 !) ut]sf lbg zfxL
;Gb]zdfkm{t hgdt ;ª\ux| ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/] . h;adf]lhd lj=;+= @)#& ;fn
j}zfv @) ut] lbgdf hgdt ;ª\u|x eof] . h;cg';f/ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf]
kIfdf @$ nfv ## xhf/ $ ;o %@ / ax'bnsf] kIfdf @) nfv & xhf/ (
;o ^% dt dt k/]sf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] .
-u_ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTosf sf/0f
hgdt ;ª\u|xn] klg k~rfotL
Joj:yfdf vf;} ;'wf/ x'g ;s]g .
of] Joj:yf b]zdf zflGt ;'/Iff
sfod / cfwf/e"t dfgj
clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ c;kmn
eof] . hgk|ltlglwx¿ hgtfk|lt
geO{ /fhf / Joj:yfk|lt pQ/bfoL
x'Gy] . log} sf/0fn] klg k~rfotL hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] cfGbf]ngsf] emns
Joj:yf c;kmn /Xof] . lgb{nLo
k~rfotL Joj:yf cGTo x'gsf lgDglnlvt sf/0fx¿ lyP M
-c_ Joj:yfsf ;dy{x¿df dte]b
k~rfotL Joj:yfsf ;dy{sx¿dWo] Pp6f ;d"xn] hgk|ltlglwx¿ hgtfk|lt
pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{5 eGg] dt /fVbYof] eg] csf]{ ;d"xn] /fhf / k~rfotsf
;ª\u7gx¿k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ ljrf/ /fVbYof] . oxL ljrf/n] k~rx¿ b'O{
efudf ljeflht eP .
-cf_ dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg
k~rfotL Joj:yfdf g]kfnL hgtfsf cfwf/e"t df}lns xsx¿sf] k|Tofe"lt
ePsf] lyPg . of] Joj:yfdf /fhf g} /fHo tyf ;/sf/ k|d'v x'Gy] .
hgtfx¿nfO{ k~rfotL Joj:yf, ;/sf/, /fhf / /fhkl/jf/sf unt
sfo{x¿sf] 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug]{ ;a} gful/snfO{ s7f]/ ;hfo ul/GYof] .
47
-O_ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!( hgk|ltlglwx¿n] gagfP/ /fhf :jod\n] hf/L u/]sf
x'gfn] of] ck|hftflGqs lyof] . of] ;+ljwfgsf] k6s k6s ;+zf]wg eP klg
k|hftflGqs k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z x'g ;s]gg\ . o;sf k|fjwfgcg';f/
/fhgLlts bnx¿ k|ltalGwt g} /x] .
-O{_ k|hftGqjfbLx¿sf] bdg
k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] yfngLb]lv g} /fhf dx]Gb|n] k|hftGqjfbLx¿sf] bdg
ug{ yfn]sf lyP . of] j|md /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] zf;gsfndf klg sfod /x\of] .
/fhfsf] gLltaf6 k|hftGqjfbLx¿ lg/fz ePsf lyP . lj=;+= @)## ;fn k';
!^ ut] aL=kL= sf]O/fnf /fli6«o d]nldnfksf] gLlt lnP/ ef/taf6 g]kfn
kmls{P . t/ ;/sf/n] aL=kL= dfly s8f lgu/fgL a9fof] .
k|hftGqjfbLx¿nfO{ bdg ug]{ j|md @)$^ ;fn;Dd g} sfod /x\of] .
-p_ afx\o k|efj
@)$^ sf] ;'?lt/ o'/f]k / Pl;ofdf /fhgLlts pyn–k'ynx¿ eP . ;f]leot
;ª\3sf] v'nf cfly{s gLltn] ubf{ k'aL{ o'/f]kaf6 sDo'lg:6 /fHo k4ltsf]
cGTo x'g nfUof] . hd{gL, ?dflgof, a'Nu]l/of, dª\uf]lnof cflb d'n'sdf
/fhgLlts kl/jt{gx¿ eP . o;n] g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ cfGbf]ng ;~rfng ug{
cg's"n jftfj/0f tof/ eof] .
-pm_ g]kfn – ef/t ;DaGw
lj=;+= @)$% r}q !) b]lv g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ tyf kf/jfxg ;lGwsf] Dofb
;dfKt eof] / ef/tn] ;f] ;lGwnfO{ gjLs/0f gu/L g]kfn;Fu Jofkf/ ug]{ @!
gfsfx¿dWo] !( gfsfx¿ aGb ul/lbof] . To;} u/L kf/jfxgsf !% gfsfdWo]
!# gfsfx¿ aGb ul/lbof] . o;n] g]kfndf cTofjZos ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
cfk"lt{df ;d:of cfof] . of] ;DaGw ;'wf/ u/L cefjsf] cj:yf cGTo ug{
tTsfnLg k~rfotL ;/sf/ c;dy{ /x\of] .
48
cEof;
-s_ @)!% ;fnsf] lgjf{rgdf s'g bnn] ax'dt kfPsf] lyof] <
-v_ k|yd hglgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL sf] lyP <
-u_ k~rfotL Joj:yf slxn]af6 ;'? eof] <
-3_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!( slxn] b]lv hf/L ePsf] lyof] <
@= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6s/Ldf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ hgdt ;ª\ux| sf] sf/0f / kl/0ffdsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ g]kfnL hgtfx¿n] lsg k~rfotL Joj:yf dg k/fPgg\ <
-u_ k~rx¿df cfk;L ljefhg x'g] sf/0fx¿ s] s] lyP < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
49
kf7 –$ @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng / pknlAw
lj=;+=@)$^ ;fn kmfu'g & ut]b]lv g]kfndf hgcfGbf]ngsf] yfngL eof] . of]
cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj tTsfnLg k|ltalGwt g]kfnL sfFu|]; / ;+o'St jfd df]rf{n] u/]sf
lyP . of] cfGbf]ngsf] d'Vo p2]Zo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo u/L ax'bnLo
k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf ug'{ lyof] . hgcfGbf]ng bafpgsf nflu ;/sf/n]
cg]s k|of; u/]klg ;/sf/sf] kxn ;kmn x'g ;s]g . k~rfotL ;/sf/sf bdgn]
s}of}F k|hftGqjfbL g]tf sfo{stf{x¿ lu/k\mtf/ eP, s}of}Fsf cª\ueª\u ePeg]
sltkon] ;xfbt k|fKt u/] . nf7L rfh{, c>' Uof;, kfgLsf kmf]xf]/f / uf]nL k|xf/
ubf{ klg cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿ 6;sf] d; ePgg\ . /fhf jL/]Gb|n] g]kfnL hgtf;Fu xf/
vfP / lj=;+= @)$^ r}q @^ ut] /flt bndfly nfu]sf] k|ltaGw x6fP . o;kl5
g]kfndf k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] k'g:yf{kg eof] / hgcfGbf]ng /f]lsof] . of]
hgcfGbf]ngsf pknlAwx¿ o;k|sf/ lyP M
-c_ k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf / cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] u7g
g]kfnL sfFu|]; / ;+o'St jfd df]rf{n]
hgcfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tjdf u/]sf lyP . of]
hgcfGbf]ng ;~rfng ug{sf nflu oL
b'a} kIfsf g]tfx¿ /x]sf\] Pp6f ;ldlt
u7g ul/Psf] lyof] / ;f] ;ldltnfO{
Æ;+o'St hgcfGbf]ngÆ ;ldlt elgGYof] .
of] ;ldltn] u0f]zdfg l;+xnfO{
hgcfGbf]ngsf ;jf]{Rr sdfG8/ tf]s]sf]
lyof] . of] cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfk"j{s
cGTo ePkl5 /fhf jL/]Gb|n] /fhfn]
@)$& j}zfv ^ ut] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf k|=d+=s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{
;efklt >L s[i0fk|;fb e6\6/fO{sf]
50
k|wfgdlGqTjdf !! ;b:oLo cGtl/d dlGqd08nsf] u7g u/] . of] ;/sf/sf
lhDd]jf/Lx¿ o;k|sf/ lyP M
 ef/t;Fu ;DaGw ;'wf/ ug]{]
 gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f / 3f]if0ff ug]{
 gofF ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/df @)$* h]7;Dddf k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rg
;DkGg u/fpg]
-cf_ /fhgLlts l:y/tfsf] :yfkgf
k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] :yfkgfn] k|hftGq lj/f]wLx¿ b'MvL ePsf lyP /
pgLx¿n] cftª\ssf] l;h{gf ul//x]sf lyP . b]zdf n'6kf6 / cfuhgLsf
36gfx¿ a9\b} uO/x]sf lyP . cfk\mgf] cf}kfrfl/s kf];fs nufP/ cftª\s
dRrfO/x]sf kfFr hgf k|x/Lx¿n] hgtfsf] cfj|md0fdf k/L Hofg u'dfP .
To;} u/L afudtL c~rnfwLzsf] sfof{nodf ;d]t cfuhgL eof] . w/ks8
/ uf]nL sf08x¿ ;d]t eP . t/ cGtl/d ;/sf/n] cfk\mgf sfdx¿nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg yfn]kl5 o:tf 36gfx¿ sfa'df cfP .
-O_ 5fglag cfof]u u7g
hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;dodf 36]sf 36gfx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{, hgwgsf] Ifltsf]
hfFr ug]{ / hgcfGbf]ng bafpg ;xof]u ug]{x¿nfO{ sf/afxLsf] l;kml/; ug{]
p2]Zon] Pp6f cfof]u u7g ug'{ cfjZos lyof] . To;}n] hgfb{gnfn
dlNnssf] cWoIftfdf Pp6f cfof]u u7g eof] . of] cfof]unfO{ dlNns
cfof]usf] gfdn] lrlgG5 . o;n] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf cfk\mgf] sfd ;s]/ g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ cfk\mgf] k|ltj]bg a'emfof] . t/ ;/sf/n] ;f] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs
eg] u/]g .
-O{_ cfly{s ;ª\s6 ;dfwfg
lj=;+=@)$% ;fndf g]kfn ef/t jfl0fHo tyf kf/jfxg ;lGwsf] ;dofjlw
;dfKt ePsf] lyof] / of] ;lGwsf] gjLs/0f x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . o;n] ubf{
g]kfnsf] cfly{s If]qdf ;ª\s6 l;h{gf ePsf] lyof] . cGtl/d ;/sf/sf
51
k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb e6\6/fO{n] ef/tsf] e|dd0f u/L of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
u/] . o;kl5 g]kfnsf] cfly{s cj:yf ;fdfGo ¿kdf ;'rf? eof] .
-p_ k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f
b]zsf] /fhgLlts Joj:yf kl/jt{g ePkl5 ToxL Joj:yfcg's"nsf] ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . k|hftflGqsf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf
tTsfnLg k|wfgGofowLz ljZjgfyk|;fb pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf ( ;b:oLo
;+ljwfg ;'wf/ ;'emfj cfof]usf] u7g eof] . of] cfof]un] lgdf{0f u/]sf]
;+ljwfgnfO{ lj=;+= @)$& sflQs @# /fhf jL/]Gb|n] zfxL 3f]if0ffåf/f
sfof{Gjog u/] . of] ;+ljwfgdf @# efu !## wf/f / # cg';"rL lyP .
cEof;
-s_ hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] d"n p2]Zo s] lyof] <
-v_ hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ df s'g s'g b'O{ ;d"xsf] ;xeflutf lyof] <
-u_ hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ df s'g /fhg]tfnfO{ ;jf]{Rr sdfG8/ 3f]if0ff
ul/Psf] lyof] .
-3_ ;+ljwfg ;'wf/ ;'emfj cfof]usf cWoIf sf] lyP <
-ª_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& slxn]b]lv nfu' ePsf] lyof] < k"/f
ldlt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ s[i0fk|;fb e6\6/fO{sf] k|wfgdlGqTjdf u7g ePsf] cGtl/d ;/sf/sf
d'Vo p2]Zox¿ s] s] lyP <
-v_ k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf eO;s]kl5 b]zdf l:y/tf sfod x'g g;Sg'sf
sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\ < s'g} rf/ sf/0fx¿ ;f]r]/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
52
-u_ dlNns cfof]u eg]sf] s] xf] < dlNns cfof]usf lhDd]jf/Lx¿sf] ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ .
#= tnsf k|Zgsf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ hgcfGbf]ngsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ . lj=;+=@)$^ ;fndf hgcfGbf]ng ug'{
cfjZos lyof] t < cfk\mgf] /fo k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf pknlAwx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
53
kf7 – % cfd lgjf{rg
b];sf ;a} aflnu gfufl/sx¿sf]
;xeflutfdf ul/g] :yfgLo, k|b]z tyf
;ª\3Lo lgjf{rgnfO{ cfd lgjf{rg
elgG5 . g]kfndf ljleGg ;dodf cfd
lgjf{rgx¿ ePsf lyP . g]kfndf
klxnf] cfd lgjf{rg lj=;+= @)!%
;fndf k|ltlglw ;efsf nflu ePsf]
lyof] . lgjf{rg
https://www.google.com.np/search?hl=en-
-s_ cfd lgjf{rg @)$* NP&authuser=0&biw=1280&bih=540&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=kv9AXM2sCs
Go9QPEh6agCA&q=election+process+in+nepal&oq=election+process+in
+nepal&gs_l=img.3..0i24.18561.20438..20936...0.0..0.127.1049.0j9......1.
g]kfn lj=;+= @)$* ;fndf k|ltlglw ...1..gws-wiz-img.......0.DFtcuwjiCCo#imgrc=-PFhW3_uWMO_hM:
;efsf nflu cfd lgjf{rg ePsf] lyof] .

To; a]nfsf] ;+;b\sf dflyNnf] ;bg
/fli6«o ;efdf ^) hgf / tNnf] ;bg
k|ltlglw ;efdf @)% hgf k|ltlglwx¿
/xg] k|fjwfg lyof] . lj=;+= @)$* j}zfv
@( df k|ltlglw ;efsf @)% :yfgsf
nflu lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . of]
lgjf{rg k|hftflGqs g]kfnsf] bf];|f]
lgjf{rg lyof] . s'g} klg lgjf{rgdf
;xefuL x'gsf nflu /fhgLlts bnx¿ lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ x'g'kb{5 .
o;k6s lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{sf nflu lgj]bg lbPsf $$ bnx¿dWo]
hDdf $) bnx¿dfq btf{ ePsf lyP . t/ btf{ ePsf ;a} bnx¿n]
lgjf{rgdf efu lnPgg\ . hDdf @) bnn] dfq cfˆgf pDd]bjf/x¿ v8f
u/]sf lyP . of] lgjf{rgdf hDdf ^%=!% k|ltzt dtbfg ePsf] lyof] .
54
@)$* ;fnsf] lgjf{rg kl/0ffd
j|m=;+= bnsf] gfd k|fKt :yfg
! g]kfnL sfFu;
|] !!)
@ g]=s=kf= Pdfn] ^(
# ;+o'St hgdf]rf{ (
$ g]kfn ;befjgf kf6L{{ ^
% /fli6«o k|hftGq bn -rGb_ #
^ /fli6«o k|hftGq bn-yfkf_ @
-v_ dWofjlw lgjf{rg @)%!
lj=;+= @)$* sf] lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffdcg';f/ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;+;bLo bnsf
g]tf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf]
k|wfgdlGqTjdf lj=;+= @)$* h]7 !%
ut] ;/sf/ u7g eof] . of] ;/sf/
g]kfnsf] bf];|f] hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/
lyof] . of] ;/sf/ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf]
Psdgf ;/sf/ eP/ klg bnleqsf]
dtfGt/sf sf/0fn] k"0f{ cjlw sfd
ug{ ;s]g . kmn:j¿k lj=;+= @)%!
;fn sflQs @( ut] ;DkGg
dWofjlw lgjf{rg eof] . of] lgjf{rgdf ljleGg @$ cf]6f /fhgLlts
bnx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
55
dWofjlw lgjf{rg @)%! sf] kl/0ffd
! g]kfnL sfFu]|; *#
@ g]=s=kf= Pdfn] **
# g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{{ #
$ /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{{ @)
% g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{{ $
^ :jtGq pDd]bjf/ &
of] lgjf{rgdf s'g} klg bnsf] :ki6 ax'dt gePsf] / b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L
bn ldn]/ klg ;/sf/ u7g ug{ ;s]gg\ .
To;}n] ;+;b\df ;j}eGbf ;b:o ;ª\Vof /x]sf]
bnn] cNkdtsf] ;/sf/ u7g ug'{kg]{ cj:yf
cfof] . ;f]xL cg'¿k g]skf Pdfn]sf] ;+;bLo
bnsf g]tf dgdf]xg clwsf/Lsf] g]t[Tjdf
la=;== @)%! dª\l;/ !# ut] ;/sf/ u7g
eof] . of] g]kfnsf] klxnf] sDo'lg:6 kf6L{{sf]
;/sf/ lyof] . of] ;/sf/n] æcfˆgf] ufpF cfkm}F
dgdf]xg clwsf/L
agfcf}FÆ eGg] nf]slk|o gf/fsf ;fyf
hgkl/rfng u¥of] eg] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQfsf] klg yfngL u¥of] . of]
cNkdtsf] ;/sf/sf oL b'O{ pbfx/0fLo sfdx¿ x'g\ . t/ /fhgLlts
cl:y/tfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ u7g ePsf] ( dlxgfd} g]skf Pdfn]sf] ;/sf/sf]
56
cGTo eof] . of] ;/sf/nfO{ g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;df ( dlxg] ;/sf/
eg]/ klg lrlgG5 .
-u_ cfd lgjf{rg @)%^
lj=;+= @)%^ j}zfv @) / h]7 @ ut] u/L b'O{ r/0fdf t];|f] k|ltlglw ;efsf]
lgjf{rg ;DdGg eof] . of] lgjf{rgdf #( /fhgLlts bnx¿ r'gfjL
k|lt:kwf{df lyP . To;dWo] hDdf & bnsf] dfq} k|ltlglwTj x'g ;s]sf]
lyof] .
cfjlws lgjf{rg @)%^ sf] kl/0ffd
! g]kfnL sfFu]|; !!#
@ g]=s=kf= Pdfn] ^(
# /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{{ !!
$ ;b\efjgf kf6L{ %
% /fli6«o hgdf]rf{ %
^ ;+o'St hgdf]rf{ ]!
& g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{ !
lj=;+= @)%^ h]7 !& ut] s[i0fk|;fb e6\6/fO{nfO{ k|wfgdlGqTjdf ;/sf/
u7g eof] . t/ bnleqsf] åGåsf sf/0fn] k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb e6\6/fO{n]
cfk\mgf] kbaf6 /flhgfdf lbg'k¥of] . lj=;+=@)%^ r}q * ut] k|wfgdGqLdf
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf lgo'St eP .
57
cEof;
-s_ cfdlgjf{rg @)$* slt ut] ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] <
-v_ @)$* ;fnsf] cfdlgjf{rgdf hDdf slt bnx¿ ;xefuL lyP <
-u_ cfdlgjf{rg @)$* sf] lgjf{rgdf s'g bn k|d'v k|ltkIfL bnsf]
¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] lyof] <
-3_ dWofjlw lgjf{rgsf] k"/f ldlt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ gf} dlxg] ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqL sf] lyP <
-r_ jfd ;/sf/sf b'O{ dxŒjk"0f{ sfdx¿ s] s] lyP <
-s_ dWofjlw lgjf{rgsf] dt kl/0ffdnfO{ :tDe lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ dWofjlw lgjf{rg eg]sf] s:tf] lgjf{rg xf] / lsg lj=;+=@)%! ;fndf
g]kfndf dWofjlw lgjf{rg ul/Psf] lyof] < ;ª\If]kdf rrf{ ug'xf];\ .
-u_ dgdf]xg clwsf/Lsf] k|wfgdlGqTjdf u7g ePsf] ;/sf/ lsg cGo
;/sf/x¿eGbf nf]slk|o ePsf] xf]nf < casf] ;/sf/ o:t} nf]slk|o
aGgsf nflu s] s:tf of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog ug'{knf{ <
-3_ lj=;+= @)$*, @)%! / @)%^ sf lgjf{rg kl/0ffdsf tYofª\ssf
cfwf/df Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'x{ f];\ .
58
kf7 –^ @)%@ b]lv @)^@ ;Ddsf] 36gfj|md
-s_ dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x
lj=;+= @)%@ ;fn kmfu'g ! ut]
g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] hgljb|f]x ;'?
u/]sf] lyof] . dfS;{jfb, n]lgjfb
/ dfcf]jfb of] kf6L{{sf] d"n
l;4fGt lyof] . of] bnn] lj=;+=
@)%@ ;fnsf] df3df tTsfnLg
;/sf/ ;dIf $! ;"qLo dfu
/fVb} kmfu'g % leq tL dfux¿
dfcf]jfbL hg;]gf
;Daf]wg gePdf ljb|f]x ug]{
r]tfjgL lbof] . t/ ;/sf/af6 s'g} k|ltlj|mof gcfPsf] eGb} @)%@ kmfu'g !
ut]af6 hgo'4sf] yfngL u¥of] . hgo'4sf] yfngL ubf{ /f]Nkf, ?s'd /
l;Gw'nLsf Ps Pscf]6f k|x/Lrf}sLdf cfj|md0f ul/Psf] lyof] . of] hgo'4sf]
d"n p2]Zo zf]if0fd'St ;dfhsf] l;h{gf ug]{ / ;j{xf/f ju{sf] /fHo :yfkgf
ug]{ elgPsf] lyof] .
-v_ b/jf/ xTofsf08, @)%*
lj=;+= @)%* ;fn h]7 !( ut]
/ftL g]kfnsf] gf/fo0flx6L
/fhbaf/ddf sf08 eof] . oxL g}
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df b/af/
xTofsf08sf gfdn] kl/lrt 5 .
of] xTofsf08df /fhkl/jf/sf !)
hgf ;b:ox¿sf] Ps}k6s Hofg
uPsf] lyof] . of] 36gfdf tTsfnLg
/fhf jL/]Gb|sf] d[To' ePsfn] h]7
@) ut]sf lbgdf cw{d[t cj:yfdf /fhf bLk]Gb|
59
/x]sf o'j/fh bLk]Gb|nfO{ g]kfnsf] /fhf 3f]lift ul/of] t/ ;f]xL @@ ut] /fhf
bLk]Gb|nfO{ klg c:ktfnn] d[t 3f]if0ff u/]sf] x'gfn] @# ut]sf] lbgdf
jL/]Gb|sf dfOnf efO 1fg]Gb|nfO{ g]kfnsf] /fhf 3f]lift ul/of] .
b/af/ xTofsf08sf] hfFra'em u/L k|ltj]bg k]; ug{sf nflu /fhf 1fg]Gb|n]
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf tTsfnLg k|wfgGofowL s]zjk|;fb pkfWofosf]
cWoIftfdf k|ltlglw ;efsf ;efd'v tf/fgfy /fgfef6 / k|ltlglw ;efdf
k|d'v k|ltkIf bnsf g]tf dfwjs'df/ g]kfn /x]sf] # ;b:oLo pRr:t/Lo
5fglag ;ldlt u7g u/] . tTsfnLg o'j/fh bLk]Gb|n] nfu' cf}ifw ;]jg u/L
cGwfw'Gb uf]nL rnfpFbf of] 36gf 36]sf] k|ltj]bg 5fglag ;ldltn] k];
u¥of] .
-u_ b/af/ xTof sf08kl5sf 36gfj|md
 lj=;+= @)%* h]7 !*b/af/ xTofsf08
 lj=;+= @)%* >fj0f !! ut] z]/axfb'/ b]pjf k|wfgdGqL lgo'St
 lj=;+= @)%( h]7 * k|ltlglw;ef eª\u / sfflt{s @& ut] dWofjlw
lgjf{rg x'g] 3f]if0ff
 lj=;+=@)%( c;f]h !* ut] k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pafnfO{ /fhfåf/f
c;Ifd eGb} ckb:y
 lj=;+= @)^! df3 !( ut] /fhfåf/f /fhsLo ;Qf cfkm\gf] xftdf
60
cEof;
-s_ ;z:q ljb|f]x eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ g]kfndf slxn]b]lv ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] yfngL ePsf] lyof] <_
-u_ /fhf jL/]gb|sf] j+z gfz x'g] u/L ePsf] xTofsf08nfO{ lsg b/af/
xTofsf08 elgPsf] xf]nf <
-3_ 1fg]]Gb|nfO{ slxn] g]kfnsf] /fhf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] xf] <
-s_ g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf] lgdf{0f / l;4fGtaf/] 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] u/]sf] hgo'4sf] d"n p2]Zo n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ b/af/ xTofsf08df sf] sf] dfl/Psf lyP < tkfO{Fn] ;Dem]sf gfdx¿
n]Vg'xf];\ .
61
kf7 –& hgcfGbf]ng a};6\7L–lq;6\7L / ;+ljwfg;ef
lj=;+= @)^! df3 !( ut] /fhf

1fg]Gb|sf] k|ltudgsf] sbd
hgcfGbf]ng a};6\7L–lq;6\7Lsf]
d"n sf/0f lyof] . o; lbg
/fhfn] hgtfnfO{ k|fKt
clwsf/sf] cGTo u/L b]zsf]
;Dk"0f{ /fhsLo ;Qf cfkm\gf]
xftdf lnPsf lyP / cfkm\g} hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷)^#
cWoIftfdf dlGqd08n u7g
u/]sf lyP . /fhfsf] of] sbd lj?4 lj=;+=@)^@ dª\l;/ & ut] g]skf dfcf]jfbL /
;ft /fhgLlts bnx¿lar ef/tsf] /fhwfgL gofF lbNnLdf Ps ;Demf}tf eof] .
oxL ;Demf}tfnfO{ afx| a'Fb] lbNnL ;Demf}tf elgG5 . of] ;Demf}tfk|lt /fhgLlts
bnx¿n] g]kfndf hgcfGbf]ngsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . oxL cfGbf]ngnfO{ hgcfGbf]ng —@
tyf @)^@–)^# sf] hgcGbf]ng elgG5 . of] cfGbf]ng @)^@ ;fn r}q @$
ut]b]lv @)^# j}zfv !! ut];Dd hDdf !( lbg] rn]sf] lyof] . To;}n] g]kfnsf]
/fhgLlts Oltxf;df o;nfO{ !( lbg] cfGbf]ng elgG5 .
hgcGbf]ngsf sf/0fx¿
-s_ /fhgLlts bnx¿ / /fhflarsf] ;ª\3if{
/f0ff zf;gsf] cGTob]lv g} /fhf / hgtfsf lardf ;'d;w'/ ;DaGw :yfkgf
x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . /fhf dx]Gb|sf] k|hftGq lj/f]wL gLlt, jL/]Gb|sf]
hgcfsfª\Iffx¿k|ltsf] pbf;Lgtf tyf 1fg]Gb|sf ck|hftflGqs sbdn]
g]kfnL hgtfdf /fhfk|ltsf] ljZjf; 36\g uPsf] lyof] . hgtf / /fhgLlts
bnx¿ k|hftGqsf] kIfdf pleGy] eg] /fhf ;w}F k|hftGq lj/f]wL x'Gy]
.hgtfn] /fhfaf6 cfk\mgf] clwsf/ lkmtf{ lngsf nlfu /fhf;Fu ;ª\3if{ ug{
yfn] . ctM of] ;ª\3if{ g} cfGbf]ngsf] Ps sf/0f aGg uof] .
62
-v_ ;dfrf/ dfWodx¿sf]
/fhf 1fg]Gb|n] cfk\mgf] lg/ª\s'ztf a9fpFb} nu] . pgn] ;dfrf/
dfWodx¿dfly ;d]t lgu/fgL /fVg] / k|ltaGw nufpg] sfd u/] . t/
;dfrf/ dfWodx¿n] e"ldut ¿kdf ;d]t /fhfsf unt sfo{x¿sf lj?4
hgr]tgf k}mnfpg] sfd u/] . ctM ;~rf/ hut\ klg cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f
sf/0f aGg uof] .
-u_ gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf
hgclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, zflGt :yfkgf tyf ;'zf;g sfod ug{sf nflu
gful/s ;dfhn] ;d]t ;8s cfGbf]ng u¥of] . gful/s ;dfhsf] cfJxfgdf
b]zsf hgtfx¿sf] Jofks ;xeflutf eof] . ctM @)^@–^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng
;kmn kfg{ gful/s ;dfhsf] cToGt 7'nf] e"ldsf /Xof] .
-3_ dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/sf] Hofblt
lj=;+= @)%@ ;fnb]lv g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] ;'? u/]sf] hgo'4sf] sf/0fn]
;j{;fwf/0f dflg;x¿ lgs} ql;t ePsf lyP . dfcf]jfbLn] ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtfnfO{ ;/sf/L ;'/fsLsf]] cf/f]k nufO{ s7f]/ ;hfo lbGy] . csf]{tkm{
;/sf/L kIfsf ;'/IffsdL{ klg ufpFufpFdf uP/ ;j{;fwf/0f hgTffnfO{
dfcf]jfbL / pgLx¿sf] hf;'; eGb} ;hfo lbGy] . o;n] ubf{ s'g} kx'Fr
gePsf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf b'a} kIfaf6 cTofrf/df k/]sf lyP . ctM o:tf]
cTofrf/ / bdgaf6 d'Qmx'g] hgtfsf] rfxgf klg hgcfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f
sf/0f lyof] .
-ª_ cfk\mgf] clwsf/k|lt hgtfsf] ;fjwfgL
/fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] zfxL sbdn] hgtfsf df}lns clwsf/x¿ xgg eP . log}
clwsf/x¿ k|rngdf Nofpg] hgtfsf] rfxgf g} of] cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f sf/0f
lyof] . cfk\mgf vf]l;Psf clwsf/x¿ k|flKtsf nflu ;8sdf cf]ln{P .
63
-r_ g]kfnL sfFu;
|] sf] u0ftflGqs gLlt
;+j}wflgs /fhtGq g]kfnL sfFu|];sf]] k/Dk/fut gLlt lyof] . t/ /fhf
1fg]Gb|n] g]kfnL hgtfsf] ckdfg u/]kl5 g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfk\mgf] of] gLltdf
kl/jt{g u¥of] . o;n] ubf{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] cGo u0ftGqjfbL bnx¿;Fu
;xsfo{ x'g ;Sof] . oxL gLltn] ;ft /fhgLlts bn / dfcf]jfbLsf lardf
afx| a'Fb] ;Demf}tf eof] / ;+o'St hgcfGbf]ng x'g ;Sof] .
-5_ cGo d'n'sx¿sf] kxn
g]kfndf rn]sf] hgcfGbf]ng / ;/sf/sf] cTofrf/L k|j[lQk|lt afx\o rf;f]
al9/x]sf] lyof] . ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL pRr cfof]u,
o'/f]k]nL o'lgog, cd]l/sL ;/sf/, ef/t cflb d'n'sx¿n] g]kfnsf] l:yltk|lt
lrGtf JoSt ul//x]sf lyP . o;n] ubf{ /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] dgf]jn 3l6/x]sf]
lyof] eg] g]kfnL hgtf / /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] dgf]an al9/x]sf] lyof] .
oL nufot cGo ljleGg sf0fx¿n] ubf{ @)^@–^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng
ePsf] lyof] . of] cfGbf]ngdf @% hgfn] ;xfbt k|fKt u/]sf lyP .
;+ljwfg ;ef
;+ljwfg ;efsf] d'Vo sfd b]zdf
;+ljwfg agfpg] xf] . o;sf] u7g
hgk|ltlglwx¿af6 ul/G5 . ctM
of] hgk|ltlglwx¿ ePsf] ;+:yf
xf] . k|mfG; ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g
ug]{ ljZjsf] klxnf] d'n's xf] eg]
cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg
;efn] agfPsf] ljZjsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;ef ejg
;+ljwfg xf] . g]kfndf ;+ljwfg
;efsf] cjwf/0ff lj=;+= @))& ;fndf agfOPsf] lyof] . /fhf lqe'jgn] g} ;+ljwfg
;efsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L cfk\mgf] 3f]if0ffdf of] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf lyP . t/
64
@)^$ ;fn r}q @* ut] ;++ljwfg
;efsf] lgjf{rg ul/of] . g]kfndf
klxnf] k6s ^)! hgf hgk|ltlglw
ePsf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g eof] .
t/ of] ;+ljwfg ;efn] tf]lsPsf]
;dodf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ g;s]sf]
x'gfn] lj=;+= @)^( h]7 !$ ut] of]
;+ljwfg ;efsf] lj36g eof] / k'gM
@)&) sflQs $ ut];+ljwfg ;efsf] bf];|f] lgjf{rg eof] .
g]kfndf hDdf ^)! hgf k|ltlglwx¿ /x]sf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g ePsf] lyof] .
o;sf nflu klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnLcg';f/ @$) hgf k|ltlglwx¿
lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP eg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg';f/ ##% hgf
k|ltlglwx¿ lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . afFsL / @^ hgf ;b:ox¿ dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
l;kmfl/;df /fi6«k|d'våf/f dgf]gLt ePsf lyP .
;+ljwfg ;efn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L @)&@ c;f]h # ut] hf/L u¥of] . o;kl5 ;f]
;+ljwfg ;ef Joj:yflksf ;+;b\df kl/0ft eO{ @)&$ df3 & ut];Dd sfod
/Xof] .
cEof;
-s_ k|ltudgsf] sbd eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] lsg cfkm\g} cWoIftfdf dlGqd08n u7g u/]sf lyP <
-u_ afx| a'Fb] ;Demf}tf slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
-3_ hgcfGbf]ng —@ slxn]b]lv slxn];Dd rn]sf] lyof] <
-ª_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g ug]{ ljZjsf] klxnf] d'n's s'g xf] <
65
-r_ g]kfndf ;j{k|yd ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
-s_ /fhgLlts bnx¿ / /fhfsflardf s:tf] ;ª\3if{ rn]sf] lyof] <
;ª\If]kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ ;dfrf/ dfWodx¿n] s;/L hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷)^# nfO{ ;xof]u
u/]sf lyP <
-u_ lj=;+= @)%@ ;fnkl5 g]kfnL hgtfn] s;/L dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/sf]
Hofbltaf6 k|tfl8t x'g' k/]sf] lyof] < 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ g]kfndf lsg bf];|f] k6s klg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfj ug{ k/]sf] xf]nf <
cfk\mgf] ljrf/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= tnsf k|Zgsf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ b/jf/ xTofsf08 klg hgcfGbf]ng rsf{pg] Ps cfwf/ lyof] . s]
tkfO{+ of] egfO;Fu ;xdt x'g'x'G5 < egfOsf] kIf jf ljkIfdf cfk\mgf
ljrf/x¿ /fVg'xf];\ .
-v_ hgcfGbf]ng @)^@–^# sf sf/0fx¿n] n]vL rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ afx| a'Fb] ;Demf}tf eg]sf] s:tf] ;Demf}tf xf] / o;n] hgcfGbf]ng
@)^@–^# nfO{ s;/L ;xof]u u¥of] < rrf{ ug'x{ f];\ .
-3_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cfjZostf / g]kfndf ;+ljwfg ;ef eGg] ljifodf
Pp6f n]v n]Vg'xf];\ .
66
kf7 – * @)^# b]lv @)&$ ;Ddsf d'Vo d'Vo 36gfx¿
-s_ k|ltlglw ;efsf] k'g:yf{kgf

/fhf 1fg]Gb|n] tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] l;kmfl/;df lj=;+=
@)%( h]7 * ut] k|ltlglw ;efsf] lj36g u/]sf lyP eg] lj=;+= @)^!
;fndf b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ cfk\mgf] xftdf lnPsf lyP . hgcfGbf]ng
@)^@÷@)^# sf] kl/0ffdcg';f/ /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] @)^# j}zfv !! k|ltlglw
;ef k'g:yf{kgf u/] .
-v_ k|hftflGqs ;/sf/sf] u7g / k|ltlglw ;efsf] clwj]zg
@)^# j}zfv !@ ut] lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf k|wfgdGqLdf lgo'St eP . pgn]
;ft /fhgLlts bnsf] k|ltlglwTj ul//x]sf lyP . @)^# j}zfv !% ut]
k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw ;efsf] j}7s a:of] . j}zfv @) ut] a;]sf]
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] j}7sn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ nufPsf] cftª\ssf/Lsf] cf/f]k lkmtf{
ug]{ / ;f] bnsf g]tf sfo{stf{ dfly nfu]sf] /]8sg{/ gf]l6; x6fpg] lg0f{o
u¥of] . g]sdf dfcf]jfbLn] o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] .
-u_ k|ltlglw ;efsf] P]ltxfl;s 3f]if0ff÷;+;bLo 3f]if0ff
@)^# ;fn h]7 $ ut] k|ltlglw ;efn] u/]sf] 3f]if0ff lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . of]
3f]if0ffdf lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ pNn]v ePsf lyP M
 g]kfnsf] Joj:yflksLo clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efn] k|of]u ug]{
 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgdf{0f ;DaGwL k|lj|mof k|ltlglw;efn] lgwf{/0f
u/]adf]lhd x'g]
 ;+;b\ssf] clwj]zgssf] cfJxfg k|wfgdGqLn] ug]{ / o;sf] cGTo
lghsf] l;kmfl/;df ;efd'vn] ug]{
 b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf/L clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df /xg] / pk|fGt >L %
sf] ;/sf/nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ elgg]
67
 dlGqkl/ifb\ k|ltlglw;efk|lt hjfkmb]xL /xg] . b]zsf] k|zf;g, ;]gf,
k|x/L tyf ;/sf/sf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf/L cª\ux¿ dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
lgoGq0fdf /xg]
 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] gfd g]kfnL ;]gf x'g]
 g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f / kl/rfngsf nflu k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf
/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] u7g x'g]
 k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lSt dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{ / g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{
;dfj]zL agfOg]
 /fhkl/ifb\nfO{ vf/]h ug]{ / ;f] ;+:yfn] ul//x]sf sfd÷sf/afxLx¿
k|ltlglw;efn] ug]{
 /fhu2L pQ/flwsf/L ;DaGwL lgod agfpg], ;+zf]wg ug]{ tyf vf/]h
ug]{ clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efdf /xg]
 /fhfsf] vr{ / ;'ljwf k|ltlglw;efn] lg0f{o u/]adf]lhd x'g]
 /fhfsf] lghL ;DklQ / cfodf lgod cg';f/ s/ nfUg] .
 >L % n] u/]sf sfd÷sf/afxL / ultljlwx¿dfly k|ltlglw;ef /
cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg kfOg] .
 xfn;Dd sfod /x]sf] /fh k|f;fb ;]jfnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf kl/jt{g
ug]{
 /fhb/af/sf] ;'/Iff k|aGw dlGqkl/ifb\n] lg0f{o u/]adf]lhd x'g]
 xfn sfod /x]sf] gful/Stf;DaGwL ;d:of tTsfn ;dfwfg ug]{
 sfod /x]sf] /fi6« ufgnfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{
 g]kfn wd{lg/k]If /fHo x'g]
 b]zsf] /fHo ;+oGq k|ltlglw;efk|lt akmfbf/ /xg] / k|ltlglw;efsf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ ;~rfng x'g]
68
 ljlzi6 kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|ltlglw;efaf6 cfk\mgf] kb
tyf uf]kgLotfsf] ;ky lng'kg]{ . o;f] ug{ grfxg] kbflwsf/Lx¿
kbd'St x'g]
 of] 3f]if0ff;Fu aflemg] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf k|fjwfg
tyf cGo sfg'gx¿ aflemPsf] xb;Dd /2 x'g]
 of] 3f]if0ffsf] sfof{Gjgogdf cfPsf afwf–c8\sfpx¿ k'msfpg]
clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efdf /xg]
-3_ ;/sf/—dfcf]jfbL zflGtjftf{
Dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 rln/x]sf a]nf ljleGg ;dodf k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjf,
nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb tyf ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfn] ;d]t jftf{sf] kxn u/]sf lyP .
t/ tL jftf{x¿ ;kmn x'g ;s]gg\ .
@)^# h]7 !@ ut]af6 g]kfn
;/sf/ / g]skf dcf]jfbLlar jftf{
;'? eof] . c;f/ @ ut] dfcf]jfbL
/ ;ft /fhgLlts bnsflardf
jftf{ ;DkGg u/L cf7 a'Fb] ;xdlt
kfl/t ul/of] . of] ;xdlt kqdf
;ft /fhgLlts bn / g]skf
dfcf]jfbLsf zLif{ g]tfx¿af6
x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] . o;df
;ftbn / dfcf]jfbLjLr lzv/ j}7s
x:tfIf/ ug]{ k|ltlglwx¿ o;k|sf/
lyP M
-c_ lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf —k|wfgdGqL tyf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt
-cf_ s= dfwjs'df/ g]kfn—dxf;lrj, g]skf Pdfn]
-O_ z]/axfb'/ b]pjf— ;efklt, g]kfnL sfFu|]; -k|hftflGqs_
-O{_ clds z]/rg —pkk|wfgdGqL tyf cWoIf, hgdf]rf{ g]kfn
69
-p_ gf/fo0fdfg ljh'S5]— cWoIf, g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{{
-pm_ e/t ljdn ofbj—pkfWoIf, g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{{ -cfgGbLb]jL_
-P_ k|e'gf/fo0f rf}w/L— cWoIf, jfddf]rf{sf g]kfn
-P]_ s=k|r08—g]skf dfcf]jfbL
-ª_ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf
lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf
g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxfdf
lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ 36gf xf] .
@)^# dª\l;/ % ut] ;/sf/
/ dfcf]jfbLlar j[xt zflGt
;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . of]
;+emf}tfn] g]kfndf /fhgLlts
;/sf/ –dfcf]jfbL zflGt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ub}{
kl/j{tg, hgo'4 cf}krfl/s
;dflKt, dfgjclwsf/ cflb kIfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof] .
cEof;
-s_ k|ltlglw ;efsf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] k"/f ldlt n]Vg'xf]];\ .
-v_ hgo'4sf] ;dodf g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x¿dfly s'g
s'g cf/f]k nfu]sf lyP <
-u_ dfcf]jfbL;Fu ePsf] klxnf] r/0fsf] zflGtjftf{ s'g k|wfgdGqLsf]
kfnfdf ePsf] lyof] <
-3_ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf eg]sf] s] xf] <
70
-s_ k|ltlglw ;efsf] k'g:yf{kgf;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbFb} Ps cg'R5]b
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf slxn] ePsf] lyof] / o;n] s;/L g]kfnsf]
/fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf kl/jt{g NofPsf] lyof] <
-u_ k|ltlglw ;efsf] P]ltxfl;s 3f]if0ff eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf d'Vo d'Vo
a'Fbfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
71
kf7 – ( ;ª\3Lo zf;gk4lt -;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx_
ljZjdf k|foM b'O{ lsl;dsf zf;g k4ltx¿ cEof;df /x]sf 5g\ . sltko
d'n'sx¿df PsfTds zf;g k4ltx¿ cEof; ul/G5 eg] s]xL d'n'sx¿n] ;ª\3Lo
zf;g k4ltsf] cEof; u/]sf] kfOG5 . PsfTds zf;g k4lt s]Gb|Ls[t x'G5 eg]
;ª\3Lo zf;g k4ltdf /fHo;Qfsf] clwsf/ ;ª\3 / PsfOx¿df ljefhg
ul/G5 .
g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf t/fO{ sfFu|]; kf6L{{n] lj=;+=@))* ;fndf ;ª\3Lo zf;gsf]
dfu u/]sf] lyof] . o;k|sf/ g]kfndf ;j{k|yd ;ª\3Lotfsf ljifodf cfk\mgf] ljrf/
/fVg] bn t/fO{ sfFu|]; xf] . To;} u/L lj=;++= @)!% df /3'gfy 7fs'/n] ;ª\3Lotfsf]
dfu p7fPsf lyP . @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 g]kfnsf s]xL /fhgLlts bnx¿n]
;ª\3Lo zf;g k4ltnfO{ cfk\mgf] ljwfgdf ;d]t /fv]sf lyP .
hgo'4sf] ;dodf g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] g]kfnnfO{ !! cf]6f :jfoQ u0f/fHox¿df
ljefhg u/]sf] lyof] / dfcf]jfbLn] b]znfO{ !! cf]6f :jfoQ /fHox¿df ljefhg
ug]{ k|:tfj ;d]t cl3 ;f/]sf] lyof] . ljleGg /fhgLlts bnx¿n] o; ljifodf
72
cfk\mgf /fo k|:t't u/]sf lyP . cGTodf b]znfO{ & cf]6f k|b]zx¿df ljefhg ul/
;ª\3Lotfsf] cEof; ug]{ lg0f{o eof] .
;ª\3Lo zf;g k4ltnfO{ ljleGg tLg txx¿df cEof; ul/G5 . tL txx¿ o;
k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
-s_ ;ª\3Lo÷s]Gb|Lo tx
;ª\3Lo eg]sf] s]Gb|Lo tx xf] . o;n] ;du| b]zsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .
;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf tLg cª\ux¿ ;ª\3Lo Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf /
Gofkflnsf x'g\ .
-c_ ;ª\3Lo Joj:yflksf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ ;ª\3Lo Joj:yflksf k|ltlglw ;ef / /fli6«o
;ef u/L b'O{ ;bgfTds x'g] 5 . k|ltlglw ;efdf hDdf @&% hgf
k|ltlglwx¿ /xg] 5g\ . k|ltlglw ;efsf] u7gsf nflu g]kfnnfO{ !^%
lgjf{rg If]qx¿df ljefhg ul/g] 5 / k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6 jflnu
dtflwsf/sf cfwf/df Ps Ps hgf k|ltlglwx¿ lgjf{lrt x'g] 5g\ .
o;sf nflu k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL -klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]_ sf]
cEof; ul/g] 5 . afFsL !!) hgf k|ltlglwx¿ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg
k|0ffnL cg';f/ lgjf{lrt x'g] 5g\ . k|ltlglw ;efsf] ;dofjlw kfFr
jif{sf] x'g] 5 . o;/L k|ltlglw ;efsf] u7g ePkl5 ;bgnfO{ ;'rf?
¿kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu Ps hgf ;efd'v / Ps hgf
pk;efd'vsf] rog x'g] 5 . tL b'O{ hgf km/s lnª\u / km/s bnsf
x'g'kg]{ 5 .
To:t} /fli6«o ;efdf hDdf %( hgf ;b:ox¿ /xg] 5g\ . /fli6«o
;efsf] u7gsf nflu k|To]s k|b]zdf Ps Ps cf]6f lgjf{rs d08nsf]
u7g x'g] 5 . of] lgjf{rs d08ndf k|b]z ;efsf ;b:o,
ufpFkflnsfsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v / pkk|d'v
/xg] 5g\ . of] lgjf{rs d08nn] cfk\mgf] k|b]zaf6 cf7 hgf
k|ltlglwx¿ lgjf{lrt u/L /fli6«o ;efdf k7fpg] 5 . tL cf7 hgfdWo]
73
sDtLdf tLg hgf dlxnf, Ps hgf blnt, Ps hgf ckfª\utf ePsf]
jf cNk;ª\Vos ;d"xsf] x'g'kb{5 . o;k|sf/ Pp6f k|b]zaf6 cf7
hgfsf] b/n] hDdf ;ft k|b]zaf6 %^ hgf k|ltlglwx¿ /fli6«o ;efsf
nflu lgjf{lrt x'g] 5g\ . afFsL tLg hgf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/;df
/fi6«kltaf6 dgf]gLt x'g] 5g\ / tL tLg hgfdWo] Ps hgf dlxnf
x'g'kg]{ 5 .
/fli6«o ;ef Ps :yfoL ;bg x'g] 5 / o;sf ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw 5
jif{sf] x'g] 5 . o; ;bgsf PsltxfO ;b:osf] kbfjlw x/]s b'O{ jif{df
;lsg] 5 . /fli6«o ;efsf] u7g eO;s]kl5 o;sf ultljlwx¿ ;'rf?
ug{sf nflu Ps hgf cWoIf / Ps hgf pkfWoIfsf] rog ul/g] 5 .
pgLx¿ km/s lnª\usf x'g'kg]{ 5 .
-cf_ ;ª\3Lo sfo{kflnsf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ s]Gb|df ;ª\3Lo sfo{kflnsf x'G5 . h;cGtu{t
a9Ldf @% ;b:oLo dlGqkl/ifb\ Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . b]zsf]
sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df x'G5 . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g ;DaGwL
;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
 /fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw ;efdf ax'dt k|fKt ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{
k|wfgdGqL lgo'St ug]{ 5 / lghsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
u7g x'g] 5 .
 k|ltlglw ;efdf s'g} klg bnsf] :ki6 ax'dt g/x]sf] cj:yfdf
k|ltlglw ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L bnx¿sf]
;dy{gdf ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] k|ltlglw ;efsf ;b:onfO{
/fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL lgo'St ug]{ 5 .
 k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf]
ldltn] tL; lbgleq k|wfgdGqL lgo'St x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePdf
jf To;/L lgo'St k|wfgdGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df
74
/fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw ;efdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;b:ox¿ ePsf] bnsf]
;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'St ug]{ 5 .
 s'g} klg bnsf] ax'dt k|fKt gePsf] cj:yfdf lgo'St
k|wfgdGqLn] lgo'lStsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq k|ltlglw ;efaf6
ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ul/;Sg'kg]{ 5 .
-O_ ;ª\3Lo Gofokflnsf
tLg txsf Gofokflnsfx¿dWo] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;ª\3Lo Gofokflnsf
xf] . pRr cbfnt k|b]z Gofokflnsf xf] . :yfgLo Gofo lg?k0fsf
nflu lhNnf cbfnt / :yfgLo Goflos lgsfox¿ /xg] 5g\ . ;a}
cbfnt / Goflos lgsfox¿ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt dftxt /xg] 5g\ .
;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] JofVof ug{] clGtd clwsf/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntnfO{
x'g] 5 .
-v_ k|b]z÷/fHo tx
-c_ k|b]z Joj:yflksf
k|b]zsf] Joj:yflksf Ps;bgfTds x'g] 5 . h;nfO{ k|b]z ;ef elgg]
5 . k|b]z ;efsf] u7g o;k|sf/ x'g] 5M
 ;DjlGwt k|b]zaf6 k|ltlglw ;efdf klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]
lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] bf]Aa/
;ª\Vofdf x'g] ;b:o
 klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcGtu{t x'g cfpg] ;b:o
;ª\VofnfO{ ;f7L k|ltzt dfgL afFsL rfln; k|ltzt ;dfg'kflts
lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:o
 k|bz
] ;efsf] sfo{sfn kfFr jif{sf] x'g] 5 .
75
-cf_ k|b]z sfo{kflnsf
k|b]zsf] sfo{;~rfngsf nflu k|To]s k|b]zdf k|b]z k|d'vx¿ /xg]
5g\ . tL k|b]z k|d'vx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwx¿ x'g] 5g\ /
pgLx¿sf]] lgo'lSt dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] ug]{ 5g\ .
To;}u/L k|To]s k|b]zdf k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\ /xg] 5 . of] dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
k|d'v d'VodGqL x'g] 5g\ / lghsf] cWoIftfdf k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
u7g x'G5 . k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\df d'VodGqL;lxt k|b]z ;efsf s'n
;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] aL; k|ltztdf ga9\g] u/L k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g x'g]
5.
-u_ :yfgLo tx
ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf txx¿ x'g\ .
-c_ ufpF sfo{kflnsf
 k|To]s ufpFkflnsfdf Ps hgf ufpF sfo{kflnsf cWoIf /xg] 5 /
lghsf] cWoIftfdf ufpF sfo{kflnsf u7g x'g] 5 .
 ufpF sfo{kflnsfdf Pshgf g]kfndf :yfgLo lgsfox¿
pkfWoIf, k|To]s j8faf6
lgjf{lrt j8fWoIf / lgjf{lrt ufpFkflnsf— $^)
;b:ox¿ /xg] 5g\ . gu/kflnsf — @&^
 tL lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿df rf/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf — !!
hgf dlxnf / b'O{ hgf blnt
jf cNk;ª\Vos x'g] 5g\ . dxfgu/kflnsf — )^
-cf_ gu/kflnsf
 k|To]s gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf Ps hgf gu/ sfo{kflnsf k|d'v /xg]
5 / lghsf] cWoIftfdf gu/ sfo{kflnsf u7g x'g] 5 .
 gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf Pshgf pkk|d'v, k|To]s j8faf6 lgjf{lrt
j8fWoIf /;b:ox¿ /xg] 5g\ .
76
 tL lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿df kfFr hgf dlxnf / tLg hgf blnt jf
cNk;ª\Vos x'g] 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfcGtu{t x/]s lhNnfdf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt /xg]
5 . of] :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] dflyNnf] PsfO xf] . o;sf] d"n sfd lhNnf
el/sf ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfx¿sf lardf ;dGjo sfod ug'{ xf] .
of] ;ª\3Lotfsf] sfo{fGjogsf nflu @)&$ dª\l;/ !) / dª\l;/ @! ut]
u/L b'O{ r/0fdf ;ª\3Lo tyf k|b]z ;+;b\sf] lgjf{rg ;DdGg eO sfo{kflnsf
;d]t u7g ePsf 5g\ .
To;} u/L @)&$ j}zfv #!, c;f/ !# / c;f]h @ ut] u/L tLg r/0fdf
:yfgLo txsf] ;d]t lgjf{rg ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .
cEof;
-s_ ;ª\3Lotfsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ g]kfndf ;ª\3Lotfsf] cfjZostfsf af/]df ;j{k|yd s;n] ljrf/
/fv]sf lyP <
-u_ g]kfnsf tLg k|zf;lgs txx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-3_ ;ª\3Lo Joj:yflksfsf b'O{ ;bgx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ /fli6«o ;efdf slt hgf ;b:ox¿ /xg] Joj:yf 5 <
-r_ k|b]z k|d'vsf] lgo'lSt s;n] ub{5g\ <
@= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6s/Ldf pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ ;ª\3Lo sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g k|s[of pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ tkfO{Fsf] 3/ s'g k|b]zdf kb{5 < tkfO+F k|b]z ;/sf/sf dGqLx¿sf]
gfd vf]h]/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
77
-u_ ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g s;/L x'G5 < 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ ;ª\3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] u7g k|lj|mof n]Vg'[xf];\ .
-v_ g]kfnh:tf] ;fgf] d'n'sdf ;ª\3Lotf cfjZos 5 < ts{k"0f{ pQ/
n]Vg'xf];\ .
78
PsfO– tLg ljZjsf ;Eotfx¿
kf7 ! lu|s tyf /f]dg ;Eotf
-s_ lu|s ;Eotf

lu|s ;Eotfsf] csf]{
gfd o'gfgL ;Eotf xf]
/ o;nfO{ ljZjsf]
k'/fgf] ;Eotf dflgG5
.of] ;Eotfsf] ljsf;
xfnsf] lu|;df ePsf]
lyof] . oxfFsf
dflg;nfO{ hndfu{sf]
k|of]udf ;xhtf
ePsfn] k|frLg lu|;n] u|L; /fHo
ljleGg If]qdf
pNn]vgLo k|ult u/]sf]] lyof] . of] ;Eotf sl/a $)) jif{;Dd sfod /x]sf]
lyof] . o;sf] yfngL O{=k"= !@cf}+F ztfAbLdf ePsf] / ktg O{=k"= *cf}F
ztfAbLdf ePsf] lyof] . k|frLgsfndf lu|; Pp6f dxfg\ ;fd|fHo lyof] /
o;df gu/ /fHox¿ :yfkgf ePsf lyP . oL gu/ /fHox¿nfO{ kf]ln; :6]6
elgGYof] . oL ;a} gu//fHox¿sf] efiff, wd{ tyf ;+:s[lt Pp6} lyof] . Pp6}
;+:s[lt eP klg /fhgLlts leGgtfsf sf/0fn] oL /fHox¿df cfk;L
snxsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePsf] lyof] .
-v_ zf;g k4lt
k|frLg lu|;sf ljleGg gu/ /fHox¿df :kf6f{ / Py]G; k|d'v lyP . oxfFsf
gu/ /fHox¿df Ps} k|sf/sf] zf;g Joj:yf lyPg . lg/ª\sz ' zf;g k4lt
lyof] eg] Py]G;df k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] cEof; ul/GYof] . kl5Nnf] ;dodf
oxfFsf cGo gu//fHox¿n] ;d]t k|hftflGqs cEof;sf] yfngL u/]sf lyP .
79
zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu O{=k"= %)* df Py]G;df ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f
;d]t ul/of] . ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] yfngL klg Py]G;af6} ePsf] xf] .
-u_ ;flxTo / bz{g
;flxTo / bz{g lu|; ;fd|fHosf of]ubfg
x'g\ . xf]d/n] cf]l8;L / Olno8 eGg]
dxfsfJox¿sf] /rgf u/]sf lyP . slj
x];f]O8n] js{ ckm b 8]h (Work of the
Days) / l8;]G6 ckm b u8\; (Descent
of the Gods)Æ eGg] sfJox¿sf] /rgf
u/]sf lyP . o;sfndf gf6s ljwfsf]
;d]t ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . Oltxf;sf]
n]vg klg oxL ;Eotfs} b]g xf] .
x]/f]86;\n] ;j{k|yd kl;{og jf/
x]/f]86\;
(Persian War) gfds Oltxf;sf] lstfa
n]v]sf x[gfn] pgnfO{ Oltxf;sf lktf (Father of History) ;d]t elgG5 .
bz{gsf If]qdf ;'s/ft, Kn]6f] / c/:t'sf] of]ubfg ct'ngLo 5 .
-3_ d"lt{snf / jf:t'snf
d"lt{snf / jf:t'snfsf] ljsf; oL gu/
/fHox¿df /fd|/L ePsf] lyof] . lkml8ofgf
gfds d"lt{sf/n] Plygfb]jLsf] d"lt{ agfPsf
lyP . To:t} csf{ d"lt{sf/ lkml8;n] lho;
b]jtfsf] d"lt{ agfPsf lyP . kfy]{lgog dlGb/
To;sfnsf] jf:t'snfsf] gd'gf xf] . of] dlGb/
xl:txf8 tyf ;'gn] l;ª\ufl/Psf] lyof] .
-ª_ cfw'lgs ljZjnfO{ lu|s ;Eotfsf] b]g
Plygfb]jLsf] d"lt{
 k|hftGqsf] yfngL / ljsf;
 ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f
80
 bz{gsf] ljsf;
 ;flxTo / Oltxf; n]vg
 d"lt{snf / jf:t'snf
-r_ /f]dg ;Eotf
lu|; ;Eotfsf] ktgkl5 ;f]xL
:yfgdf /f]dg ;Eotfsf]
ljsf; ePsf] x'gfn] of]
;EotfnfO{ lu|; ;Eotfsf]
lg/Gt/tf elgG5 . O{=k"= &%#
df /f]d'n; / /f]d; gfd
u/]sf h'DNofxf bfh'efOn]
/f]d gu/sf] :yfkgf u/]sf
x'g\ . /f]d ;x/df k|frLg k|frLg /f]d
/f]dg ;Eotfsf] ljsf;

ePsf] lyof] .
To;sfndf ld> (Egypt), d];f]kf]6fldof, sfy]{h cflb ;Eotfsf] klg ljsf;
ePsf] lyof] . oL /fHox¿dWo] sfy]{h lgs} zlStzfnL x'gfn] o;n]
l;l;nLnfO{ ;d]t cfk\mgf] clwgdf /fv]sf] lyof] . of] sfndf /f]d / sfy]{hsf
lardf lgs} k|lt:kwf{ x'GYof] / oL b'O{ ;fd|fHox¿sf lardf # r/0f u/]/
!!* jif{;Dd o'4 klg ePsf] lyof] . of] o'4nfO{ Ko'lgs o'4 (Punic War)
eg]/ ;d]t lrlgG5 . sfy]{hdf Ko'lg;;\ (Punicus) hfltsf] zf;g lyof] /
oxL Ko'lg;;\ eGg] zAbaf6 Ko'lgs aGg uPsf] xf] . klxnf] Ko'lgs o'4 @#
jif{ rn]sf] lyof] . bf];|f] Ko'lgs o'4 -/f]d–sfy]{h o'4_ xlgan (Hannibal) o'4
xf] . xlgan sfy]{hsf ;]gfgfos lyP / pg}sf] gfdaf6 of] o'4sf] gfd klg
xlgan o'4 x'g uPsf] xf] . of] o'4 !& jif{ rn]sf] lyof] . t];|f] Ko'lgs o'4
6\o'lgl;of (Tunisia) df ePsf] lyof] / o;n] sfy]{h ;EotfnfO{ g} Wj:t
kf/]sf]] lyof] . oL tLgcf]6} o'4df /f]dsf] ljho ePsf] lyof] . t];|f] o'4kl5
81
%) xhf/ sfy]{hsf gful/sx¿nfO{ /f]dgx¿n] bf; agfPsf lyP . oL o'4df
c;ª\Vos dflg;n] Hofg u'dfPsf lyP .
k|frLg /f]dsf] ;dfhdf k]l6«l;og (Patrician) / Kn]laog (Plebian) u/L b'O{
ju{x¿ lyP . k]l6«l;og (Patrician) ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt ju{ lyof] eg] Kn]laog
(Plebian) ljz]ifflwsf/ljxLg ju{ lyof] .
;d|f6\ /f]dg ;fd|fHosf] pRr kb:y JolSt lyP / pgn] l;g]6 / P;]DnL
(Senate and Assembly) sf] ;xof]udf zf;g rnfpg] ub{y] . O{=k"= %)( df
u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 b]zsf zf;g Joj:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L sG;'n
(Consul) nfO{ lbOof] . sG;'n hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] ;+:yf lyof] . t/ la:tf/} of]
;fd|fHodf lg/ª\s'z zf;s / /fhtGtsf] ;d]t pbo eof] .
cu:6 l;h/ /f]dg ;fd|fHosf
k|efjzfnL ;d|f6\ lyP . pgsf]
zf;gsfnnfO{ /f]dsf] Oltxf;df
:j0f{o'u eg]/ lrlgG5 . of]
;fd|fHonfO{ !$ cf]6f k|fGtx¿df
ljefhg ul/ x/]s k|fGtsf] zf;g
rnfpgsf nflu ;}lgs
clwsf/Lx¿dWo]af6 k|zf;s
lgo'St ul/GYof] . ;Ldfsf] ;'/Iff
ug]{ lhDdf klg logLx¿s}
x'GYof] . gful/s ;]jf (Civil
Service) sf] 5'6\6} ;lrjfnosf]
:yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] / o;sf]
k|d'vsf] lgo'lSt /f]dg ;d|f6\af6
x'g] ub{Yof] . cu:6; l;h/sf] zflns
/f]ddf ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt kfl6«l;og ju{sf] af]njfnf lyof] . ctM ;dfg

clwsf/sf] dfu ub}{ Kn]laog ju{n] nfdf] ;do;Dd cfGbf]ng÷;ª\3if{ u¥of] .
82
cGTodf lnlvt ¿kdf k|sflzt ul/of] . log} lnlvt sfg'gx¿sf]
;+lxtfx¿nfO{ æafx| a'Fb] ;+lxtfÆ (Code of Twelve Tables) elgG5 .
-5_ cfw'lgs ljZjnfO{ k|frLg /f]dsf] ;Eotfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg
 Nofl6g efiffn] o'/f]kel/ g} cfk\mgf] k|efj km}nfpg ;Sof] .
 k|hftGq, u0ftGq, :jtGqtf, gful/Stf cflb h:tf cjwf/0ffx¿sf]
ljsf; /f]dg ;fd|fHoaf6 ePsf] x]f .
 xfnsf] ljZjdf lgjf{rgsf] yfngL / lgjf{rg k4ltsf] ljsf; /f]daf6
g} ePsf] xf] .
 lu|; ;Eotfsf] ljZjJofkLs/0fdf /f]dg ;Eotfs} of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
cEof;
-s_ lu|; ;EotfnfO{ csf]{ s'g gfdn] lrlgG5 <
-v_ lu|s ;Eotf slt jif{;Dd sfod /x]sf] lyof] <
-u_ x]/f]86\;nfO{ lsg Oltxf;sf lktf elgPsf] xf]nf <
-3_ /f]d ;x/sf ;+:yfks sf] lyP <
-ª_ /f]dg ;Eotf;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ ;dsfnLg ;Eotf s'g lyof] <
-r_ s;sf] zf;gsfnnfO{ /f]dsf] Oltxf;df :j0f{o'u eg]/ lrlgG5 <
-s_ k|frLg lu|; gu/ /fHox¿sf dflg;x¿n] s;/L oftfoft ;~rfng
ub{y{ / oftfoftn] lu|; gu//fHox¿sf] ljsf;df s;/L ;xof]u k'u]sf]
lyof] <
-v_ k|frLg lu|;df s:tf] zf;g k4lt lyof] < 5f]6s/Ldf rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ k|frLg lu|;sf] bz{g / ;flxTosf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
83
-3_ /f]dsf] ;EotfnfO{ lsg lu|; ;Eotfsf] lg/Gt/tf elgPsf] xf] <
-ª_ u0ftGq eg]sf] s:tf] zf;g Joj:yf xf] < o;sf kmfObfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-r_ k|frLg /f]dg ;dfhdf s'g s'g ju{sf dflg;x¿ a:by] < pgLx¿sf]
;fdflhs tyf cfly{s cj:yfsf] ;ª\If]kdf rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ afx| a'Fb] ;+lxtf (Code of Twelve Tables) sf] ;ª\If]kdf kl/ro
lbg'xf];\ .
-s_ k|frLg lu|; ;fd|fHosf k|d'v gu/ /fHox¿ s'g s'g lyP < tLdWo]
tkfO{+nfO{ s'g gu//fHosf] zf;g Joj:yf dg k¥of] < ;f] /fHodf
cEof; ul/g] zf;g Joj:yfsf ljz]iftfx¿sf cfwf/df n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ jt{dfg o'unfO{ k|frLg lu|; ;Eotfn] s] s;/L k|efj kf/]sf] 5 < rrf{
ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ /f]d–sfy]{h o'4nfO{ lsg Ko'lgs o'4 elgPsf] xf] < of] o'4sf
r/0fx¿sf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ /f]ddf k|rlnt zf;g k4lt / jt{dfg g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts k4ltlar
s:tf] ;DaGw 5 <
84
kf7– @ j}lbs ;Eotf
-s_ kl/ro
j]bsf] gfdaf6 j}lbs ;Eotfsf] gfd
/flvPsf] xf] . ljZjdf rf/ j]bx¿ 5g\ /
tL j]bx¿df CUj]b ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] xf] .
ctM CUj]b sfnLg o'unfO{ k"j{j}lbs o'u
dflgG5 . cfheGbf emG8} kfFr xhf/ jif{
cufl8 xfnsf] o'/f]k, dWo Pl;of /
ef/tLo pkdxfåLkdf of] ;Eotfsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePsf] lyof] . of]
;Eotfdf æçÆnfO{ ;+;f/sf] ;f/ / pTklQsf] cfwf/ dflgG5 . Tof] ;dfh
j0ff{>d Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t ePsfn] a|fXd0f, IfqL, j}Zo / z"b| u/L rf/
j0f{x¿sf] cl:tTj lyof] .
-v_ hLjg k4lt
j}lbs ;dfhdf 3/d"nLn]
kl/jf/sf] k|d'v x'GYof] . To;
a]nfsf] vfgfdf d;nfsf]
cTolws k|of]u ul/GYof] .
dflg;x¿n] ;f]d/; lkpg dg
k/fpFy] . b'w, bxL, dxL tyf
l3p cflb klg k]o kbfy{ tyf
vfgfsf] ¿kdf k|of]u
x'Gy] . dflg;x¿df wd{k|lt
ljZjf; lyof] / b]jLb]jtf /
o1 sfo{
k|sl[ tsf] k"hf cf/fwgf ub{y] .
85
dlxnflagf k'?ifn] u/]sf o1sfo{x¿ kmlnt x'Fb}gg\ eGg] ljZjf; lyof] . ctm
k"hfcfhfdf k'?ifsf ;fydf dlxnfsf] klg ;xeflutf x'GYof] . lkt[ p4f/ /
k/nf]s ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu tLy{jt| / o1o1flb ;d]t ul/Gy] .
-u_ lzIff / ;flxTo
lzIff / ;flxTosf] yfngL / ljsf;sf nflu of] ;EotfnfO{ dxŒjk"0f{
dflgG5 . lnlksf] ljsf; x'g'eGbf klxn] g} CUj]bsf] l;h{gf eO;s]sf] lyof] .
To;sfndf 1fgsf] cfbfgk|bfg df}lvs ¿kdf ul/GYof] . ;'Gg] / ;Demg] s'/f
To;a]nfsf] lzIffsf dfWod lyP . ctM j}lbs sfnsf] lzIff / ;flxTo >'lt /
:d[ltdf cfwfl/t lyof] .
-3_ cfly{s cj:yf
s[lif, kz'kfng, pBf]u tyf Jofkf/ cflb j}lbs sfnsf cfly{s
lj|mofsnfkx¿ lyP . cGg, ;fukft, sGbd"n, cflbsf] pTkfbg ul/GYof] /
ufO{, e};
F L, s's'/, afv|f cflb kz'x¿sf] kfng ul/GYof] . vlgh k|zf]wg, pgL
wfuf] agfpg], efF8f tyff xltof/ lgdf{0f cflb o; sfnsf pBf]u lyP .
dflg;x¿ cfk\mgf] pTkfbg a]Rgsf nflu ljleGg :yfgx¿df hfg] ub{y] .
To; a]nfsf] Jofkf/df j:t'n] j:t' ;f6\g] ul/GYof] . j:t'n] j:t' ;f6\g]
Jofkf/sf] k|0ffnLnfO{ j:t' ljlgdo k|0ffnL (Barter System) elgG5 .
-ª_ ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] :yfg
j}lbs ;dfhdf gf/Lx¿ ;Ddflgt tyf pRr dflgGy] . pgLx¿n] z}lIfs
If]qdf ;d]t k|ult u/]sf / of]ubfg lbPsf lyP . dbfn;f, c?GwtL, ckfnf,
3f]iff cflb j}lbs sfnsf s]xL ljb"ifLx¿ x'g\ . z[ª\uf/ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pTkfbg
/ k|of]u gf/Ln] ub{y] . wd{sd{, s[lif, Jofkf/ cflbdf ;d]t gf/Lx¿sf]
;xeflutf x'GYof] . j}lbsf ;dfhdf ;tL k|yf lyPg . dlxnfx¿nfO{ w]/}
k6s;Dd ljjfx ug]{ 5'6 ;d]t lyof] . ;DklQdf dlxnfsf] klg xs
nfUbYof] .
86
cEof;
-s_ s] sf] gfdaf6 j}lbs ;Eotfsf] gfd /xg uPsf] xf] <
-v_ j}lbs ;dfhdf kl/jf/sf] d"nLn] s] sfd ub{Yof] <
-u_ >'lt / :d[lt eg]sf] s] xf] <
-s_ j}lbs ;Eotf eg]sf] s:tf] ;Eotf xf] < 5f]6s/Ldf kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ j}lbssfn s;/L >'lt / :d[ltsf] sfn lyof] < :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
87
PsfO – rf/ ljZjsf j|mflGt
kf7 M ! ?;L j|mflGt
k[i7e"ld
;g\ !(!& df ?;sf] cfˆg} ljz]iftf 5g\ . ?;sf] j|mflGtdf ;dfhsf ;a} ju{sf]
;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . ?;sf] cfGbf]ngdf ;fdGt, k'FhLklt, ;]gf / ls;fg ;a}n]
;lj|motf;fy efu lnPsf lyP . To;}n] elgG5, sfn{ dfS;{sf ;l4fGtx¿sf]
;j{k|yd Jojxfl/s k|of]u ?;df ul/of] . ?;L j|mflGtsf] k|d'v p2]Zo hf/sf]
lg/ª\s'z zf;gsf] cGt u/L ;dfhjfbL zf;g Joj:yf k|f/De u¥of] . ;+;f/df
?;L j|mflGtsf] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg 5 .
!= cfly{s sf/0f
 ;g\ !(!& eGbf klxn] ?; lk5l8Psf] s[lif k|wfg b]z lyof] . !% s/f]8
ls;fg / Ps nfv #) xhf/ hlt hldgbf/ lyP . ls;fg /
dhb'/x¿sf] l:ylt Hofb} bogLo lyof] .
 ;g\ !*^! Dff ePsf] lj|mldofo'4kZrft\\ ls;fgx¿n] hUuf t kfP t/
olt rsf]{ Jofh nfUof] ls pgLx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] hUuf /fVg ;s]gg\ .
 sf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{ dhb'/sf] cj:yf emg\ g/fd|f] lyof] . pgLx¿n]
Hofb} sd Hofnf kfpFy] .
@= ;fdflhs sf/0f
 ?;L j|mflGteGbf klxn] ?;sf] ;dfh tLg ju{df ljeflht lyof] . k|yd
>]0fLdf s'nLg ;fdGt lyP . logLx¿nfO{ /fHosf tkm{af6 ljleGg
clwsf/ / ;x'lnot lbOPsf] lyof] . bf];|f] >]0fLdf Jofkf/L, ;fgf
hldgbf/ / k'FhLklt lyP . logLx¿ klg lgDg ju{sf dflg;x¿sf]
zf]if0f ug{df sd lyPgg\ . t];|f] >]0fLdf ls;fg, dhb'/ / cw{bf;
s[ifs lyP . logLx¿nfO{ s'g} /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs clwsf/ lyPg .
88
 ?;df hf/sf] lg/ª\sz ' zf;g / pgsf k[i7kf]ifs ;fdGt hldgbf/ /
k'FhLkltx¿sf] lj/f]wdf j|mflGt k}bf eof], o; j|mflGtnfO{ lgDg ju{sf
ls;fg, dhb'/ / ;}lgsx¿n] 7'nf] alnbfg / of]ubfg lbP/ ;kmn
agfP .
#= lg/ª\s'z zf;g
 ?;df hf/zfxLsf] lg/ª\sz ' zf;g rln/x]sf] lyof] . ?;df klg rr{
Joj:yf /fhfsf] b}jL clwsf/ / lg/ª\sz ' tfsf] ;dy{s lyof] . To;}
k|zf;g / ;]gfsf pRr clwsf/L ju{, s'nLg / ;fdGt /fhfsf]
lg/ª\sz
' tfsf k[i7kf]ifs lyP . clGtd hf/ zf;s lgsf]n; låtLodf
pGsL /fgL cn]S;fGb|f / b/jf/Lof ;fw' /f;k'l6gsf] ljz]if k|efj lyof]
. pgLx¿ ;d|f6nfO{ lg/ª\sz ' aGg k|]l/t ub{y] .
 ;dfrf/ kq, ljBfno / /fhgLlts ;ª\3 ;+:yf bdgsf/L gLltsf]
rSsLdf lkl;Psf lyP . hgtfsf] lhpwgsf] ;'/Iff lyPg . ;fgf]ltgf]
ck/fwdf klg d[To'b08 lbOGYof] .
$= ;j{xf/fsf] ;d:of
?;df ePsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] kmn:j¿k u|fdL0f If]qsf s}of}F e"ldxLg
ls;fgx¿ /f]huf/sf vf]hLdf ;x/tkm{ cfOlbP . sf/vfgfx¿sf] cj:yf /
;x/L hLjgsf] hl6ntfn] pgLx¿nfO{ sl7g kg]{ dhb'/L ldNYof] . clzIff /
c1fgtfn] ubf{ dhb'/L ubf{ dhb'/ tyf ls;fg ju{df ;ª\u7gsf] cefj
lyof] . t/ ;x/df k'u]kl5 pgLx¿ la:tf/} j|mflGtsf/L ljrf/af6 k|efljt
eP . / pgLx¿df b[9 ljZjf; k}bf eof] ls zf]if0f Pjd\ cTofrf/sf] cGt
j|mflGtåf/f dfq x'g] 5 .
%= klZrdL o'/f]ksf] pbf/jfbsf] k|efj
klZrdL o'/f]kdf k|rlnt pbf/jfbL zf;g Joj:yfsf] ?;sf hg;fwf/0fdf
ulx/f] k|efj k¥of] . pgLx¿n] klg df}lns xs, ufF;af;sf] Joj:yf /
;+;b\sf] dfWodåf/f zf;gdf hg;xeflutfsf] dfu ub}{ lyP . hf/sf]
k|zf;gsf] s8f lgoGq0fsf afah'b k|ultzLn ljrf/wf/fsf k|sfzgx¿
89
?; lelqPsf lyP . ltgsf] cWoogaf6 ?;L hgtfdf j|mflGtsf/L
kl/jt{gsf] cfsfª\Iff k}bf eof] . Maxim Gorky, Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy
cflbsf pTs[i6 ;flxlTos /rgfx¿n] ?;L o'jfx¿df hfu/0f k}bf u/]sf]
lyof] .
^= c;kmn j|mflGt
;g\ !*&) b]lv g} ?;df hf/zfxL lg/ª\sz ' tfsf] lj/f]wdf cfGbf]ng
rln/x]sf] lyof] . cfGbf]ngsf/Ln] ;g\ !**! Dff ad k|xf/ ul/ hf/
cn]SHofG8/ låtLosf] xTof u/]sf lyP . o;}lar !()$–)% O{= df ePsf]
o'4df hfkfgaf6 ?; g/fd|f];Fu k/flht eof] . o; k/fhon] ?;sf hf/
lgsf]n; låtLosf] abgfd eof] . o'4n] ubf{ ?;sf] cy{Joj:yf rf}k6 eof] .
xhf/f}+ sf/vfgf aGb eP, nfvf}F >lds a]/f]huf/ eP . ;j{q hgdf
c;Gtf]if km}lnof] . ;g\ !()% df ?;df j|mflGt eof] t/ o; k6ssf]
j|mflGtnfO{ hf/n] bafP . To;kl5 pgn] hgtfnfO{ s]xL clwsf/ lbPsf]
b]vfpg ?;df ;+;b\ (Duma) sf] :yfkgf u/] . t/ ;+;b\df s'nLg ;fdGt
/ k'FhLkltx¿ dfq r'lgP/ cfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] . Duma
hf/sf] O;f/f rNbYof] . o;sf] dfWodaf6 g hgtfn] zf;g Joj:yfdf
;xefuL x'g] cj;/ kfP g t pgLx¿sf] cfjfh ;'lgof] . o;y{
?;Ljf;Lx¿ hf/sf] lg/ª\sz ' ;QfnfO{ g} ;dfKt kfg{ k|lta4 eP .
&= n]lngsf] of]ubfg
?;df ls;fg tyf dhb'/ ju{df c;Gtf]if al9/x]sf] lyof], ;dfhjfbLx¿n]
To;sf] nfe p7fP . ?;L j|mflGttfsf ?;sf ;dfhjfbLx¿ b'O{ bndf
ljeflht lyP – ljsf;jfbL df]G;]les / j|mflGtsf/L
af]N;]les k|f/Dedf df]G;]lesx¿n] ;kmntf kfP klg
kl5 af]N;]lesx¿ cufl8 a9] h;sf] g]t[Tj n]lggn]
u/]sf lyP . n]lggsf] JolStTj, jSt[Tjsnf /
;ª\u7g Ifdtf pRrsf]6Lsf] lyof] . j|mflGt x'Fbf
n]lgg aflx/ lyP . ;g\ !(!& sf] clk|ndf ?; cfO{
90
c;Gt'i6 ls;fg / dhb'/sf] g]tT[ j ;dfn] . j|mflGtnfO{ ;kmn agfpg ;zQm
g]tT[ j k|bfg u/] .
*= k|yd ljZjo'4sf] k|efj
k|yd ljZjo'4df ?; ldq/fi6«sf tkm{af6 efu lnPsf] lyof] . ?;sf] ;]gf
ljzfn t lyof] t/ ;]gfsf clwsf/L ju{ e|i6 / ljnf;L lyP . ;]gfdf
cg'zf;gsf] sdL lyof] . ;}lgs ;ª\u7g cJojl:yt lyof] . o'4n] ubf{ b]zdf
b}lgs cfjZostfsf j:t'x¿sf] cefj lyof] . c;fdfGo d"No j[l4 lyof] .
hgtfnfO{ csfn / ef]sd/Laf6 arfpg hf/ k|zf;gn] s'g} tTk/tf
b]vfPg . ;j{q czflGt / c;Gtf]if km}lnof] . cfGbf]ng / x8tfnx¿ x'g
yfn] . o'4af6 k/flht eO{ kms]{sf lg/f; ;}lgsx¿n] klg cfGbf]ngsf/L k|lt
;xfg'e"lt b;f{P h;n] cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf] pT;fx emg\ a9\of] .
(= tTsfnLg sf/0f – k]6«f]u|f8sf] x8tfn
Pskl5 csf]{ 36gfn] ?;df j|mflGtsf] k[i7e"ld tof/ eO;s]sf] lyof] .
km]a|'c/L !(!& df k]6«f]u|f8sf dhb'/x¿n] cfd x8tfn u/]/ j|mflGtsf]
cfx\jfg u/] . o;} jif{sf] dfr{;Dd x8tfn / cfGbf]ngn] pu|¿k lnof] .
;]gfn] cfGbf]ng bafpg ;]gf k7fof], uf]nL rnfpg OGsf/ u/L hgtfnfO{
;fy lbof] . ls;fg, dhb'/ / ;}lgsx¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 j|mflGtsf/L
;f]leotx¿ :yfkgf ul/P . ?;sf] ;+;b\ (Duma) n] c:yfoL ;'wf/x¿sf]
3f]if0ff u¥of] . lgsf]n; låtLonfO{ ;kl/jf/ aGbL agfOof] . pgnfO{ /fhu2L
TofUg ljjz kfl/of] . o;/L ?;df /fhtGqsf] ;dfKt eof] .
91
j|mflGtsfnsf 36gfx¿
;g\ !(!& df ?;df b'Ocf]6f j|mflGt eP .
-s_ k]ma|'c/L j|mflGt
dfr{ dlxgfdf hf/ zf;g ;dfKt ul/of] / hh{ Nof]esf] g]t[Tjdf c:yfoL
;/sf/ aGof] . pSt ;/sf/n] pbf/jfbL gLltsf] cjnDag ul/ hgtfsf
cfwf/e"t :jtGqsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] t/ hgtfx¿ JolQmut :jtGqtfsf]
Uof/]G6L rfxGYo], hldgbf/sf ;DklQ vf];]/ ls;fgnfO afF8\g / pBf]u
snsf/vfgfnfO{ /fli6«os/0f ug{ rfxGYo] . t/ pSt ;/sf/n] o:tf d"ne"t
sfo{ ug{ g;s]kl5 ?;sf ;}lgs / ;dfhjfbL ldn]/ ljleGg ;f]leotx¿
v8f ul/ /fHoe/ cfGbf]ng ug{ yfn] / o;n] j|mflGtsf] ¿k lnof] .
-v_ cS6f]a/ j|mflGt
?;sf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] / ;';ª\ul7t /fhgLlts ;ª\u7g af]N;]les kf6L{{ g}
lyof] . cGofoL / c:yfoL ;/sf/nfO{ cGt ug{ af]N;]lesx¿n] klxn]
hgtfsf] ;dy{g k|fKt ug]{ k|of; u/] . dhb'/x¿nfO{ sf/vfgfdf :yfloTj
lbg] jrg lbP . ls;fgx¿nfO{ hldgbf/sf] hldg vf];]/ lbg] jrg lbP .
ctM ;a} dflg;x¿ af]N;]lesx¿sf] kIf lnP .
?;sf ;f]leotx¿df pgLx¿sf] k|efj a9\b} uof] . af]N;]lesx¿ /f]6L, hldg
/ zflGtsf] gf/f lbO/x]sf lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ hgtf / ;]gfn] ;fy lbO/x]sf
lyP . b]ze/ x8tfn x'g yfn], ;]gf ljb|f]x eof] . cS6f]a/ dlxgfdf ?;e/
;f]leotx¿ ldn]/ k]6«f]u|f8 gu/df Pp6f j[xt\ ;ef u/] . af]N;]lesx¿sf]
zlSt b]v]/ s]/]G:sL knfog eP . To;kl5 af]N;]lesx¿sf g]tf n]lggsf]
g]tT[ jdf ?;df sDo'lg:6 kf6L{{sf] zf;g sfod eof] . o;nfO{ cS6f]a/
j|mflGt elgG5 .
92
cEof;
-s_ Serfs sf] lyP <
-v_ ?;L ljwfg;efsf] gfd pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ lgsf]n; låtLosf] kl/ro Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ af]N;]les eGgfn] s] a'‰g'x'G5 <
-ª_ s]/]G:sLsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ ?;L j|mflGtsf sf/0fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ / s'g} Ps sf/0fsf]
5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ hf/ zf;g lg/ª\s'z zf;g k|0ffnL lyof] . k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ?;L j|mflGtsf] tTsfnLg sf/0f 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ ?;L j|mflGtdf n]lggsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ ?;L j|mflGtsf k|d'v 36gfx¿nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ hf/ lgsf]n; låtLosf] sdhf]/ rl/qsf sf/0f ?;L /fHoj|mflGtsf]
sf/0f lyof] . ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ ?;sf] /fHoj|mflGt la;f}F ztfAbLsf] dxŒjk"0f{ 36gf dflgG5, lsg <
k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
93
kf7 – @ ?;L j|mflGtsf kl/0ffdx¿
k[i7e"ld
;g\ !(!& sf] ?;L j|mflGt ljZjsf blnt hfltx¿sf] ljhoL lyof] . ?;sf] j|mflGt
g} klxnf] j|mflGt lyof] h;df dhb'/x¿n] ls;fgx¿ / ;}lgsx¿;Fu ldn]/
zf;gsf] lj?4 ljb|f]x u/] . o;df ;j{xf/fju{n] ljho k|fKt u/] . o; j|mflGtn]
blntju{nfO{ r]tgzLn agfof] eg] dhb'/ju{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] zlStsf] cfef;
t'Nofof] .
?;L j|mflGtsf] d'Vo p2]Zo blntju{nfO{ zf]if0faf6 d'Qm u/fpg' lyof] . ?;L
j|mflGtaf6 k|efljt eP/ c¿ cf}Bf]lus b]zsf dhb'/x¿ klg ;ª\ul7t x'g yfn] .
ltg} ;ª\3if{x¿sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k g} pgLx¿n] s}of}F ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt u/] . ?;sf]
j|mflGt ;fd|fHojfbsf] lj?4 lyof] . dfgj hLjgsf x/]s kIfdf kl/jt{g Nofpg]
nIo /fv]sf] ?;L j|mflGtsf] cfˆg} dxŒj 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf k|efj
wfld{s kl/jt{g cGo b]zsf] cfGtl/s
gLltdf k|efj
;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfsTj ?;L j|mflGtsf

kl/0ffdx¿
:yfkgf ;fDojfbsf] k|rf/ k|;f/
ju{ljxLg ;dfhsf] :yfkgf
gofF ;dfhsf] :yfkgf
cfly{s ;dfgtfsf] :yfkgf
94
;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfosTj :yfkgf
?;L j|mflGtn] lg/ª\s'z /fhtGqaf6 zf;g ;Qf vf];]/ lgDg:t/sf ls;fg, dhb'/
Pjd\ ;j{xf/f ju{nfO{ zf;gsf] clwsf/ pknAw u/fof] . zf;g Joj:yfdf ;j{xf/f
ju{sf] lgoGq0f sfod geP;Dd o; ju{sf] lxt x'g] 5}g eGg] sfn{ dfS;{åf/f
k|ltkflbt l;4fGtnfO{ o; j|mflGtn] Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ cj;/ pknAw
u/fof] . o; dfGotfsf] cfnf]rgf ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{ 3f]/ bdgsf] gLlt lnOof] .
;j{xf/f ju{sf] gfddf sDo"lgi6 g]tfx¿ lg/ª\s'z x'g uP .
ju{ljxLg ;dfhsf] :yfkgf
j|mflGteGbf klxn] ?;df s'nLg ;fdGt, dWodju{, ls;fg, dhb'/ cflb cg]s ju{
lyP . ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ljifdtf / zf]if0f ljBdfg lyof] . o; j|mflGtn] ljleGg
ju{x¿sf] pGd"ng u/L ju{ljxLg ;dfhsf] :yfkgf u/]/ zf]if0fsf cfwf/x¿nfO{ g}
;dfKt kfg]{lt/ sbd a9fof] .
cfly{s pGglt÷;dfgtfsf] :yfkgf
?;L j|mflGtkZrft\ ?;sf] cfly{s cj:yfdf lgs} ;'wf/ eof] . s[lif tyf pBf]usf
If]qdf ?;n] ce"tk"j{ ;kmntf k|fKt u¥of] . cfw'lgs s[lif, cf}hf/ tyf k|ljlwsf]
k|of]uaf6 s[lif pTkfbgdf j[l4 eof] . cf}Bf]lus ljsf;n] ubf{ a]/f]huf/L ;d:of
;dfwfg eof] . e"ld, vfgL, hª\un, hn;|f]t h:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿ tyf pBf]u,
jfl0fHo Jofkf/nufot ;a} cfly{s lj|mofsnfk /fHosf] lgoGq0fdf cfP . o;k|sf/
wg cfh{g ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;fwgx¿ ;/sf/n] lgoGq0fdf lnPsfn] >lds ju{ zf]lift
x'g'kg]{ cj:yf /x]g . ?;L j|mflGtn] cfˆgf] Ifdtfg';f/ sfd ug]{ / cfjZostfg';f/
vfg nfpg kfpg] s'/fnfO{ df}lns clwsf/sf ¿kdf dfGotf lbof] .
gofF ;dfhsf] :yfkgf
?;L j|mflGtkl5 :yflkt Joj:yfn] hflt, j0f{ / ju{e]bnfO{ cGt u¥of] . dfS;{jfbL
l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf] :yfkgf u/L gofF ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf0f{df hf]8 lbOof] .
;g\ !(!* df lgdf{0f ePsf] ;+ljwfgn] k|To]s dflg;nfO{ sfd kfpg] / sfd ug]{
clwsf/ 5 eGg] dfGotf :tflkt uof]{ . h'g JolQmn] ;DklQ /fV5g\ jf lagf >d
95
cfDbfgL k|fKt u5{g\ ltgLx¿nfO{ ef]6 lbg] / xftxltof/ /fVg] clwsf/af6 al~rt
ul/of] .
;fDojfbsf] k|rf/÷k|;f/
?;L j|mflGtkl5 ;fDojfbsf] k|rf/÷k|;f/ hf]8tf]8n] x'g yfNof] . ljZjsf cg]s
b]zx¿sf dhb'/x¿ ;f]leot ?;sf] af]N;]les cfGbf]ngaf6 k|efljt eP . ?;sf]
;fDojfbL Joj:yfaf6 pT;flxt eP/ ;g\ !($( df rLgdf klg ;fDojfbL zf;g
Joj:yf :yfkgf eof] . r]sf]:nf]eflsof, cNjflgof, ?dflgof, xª\u]/L, kf]NofG8 tyf
k'aL{ hd{gL nufotsf o"/f]lkog d'n'sx¿df ;fDojfbL zf;g Joj:yf nfu' eof] .
;f]leot ?;sf] ljv08g x'g cl3 nueu cfwf o'/f]k, PsltxfO{ Pl;ofnL
/fi6«x¿df ;fDojfbL Joj:yf / ;/sf/ cl:tTjdf lyP .
cGo b]zsf] cfGtl/s gLltdf k|efj
?;sf] j|mflGtkZrft\\ ;fDojfbL l;4fGtsf] k|rf/÷k|;f/af6 ljZjsf cGo u}/
;fDojfbL d'n'sx¿sf] cfGtl/s gLltdf ;d]t k|efj kg{ uof] . tL b]zx¿n] ?;df
h:t} ls;fg / dhb'/n] ljb|f]x unf{g\ eGg] 8/n] ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ clwsflws
;'ljwf lbg yflnof] . dhb'/ ;ª\u7gnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ul/of] . sltko d'n'sdf
a]/f]huf/ eQfsf] ;d]t k|aGw ul/of] . sf/vfgf;DaGwL sfg'g agfP/ dhb'/x¿sf
nflu :jf:Yo ;]jf, b'3{6gf ladf / Go"gtd Hofnf cflb h:tf ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f
ul/of] . tL u}/;fDojfbL d'n'sx¿n] klg ;dfhjfbL cy{Joj:yfsf dxŒjk"0f{
kIfnfO{ ckgfP . cfjlws of]hgfx¿ tof/ u/L nfu' ug]{ gLlt c+lusf/ u/] .
wfld{s kl/jt{g
?;L j|mflGt cl3 ?;df cGwljZjf;, c1fgtf km}nfpg'df ;a}eGbf 7'nf] xft
rr{x¿sf] lyof] . pgLx¿n] dflg;nfO{ g/fd|f] / unt s'/fx¿sf] lzIff lbPsf
lyP . rr{n] j|mflGttfsf j|mflGt lj/f]wLnfO{ ;fy lbPsf] lyof] . rr{sf] ;a} ;DklQ
vf]l;of], wfld{s ;+:yfx¿ dfly k"0f{ k|ltaGw nufOof] . ;g\ !(!* sf] Ps 3f]if0ff
dfkm{t rr{nfO{ /fHo;Fu cnu agfOof] . rr{sf] ;DklQ hkmt ul/of] . rr{nfO{
;ª\u|xfno jf ;/sf/L ejgdf kl/0ft ul/of] . ;/sf/n] wd{ lj/f]wL k|rf/k|;f/sf
96
nflu k|f]T;fxg u¥of] . cg]sf}+ kfb/Lx¿nfO{ bl08t ul/of] . dflg;x¿ cfˆgf]
OR5fcg';f/ s'g} wd{sf] kIf jf ljkIfdf k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ ;Sby] .
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf k|efj
?;sf] af]N;]les j|mflGtkZrft\ ;f]leot ?;sf] cfly{s l:ylt alnof] x'g'sf ;fy}
To;sf] ;}lgs zlStdf klg lgd} j[l4 eof] . ;f]leot ?;sf] pbokl5 ;Dk"0f{ ljZj
b'O{ v]dfdf ljeflht eof] . ljz]iful/ låtLo ljZjo'4kZrft\\ ljZjdf ;fDojfbL /
u}/;fDojfbL /fi6«x¿ b'O{ k/:k/ lj/f]wL v]dfdf ljeflht eP . ;fDojfbL
/fi6«x¿n] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;fDojfb k|rf/sf] hf]8bf/ cleofg rnfP eg]
u}/;fDojfbL /fi6«x¿ o;sf] k|efj /f]Sg tNnLg eP . o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k
NATO / Warshaw Pact h:tf ;}lgs u'6sf] lgdf{0f eof] . ljZjdf zLto'4 (Cold
War) / xltof/sf] xf]8afhL k|f/De eof] .
plNnlvt kl/0ffdsf cltl/Qm ?;L ;dfhdf cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, ;fd"lxs v]tL

k|0ffnLn] ?;Lx¿sf] hLjg:t/ psfl;g' ?;L j|mflGtsf kl/0ffd x'g\ . b]zdf
k|fylds lzIffnfO{ lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ ul/of] . k|To]s hfltsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;,
b'O{ eflifs lzIffsf] ljsf;, b]zdf ;ª\u|xfno lgdf{0f klg ?;L j|mflGtsf kl/0ffd
x'g\ .
hf/sf] zf;gsfndf dlxnfx¿nfO{ s'g} klg clwsf/ lyPg . pgLx¿sf nflu
;/sf/L / JolQmut ;+:yfx¿ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] hflu/ lbOFb}gYof] . cS6f]a/
j|mflGtsf] sf/0fn] pgLx¿ To:tf] cj:yfaf6 :jtGq eP . ;a} If]qdf k'?if;/xsf]
clwsf/ k|fKt u/] . ?;L dlxnfx¿nfO{ vfnL :jtGqtf dfq k|fKt geO{ pgLx¿nfO{
zf;gdf k'?ifn] ;/x efu lng] clwsf/ k|fKt eof] . ?;df ;Gtfg a9fpg]
s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbOof] . j]Zofj[lQnfO{ sfg'gL ck/fw 3f]lift ul/of] .
o;k|sf/ ?;L j|mflGtn] ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ blnt tyf zf]lift hfltx¿nfO{ cGofo /
cTofrf/ lj?4 ;ª\3if{ ug{ k|]/0ff k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . ?;L g]tfn] cS6f]a/
j|mflGtkl5 dfS;{jfbL lrGtgsf] k|of]u ug{ /fd|f] df}sf kfP .
97
cEof;
-s_ ju{ljxLg ;dfhsf] kl/ro Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ tkfO{FnfO{ ?;L j|mflGtsf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] kl/0ffd s'g nfU5 <
sf/0f;lxt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ NATO sf] k"/f cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ wfld{s ;'wf/sf] s'g} Ps kl/0ffd pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ ?;L j|mflGtsf kl/0ffdsf ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ?;L j|mflGtkl5 ?;L ;dfhsf] wfld{s cj:yf 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ?;L j|mflGtn] kf/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o k|efjsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ 5f]6s/Ldf l6Kk0fL ug'{xf];\ M
-c_ NATO / Warshaw Pact
-cf_ ;dfhjfbL cy{Joj:yf

-s_ ?;L j|mflGtn] ?;leq dfq xf]Og afXo If]qdf klg k|efj kf¥of] .
pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
98
kf7 – # ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fd -;g\ !**%–!($&_
k[i7e"ld
cf}Bf]lus j|mflGtn] ljZjsf] /fhgLltdf klg k|efj gkf/L 5f]8]g . Pl;ofnL d'n's
ef/t o;sf] ckjfb /xg ;s]g . cf}Bf]lus j|mflGtkZrft\\ a]nfotnufot cGo
o'/f]k]nL /fi6«sf Jofkf/Lx¿ clk|msg / Pl;og d'n'sdf Jofkf/ ug{sf nflu k|j]z
u/] . o;} j|mddf cª\u|]h Jofkf/Lx¿ Jofkf/sf nflu ef/t k|j]z u/]sf lyP .
cª\u|]h Jofkf/Lx¿n] ef/tdf :yfgLo /fhf/hf}6fx¿df …km'6fp / /fh u/Ú gLltaf6
/fhgLltdf x:tIf]k ug{ yfn] . oxL x:tIf]kn] ubf{ :jtGq ef/t cª\u|]hsf]
pklgj]zdf kl/0ft eof] . o; pklgj]zaf6 d'St x'g ef/tLox¿n] cg]s ;ª\3if{
u/] .
pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ ef/tdf gjhfu[lt ef/tLox¿df /fli6«otfsf] nx/
pTkGg eof] . pgLx¿df pTkGg /fli6«o hfu/0f g} ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdsf]
k|d'v sf/0f lyof] .
ef/tLo :jtGqtfsf sf/0fx¿
 /fli6«o Pstf
 lzIffsf] k|rf/
 wfld{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;'wf/ cfGbf]ng
 ef/tLox¿sf] cfly{s zf]if0f Pjd\ b'Jo{jxf/
 /fli6« efjgfsf] k|rf/
 ;flxTosf] ljsf;
 /fhgLlts bnsf] :yfkgf
 cª\u|]hsf] gLlt
/fli6«o Pstf
ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdsf] d'Vo sf/0f /fli6«o Pstf g} lyof] . ef/t d'un
zf;gsfnsf] clGtd ;dolt/ ;;fgf /fHox¿df ljeflht lyof] . oL /fHosf
zf;sx¿ Pscsf{;Fu o'4 dfq uy]{ . logLx¿sf] cfk;L ;ª\3if{sf] kmfObf cª\u|]hn]
99
p7fP / ef/tdf cfˆgf] ;fd|fHo :yfkgf ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP . o; 36gfaf6
ef/tLo g]tfx¿n] 7'nf] kf7 l;s]sf lyP . /fli6«o efjgf / Pstfsf] k|rf/k|;f/
ug]{, hgtfnfO{ Pstfsf] efjgf hfu[t ug{ ef/tLo g]tfx¿n] 7'nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf
lyP .
cfGbf]ngsf] l;nl;nfdf Ps csf{sf] cfnf]rgf ePsf gul/sg lgM:jfy{ efjgfn]
pgLx¿df /fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgfn] klg ef/tLo /fli6«o cfGbf]ng ;kmn ePsf]
xf] .
lzIffsf] k|rf/
ef/tdf O:6 OlG8of sDkgL ;/sf/ v8f ePkl5 ;/sf/n] cª\u|]hL Jofkf/sf]
pGglt tyf cfˆg} ;fd|fHosf] :yfkgfdf tlNng /x\of] . kl5 cfˆgf] zlSt ;'b[9
ePkl5 lzIffsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf ;fdflhs pGglttkm{ klg ;/sf/ Wofg lbg
afWo eof] . klZrdL 9fFrfdf cª\u|]hx¿n] ef/tdf :s'n, sn]h tyf
ljZjljBfnox¿ vf]n] . cª\u|]hL dfWodåf/f lzIff lbg yfn] . gofF lsl;dsf]
lzIffn] ;dfhdf ;'wf/ Nofpg tyf /fi6«df gjhfu/0f k|f/De ug{ 7'nf] dbt
ldNof] . c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf] k|mfG;sf] …:tGqtf, ;dfgtf / e|ft[TjÚ sf] cfbz{
l;4fGtnfO{ ef/tjf;Ln] a'‰g], k9\g] df}sf kfP . kmn:j¿k cª\u|]hL k9]sf
ljåfg\x¿n] b]zsf] b'b{zfnfO{ /fd|/L a'‰g] / /fhgLlts :jtGqtf Nofpg k|oTg ug{
yfn] .
wfld{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;'wf/ cfGbf]ng
pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLdf ef/tdf wfld{s ;'wf/ cfGbf]ng k|f/De eof] . wfld{s /
;fdflhs ;'wf/x¿df /fhf /fddf]xg /fo, b]j]Gb|gfy 6}uf]/, s]zjrGb| ;]g,
O{Zj/rGb| ljBf;fu/, :jfdL bofgGb ;/:jtL, /fds[i0f k/dx+z Pjd\ :jfdL
ljj]sfgGb h:tf bfz{lgs Pjd\ ;'wf/sx¿n] ef/tsf] k|frLg j}ejnfO{
hg;fwf/0fdf /fli6«o r]tgfnfO{ gj:km"lt{ k|bfg u/] . To:t} lzvx¿n] …lrkm
vfN;f lbjfgÚ tyf …u'?åf/f k|aGws sld6LÚ v8f u/L b]zdf ;fdflhs tyf
z}lIfs ;'wf/ u/]sf lyP .
100
kl5 uP/ wfld{s tyf ;fdflhs ;'wf/ cfGbf]ng /fhgLlts If]qdf km}lnof] . o;
cfGbf]ngn] ef/tLo /fi6«jfbsf] pbodf ;xof]u u¥of] . To:t} klZrdL ljrf/sx¿
d]S;d'n/, js{, ldnn] :jtGqtf, /fli6«otf / :jzf;g;DaGwL ljrf/wf/fn] klg
ef/tLo hgtfdf /fi6«jfbsf] efjgf hfu[t ug{df dbt u¥of] .
ef/tdf gjhfu/0f Nofpgsf nflu h;/L lxGb' ;'wf/sx¿n] sfd u/]sf lyP .
To:t} d'l:nd ;'wf/sx¿ klg u/]sf lyP . u'nfd d'xDdb tyf ;/ ;}ob cxdb
vfFgn] clnu9df Pª\Unf] cf]l/oG6n sn]hsf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . ;}obn] cg]s
k':ts tyf ;dfrf/kq lgsfnL /fli6«o hfu/0fdf dbt u/]sf lyP .
ef/tLox¿sf] cfly{s zf]if0f Pjd\ b'Jo{jxf/
ef/tsf] cfly{s zf]if0f ePsfn] hg;fwf/0fsf] l:ylt bogLo lyof] . cª\u|]hx¿sf]
cTofrf/ / Jojxf/n] ubf{ ef/tLox¿df /fli6«o efjgf hfu[t x'g yfn]sf] lyof] .
ef/taf6 sRrf kbfy{ a]nfot k7fOGYof] / a]nfotaf6 tof/L ;fdfg ef/t k}7f/L
ul/GYof] . a]nfotdf lgld{t ;fdfgdf gfd dfqsf] eG;f/ s/ nufOPsfn] ef/tLo
pBf]ukltx¿ a]nfotdf pTkflbt ePsf j:t'sf] k|lt:kwf{df cfpg ;Sb}g lyP .
To:t} cª\u|]hx¿ ef/tLonfO{ cw{xA;L / bf; ;DemGy] . ef/tLox¿nfO{ lgDg
sf]6Lsf] sfd nufOGYof] . ef/tLo nf]s;]jfsf] k/LIff a]nfotdf x'GYof] .
ax';ª\Vos ef/tLox¿ ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 al~rt /xGy] . sy+sbflrt nf]s;]jfaf6
l;kmfl/; eP/ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]klg ef/tLox¿nfO{ ljgfsf/0f ;]jfd'St
ul/GYof] . cª\u|]hx¿sf] ef/tLo /fi6«;]jsk|ltsf] b'Jo{jxf/lj?4 b]zJofkL cfGbf]ng
rnfPsf lyP .
/fli6«o efjgfsf] k|rf/
b]zeStx¿n] cª\u|]hx¿sf] lj?4 Ps Pjd\ gofF zlStsf] k|of]u ug{ ;'? u/]sf
lyP . ;g\ !*&^ ;Dd cg]s …;efx¿Ú v8f ul/P . oL ;efx¿dfkm{t hgtfdf
/fli6«o hfu[lt pTkGg u/fOof] . snsQfaf6 k|sflzt x'g] …lxGb' Kofl6«o6Ú, …cd[t
ahf/Ú Pjd\ nfxf]/sf] …l6«Ao'gÚ h:tf klqsfn] hgtfdf hfu[lt pTkGg u/fpg 7'nf]
dbt u/]sf lyP .
101
;flxTosf] ljsf;
lzIffsf] k|rf/ tyf wfld{s ;'wf/sf cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f aª\ufnL, lxGbL, d/f7L,
u'h/ftL cflb cg]s efiffx¿df ;flxTosf] /rgf eof] . pkof]uL cª\u|]hL
k':tsx¿sf] klg ef/tLo efiffx¿df cg'jfb x'g yfNof] . alsdrGb| r§f]kfWofo
h:tf aª\ufnL pkGof;sf/sf s[ltx¿df /fli6«o efjgf tyf b]zelStsf] k|r'/tf
kfOG5 . uB tyf kBsf cg]s k':tsx¿sf] dfWodaf6 ;flxTosf/x¿n] ef/tsf]
gjhfu/0fdf 7'nf] dbt u/]sf lyP .
/fhgLlts bnsf] :yfkgf
;g\ !**% df lzlIft ef/tLox¿nfO{ Pp6f 7fpFdf
NofO{ ;/sf/nfO{ ljleGg ;'emfj lbg / j}wflgs
tl/sfn] ;/sf/;Fu dfu k]; ug{ /fli6«o sª\u|];sf]
:yfkgf eof] . /fli6«o sª\u|];sf] :yfkgf cjsfz
k|fKt cª\u|]h sd{rf/L Png cf]S6fleog x\od '
(Allan Octavain Hume) sf] pkh lyof] . x\od ' n]
snsQf ljZjljBfnosf :gftsx¿sf] gfd v'nfkq
n]vL o:tf] ;ª\u7gsf] cfjZostf ePsf] s'/f JoSt
u/]sf lyP . pgs} ;Nnfxcg';f/ ef/tLo o'jfx¿n]
ef/tLo /fli6«o ;ª\3sf] :yfkgf u/] .
o; ;ª\3n] kl5 ef/tLo sª\u|];sf] ¿k lnof] . ;'?df ef/tLo /fli6«o sª\u|];n]
;/sf/;Fu k|:tfj / k|fy{gfkq r9fpg] uYof]{ . lkm/f]h zfx d]xtf, bfbfefO gf}/hL
cfl8 o; ;+:yfdf lyP . pgLx¿ g/d gLltsf lyP . afn uª\ufwf/ ltnssf]
k|j]z ;Fu} /fli6«o sª\u|];sf] gLlt d} kl/jt{g eof] . ltnssf] egfOdf – :jtGqtf
xfd|f] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] / xfdL o;nfO{ lnP/ 5f8\5f}F . pgsf] of] gLlt ;Fu}
sª\u|];sf] dfWodaf6 ef/tLo o'jfx¿nfO{ cª\u|]h ;fd|fHolj?4 cfGbf]ng ug{
;lhnf] eof] .
102
cª\u|]hsf] unt gLlt
;g\ !**# df ;/ ;L=kL= Onj6{n] Ps sfg'g agfPsf lyP . o; sfg'gadf]lhd
ef/tLo GofofwLzx¿n] o'/f]lkogx¿sf] lj?4 d'2f l5Gg kfpg] ePsf lyP .
o;cl3 ef/tLo GofofwLz jf dlh:6«]6n] o'/f]lkogx¿sf] lj?4 d'2f l5Gg
kfpFb}gy] . Gofo ;Dkfbgdf ePsf] of] lje]b cGTosf nflu Onj6{ ljn NofOPsf]
lyof] t/ cª\u|]hx¿n] o; lansf] Jofks lj/f]w u/] . a]nfotn] ljn kf; u/]g .
o:tf] kIfkftk"0f{ GofoJoj:yfsf] cGTo ug{ cfGbf]ng ug'{ cfjZos lyof] .
cEof;
-s_ ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fddf /fli6«o hfu/0fsf s'g} b'O{ sf/0fx¿
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ …ONa6{ ljnÚ sf] kl/ro Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ tkfO{+ Png cf]S6fleog Xo"dsf] of]ubfgnfO{ s;/L d"Nofª\sg
ug'{x'G5 < Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ ;}ob cxdb vfg sf] x'g\ <
-s_ ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fddf ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s ;'wf/n] s;/L
;xof]u k'¥ofof] < 5f]6s/Ldf l6Kk0fL ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdsf] Ps sf/0f cfly{s kIf xf], s;/L <
-u_ ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fddf ;flxTosf/ Pjd\ bfz{lgsx¿sf] e"ldsf
d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ l6Kk0fL ug'{xf];\ M
-c_ ef/tLo /fli6«o sª\u;
]| -cf_ ONa6{ lan
103
kf7 – $ ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdsf kl/0ffdx¿
k[i7e"ld
ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fd jf /fli6«o cfGbf]ngsf ljleGg P]ltxfl;s r/0fx¿
/x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !**% b]lv !($& df ljleGg 36gfx¿ ePsf 5g\ . d"ntM
ef/tLo g]tfx¿sf] k|s[lt / ToxfF ePsf /fli6«o hfu/0f;DaGwL ultljlw cflbsf
cfwf/df ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdnfO{ tLg r/0fdf ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5 .
pbf/jfbL o'u -!**% –!()^_, pu|jfbL o'u -!()^–!(!*_ / ufGwL o'u -!(!*–
!($&_ .
pbf/jfbL o'usf g]tfx¿ ef/tdf
lj?4¿kdf j}wflgs, Goflos / cfly{s
dfux¿ /fVy] . cª\u|]h ;/sf/
pbf/jfbLx¿sf dfuk|lt s'g} ;xfg'e"ld
lyPg . pu|jfbL o'udf ef/tLo g]tfx¿n]
a'em]sf lyP – cª\u|]hx¿ ljlGtefj jf
cg'go ljgoaf6 em'Sg]jfnf 5}g . To;}
x'gfn] o; o'usf g]tfx¿n] lx+;fTds
pkfoåf/f b]zdf cfd"n kl/jt{g Nofpg
sDd/ s;]sf lyP .
k|yd ljZjo'4kZrft\\sf] ef/tLo /fhgLltnfO{ ufGwL o'u elgG5 . of] o'u ef/t
:jtGq gx'Gh]n;Ddsf] cljlwnfO{ dflgG5 . dxfTdf ufGwL k|yd ljZjo'4;Dd
cª\u|]hsf eSt lyP . lognfO{ o'4kZrft\\ cª\u|]hx¿ ef/tLosf] dfuk|lt ljrf/
ug]{ 5 eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !(!( sf] /f]n]6 PS6sf] lj/f]w :j¿k b]zJofkL
x8tfn ePkl5 ljleGg 36gfx¿ eP . t/ tL ;a} 36gfx¿nfO{ a]nfotn] bafof],
a]jf:tf u¥of] . o;}lar ;g\ !(#( df bf];|f] ljZjo'4 eof] . !$ h'nfO !($@ df
sª\u|]; kf6L{{n] ef/t 5f]8 cfGbf]ng (Quit India Movement) k|:tfj kfl/t u¥of] .
104
tTkZrft\\ ef/tLo g]tfx¿ u/ jf d/ (Do or Die) sf] l:yltdf /x] . b]zJofkL
cfGbf]ng eof] . s}of}F :yfgdf ;dfgfGt/ ;/sf/ :yfkgf eP .
P6nLsf] 3f]if0ff
bf];|f] ljZjo'4kZrft\\ a]nfotdf r'gfj eof], rlr{nsf] ;/sf/ ;dfKt eof] .
Labour Party sf P6nLn] gofF ;/sf/ u7g u/] . P6nLsf] ;/sf/n] ef/tLo
g]tfx¿;Fu gofF ;Demf}tf ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . ;a} k|fGtx¿sf] zf;g ltgLx¿af6 g}
rnfpg lbg] s'/f 3f]if0ff eof] . b]zdf lgjf{rg eof], sª\u|];n] cf7 k|fGtdf ljho
k|fKt u¥of] . l;Gwdf d'l:nd lnusf] dGqLd08n aGof] .
dfpG6j]6g of]hgf
;g\ !($* ;Dddf ef/tLo g]tfx¿nfO{ ;xh 9ª\un] ;Qf x:tfGt/0f ug{ la|l6;
;/sf/n] efo;/fo nf8{ j]j]nnfO{ lkmtf{ af]nfO n8{ dfpG6j]6gnfO{ lgo'St u¥of] .
ef/tsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ $ h'nfO{ !($& df dfpG6j]6gn] cfˆgf] of]hgf
k|:t't u/] . h;cg';f/ – ef/tsf] lgdf{0f hgtfsf] OR5fcg';f/ ug]{ ;/sf/nfO{
ef/tsf] zf;g ;'Dkg], ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{df s'g} lsl;dsf] afwf pkl:ylt
gu/fpg], d';ndfg afx'No ePsf] If]q ;ª\3af6 cnu x'g;Sg] nufotsf
of]hgfx¿ lyP h;n] :jtGq ef/t lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] lyof] .
India Independent Act:
! h'nfO{ !($& df la|l6z kfln{ofd]G6n] India Independent Act kfl/t u¥of] .

a]nfotL ;+;b\df ef/t;DaGwL Tof] Act clGtd lyof] . Tof] Act cg';f/ – !%
cu:t !($& b]lv ef/t / kfls:tfg b'O{ /fHo x'g] eP . klZrd k~hfj, l;Gw,
pQ/ klZrd ;Ldf k|fGt, la|l6; a]n'lr:tfg tyf k'aL{ aª\ufn kfls:tfgnfO{ 5f]8]/
;a} k|fGt :jtGq ef/t aGg] eP . kfls:tfg / lxGb':yfgdf Ps÷Ps ujg{/ /xg]
eP . x/]s ;+ljwfg;efn] cfˆgf] OR5fcg';f/ cfˆgf] ;+ljwfg agfpg ;Sg] eof] .
ef/tsf nflu ;lrjsf] sfof{no vf/]h eof] . :yfgLo /fHox¿sf] xsdf zlSt
k|bfg u/]kl5 la|l6; /fhd's'6 /fh;Qf g/xg] eof] .
105
;g\ !($& cu:t !$ b]lv !* ;Dd
lbNnLdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7s a:of] .
To;n] ef/tLo :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{sf
;fy} ef/tnfO{ la|l6; /fi6«d08nsf] Ps
:jtGq ;b:o t'NofPsf] lyof] . o;/L !%
cu:t !($& df gjLg ef/tsf] hGd
ePsf] lyof] . :jtGq ef/tsf] gofF
Oltxf; k|f/De eof] .
cEof;
-s_ ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdsf r/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ pbf/jfbL o'u lsg ;kmn x'g ;s]g < Ps jfSodf sf/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ P6nLsf] 3f]if0ffsf] s'g} Ps ljz]iftf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ ljG;6g rlr{n sf] lyP <
-s_ ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdsf r/0fx¿ pNn]v ub}{ ufGwL o'usf]
5f]6s/L j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ ef/t 5f]8 cfGbf]ng (Quit India Movement) sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-u_ dfpG6j]6g of]hgfsf ljz]iftfx¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
#= tnsf] k|Zgsf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ Quit India Movement Act :jtGq ef/tsf] cfwf/lznf xf] . ljZn]if0f
ug'{xf];\ .
106
kf7 – % rLgsf] hgjfbL j|mflGt
k[i7e"ld
;g\ !(!* df k]lrª ljZjljBfnodf ;fDojfb cWoog ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ePsf]
lyof] . tTkZrft\ rLgdf ;fDojfbL cfGbf]ng k|f/De ePsf] lyof] . vf;u/L $ d]
!(!( df ePsf] dO{ cfGbf]ng rLgsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;df lgs} dxŒj /fV5 . o;
cfGbf]ngn] rLgnfO{ cfw'lgstfsf] af6f]df cu|;/ u/fpg pNn]vgLo of]ubfg
lbPsf] lyof] . rLgsf] ;fDojfbsf] Jofks ¿kdf k|rf/k|;f/ eof] . o;
cfGbf]ngkl5 rLgdf dfS;{jfbsf] Jofks ¿kdf cWoogcWofkg x'g yfNof] . ;g\
!(#% df sDo'lg:6 kf6L{{sf] g]tf r'lgP . ! cS6f]a/ !($( df dfcf]T;]t'ª rLgsf]
k|yd /fi6«klt / rfcf] cgnfP k|yd k|wfgdGqL eP .
kqklqsfsf] Jofks k|sfzg
e;]{lnh ;lGwdf rLgsf] hgjfbL gofF ;f+:s[lts

rLgsf] ckdfg qmflGtsf cfGbf]ng
sf/0fx¿
o'jfdf /fhgLlts r]tgf sGô'l;o;jfbsf] c:jLs[lt
e;]{lnh ;lGwdf rLgsf] ckdfg

k|yd ljZjo'4df rLgn] ldq/fi6«sf] tkm{af6 o'4df efu lnPsf] lyof] . o; o'4df
ldq/fi6« ljhoL ePklg o'4kl5 rLgn] ck]Iff u/]sf] s'g} s'/f kfpg ;s]g .
ljZjo'4kZrft\ k]lrªdf ePsf] ;Dd]ngdf lrlgofF k|ltlglwx¿n] rLgnfO{ ljb]zL
k|efjaf6 d'St ul/of];\, ljb]zL kmf}hnfO{ rLgaf6 lkmtf{ af]nfOof];\ h:tf dfu
/fv]sf lyP . oL ;a} dfux¿ c:jLsf/ ul/of], rLgsf] /fli6«o :jfledfgdf 7'nf]
107
wSsf nfUof] . rLgsf] ;fGt'ª k|fGt hd{gaf6 vf];]/ hfkfgnfO{ lbOof] . e;]{lnh
;lGwsf] ;Dd]ngdf u/]sf] o:tf] lg0f{onfO{ rLgn] 7'nf] ckdfg ;lDemof] . o;sf]
k|ltsf/ ug{ b]zJofkL ¿kdf cfGbf]ng eof] .
o'jfx¿df /fhgLlts r]tgf
k|yd ljZjo'4kZrft\\ lrlgof o'jf, vf;u/L ljBfyL{x¿df /fhgLlts r]tgf /
/fi6«k|]dsf] efjgf tLj| ¿kdf al9/x]sf] lyof] . vf;u/L k]lrª ljZjljBfnosf
s'nklt ;fO ofg kfO{ (Tsai Yuan Pei) n] ljBfyL{nfO{ cfGbf]ngsf lglDt cfx\jfg
u/] . cg]s lrlgofF a'l4hLjLx¿n] klg cfGbf]ngsf lglDt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pT;flxt
u/] .
sGô'l;o;jfbsf] c:jLs[lt
lrlgofF j|mflGt k/Dk/fut ¿kdf lrlgofF ;dfhdf h/f] uf8]/ /x]sf]
sGô'l;o;jfbnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{sf lglDt ePsf] lyof] . sGô'l;o;jfb /
u0ftGqjfb Pscsf{sf k/:k/ lj/f]wL l;4fGt lyP . u0ftGqsf] :yfkgfsf lglDt
sGô'l;o;jfbnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ cfjZos lyof] . sGô'l;o;jfbn] sfg'gL /fHo /
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{gYof] . To;}n] lrlgofF cfsfzdf k'/fgf]
;fdfgsf] ¿kdf /flvPsf] sGô'l;o;jfbsf] k;nnfO{ gi6 u/ eGg] gf/f
u'~hfodfg x'g yfNof] .
gofF ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ng
o'/f]kdf k'ghf{u/0fn] h'g kl/jt{g NofPsf] lyof] ToxL rLgdf gofF ;f+:s[lts
cfGbf]ngn] NofPsf] lyof] . o; cfGbf]ngn] rLgdf k'/fgf] ;flxTosf] 7fpFdf
;j{;fwf/0fn] a'‰g] efiffdf n]lvPsf] ;flxTosf] ;[hgfdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . o;
cfGbf]ngn] k|frLg k/Dk/f / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;+:s[ltnfO{ gofF ¿k lbg vf]h]sf]
lyof] . o;n] dflg;sf] d"No / dfGotfnfO{ k|lti7flkt u/]sf] lyof] . of]
dfgjtfjfbL cfGbf]ng lyof] . o; cfGbf]ngn] rLgsf ;f+:s[lt k/Dk/fdfly
P]ltxfl;s cfnf]rgf / gofF cg';Gwfg k4ltsf] k|of]u ug{ clek|]l/t u/]sf] lyof] .
108
klqklqsfsf] Jofks k|sfzg
rLgdf hgtfnfO{ hfu?s agfpg cg]s cfGbf]ng tyf ;ª\u7gx¿ :yfkgf
ul/Psf lyP . o:t} Pp6f cfGbf]ngnfO{ gofF Hjf/ (New Tide) elgGYof] . o;
cfGbf]ngn] rLgsf ljljw If]qdf kl/jt{g Nofpg lrlgofF hgtfnfO{ clek|]l/t
u/]sf] lyof] . tTsfnLg rLgdf Jofks¿kdf k|sflzt kqklqsfx¿n] klg
o'jfx¿nfO{ kl/jt{gsf lglDt cfGbf]lnt u/]sf] lyof] . …gofF o'jfÚ, …;fKtflxs
;dLIffÚ, …:ofª\Rofª ;dLIffÚ gfdsf klqsfn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf lyP .
:ofªRofª ;dLIffsf] ;Dkfbs dfcf]rt'ª lyP .
plNnlvt 36gfsf cltl/Qm /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿n] klg
hfu[t ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . ;fy} !($% b]lv !($( ;Dd
ePsf] rLgsf] u[xo'4 h;df u[xo'4 /f]Sg] cd]l/sL k|of;sf] c;kmntf,
Sjf]ldgtfªsf] cftª\s, hgd'lSt ;]gfsf] cg'zf;g, cd]l/sL lj/f]wL efjgf h:tf
36gfn] klg lrlgofF hgjfbL j|mflGtsf] ;kmntfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .
lrlgofF hgjfbL j|mflGtsf kl/0ffdx¿
k]lrª ;Dd]ng
rLgsf] dO{ cfGbf]ng / u[xo'4df ;fDojfbLx¿sf] ;kmntf / Sjf]ldgtfª bnsf]
k/fho x'g] lglZrt ePkl5 cfufdL ;/sf/sf] efjL gLlt ;DaGwdf ;g\ @(
;]K6]Da/ !($( df k]lrªdf hg/fhgLlt ;Nnfxsf/ ;Dd]ng eof] . ;Dd]ngn]
s]Gb|Lo hg;/sf/sf] df}lns sfg'gnfO{ :jLs[t u¥of] s]Gb|Lo hg;/sf/sf]
lgjf{rg, dfcf] rt'ªaf6 u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff hg–k|hftflGqs clwgfosjfbsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ u¥of] .
s]Gb|Lo hg;/sf/sf] lgjf{rg
hg/fhgLlt kl/ifb\n] sDo'lg:6 kf6L{{sf cWoIf dfcf] rt'ªnfO{ s]Gb|Lo
hg;/sf/sf] cWoIfdf lgjf{lrt u¥of] . rfcf] cgnfPnfO{ /fHo k|zf;sLo
kl/ifb\sf cWoIf jf k|wfgdGqL lgo'lSt u¥of] .
109
;fDojfbL rLgsf] ;}lgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ hgj|mflGtsf/L ;}lgs kl/ifb\sf]
u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . rLgsf ljleGg k|fGtx¿sf] k|zf;g ;fDojfbL ;]gf gfosåf/f
;~rflnt lyP . oL ;a}nfO{ Ps;"qdf afFWg dfcf] rt'ªn] g]t[Tj u/] .
Dffcf]T;]t'ªaf6 u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff M
! cS6f]a/ !($( df lbgsf] #M)) ah] y]gcfgd]g rf]sdf
hDdf ePsf #) nfv hg;d'bfosf dfem pleP/ dfcf]T;]t'ªn] rLgdf
nf]su0ftGq /fHo :yfkgf ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/] .
pSt 3f]if0ffdf dfcf]n] eg] – æxfd|f] /fi6« cfhb]lv zflGtlk|o /
:jtGqtf k|]dLsf] /fi6« ePsf] 5 . axfb'/Lsf ;fy sfd u/]/ o;n]
cfˆg} ;Eotf / v';Lsf ;fy} ljZjzflGt / :jtGqtfsf] klg
ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . ca xfd|f] /fi6«sf] slxn] ckdfg x'g] 5}g .
o;sf lglDt xfdL plePsf 5f}+ . xfd|f] cfGbf]ngn] ;+;f/el/sf
dflg;x¿sf] ;xfg'e"lt / v';L k|fKt u/]sf] 5 .xfd|f ldqx¿
kfF;+r;f/el/
cfGbf]5g\
ng .Ælj/f]wLlj?4 cfGbf]ng
rLgsf] gofF hgu0ftflGqs ;/sf/sf cg]sf}F
cK7\of/fx¿ lyP . ;fdflhs s'/Llt tyf
e|i6frf/nfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ ;g\ !(%! cS6f]a/df
kfFr cfGbf]ng lj/f]wLlj?4 cleofg k|f/De eof] .
s/ 5Ng], 3'; lng], ;/sf/L 7]Ssfdf 7Ug], cfly{s
u'Ktr/sf] rf]/L, /fli6«o ;DklQsf] rf]/L h:tf kfFr
ck/fw ug]{nfO{ d[To'b08 lbg] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . o;n]
ubf{ cfly{s s'/Lltx¿df lgoGq0f ug{ ;lhnf] eof] .
110
cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u
hgu0ftGq 3f]if0ff u/]sf] jif{df g} cWoIf dfcf] rt'ªn] ;f]leot ?;sf] e|d0f u/]/
ToxfFsf tTsfnLg /fi6«klt hf];]km :6flngnfO{ e]6 u/] . ;f]leot ?;n] rLgsf]
cfw'lgsLs/0fsf lglDt 7'nf] oflGqs tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] .
k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf
;g\ !(%# df rLgn] k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf nfu' u¥of] . rLsf] hgu0ftflGqs
;/sf/n] s[lif ;xsfl/tfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . k|wfgdGqL rfcf] cgnfPn]
lk5l8Psf JolStut s[lifnfO{ ;xsf/L s[lifdf kl/jt{g ug{ ls;fgx¿nfO{ cfJxfg
u/]sf lyP . k|yd k~rjifL{o ofhgf nfu' ePsf] tLg jif{ klg gk'Ub} rLgdf ;Dk"0f{
s[ifs kl/jf/ tLg k|ltzt ls;fgx¿ ;xsf/L cleofgdf ;fd]n eof] .
rLgsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f
rLgsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf lrlgofF /fi6«klt
dfcf]T;]t'ª tyf t]ª emfcf]lkmªsf] ljz]if
of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . rLgsf] /fi6«klt ePkl5 t]ª
emfcf]lkmªn] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf lgldQ cg]sf}F
;'wf/jfbL cfly{s gLlt cª\uLsf/ u/] .
pTkfbg zlStsf] :jtGqtfdf hf]8 lbP .
;g\ !*$) sf] k|yd clkmd o'4kl5 xªsª
a]nfotsf] cwLgdf lyof] . #) h'g !((& df
a]nfotn] rLgnfO{ xªsªsf ;fy} sf]nf]g
k|foåLk / Go' 6]l/6f]/L x:tfGt/0f ul/of] . To:t}
;g\ !%%& df dsfp kf]r'{unnfO{ k|of]u ug{
lbOPsf] lyof] . @) l8;]Da/ !((( df
kf]rf]{luhn] dsfp rLgnfO{ kmsf{Psf lyP . oL
b'O{ 36gfn] rLgdf ljb]zL ;fd|fHosf] cGTo
ePsf] lyof] .
kl5Nnf] ljZj cfly{s ;j]{If0fn] rLgn] cfly{s
ljsf;df hfkfgnfO{ ;d]t pl5lg;s]sf] 5 .
111
cEof;
-s_ …dO{ cfGbf]ngÚ eGgfn] s] a'‰g'x'G5 <
-v_ dfcf] rt'ª slxn] /fi6«klt eP <
-u_ …Sjf]ldgtfª cftª\sÚ sf] kl/ro Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ a]nfotn] xªsª slxn] rLgnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u¥of] <
-s_ e;]{lnh ;lGw lrlgofF hgjfbL j|mflGtsf] cfwf/lznf xf] . k'li6
ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ rLgsf] sDo'lg:6 kf6L{{sf] ;kmntfdf dfcf] rt'ªsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{
ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ rLgsf] u[xo'4n] klg hgjfbL j|mflGtsf] ;kmntfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofof],
s;/L < ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ sGô"l;o;jfbnfO{ lrlgofF o'jfn] c:jLsf/ ug'{sf] sf/0f k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-s_ t]ª emfcf]lkmª cfw'lgs rLgsf dfu{bz{s x'g\ . d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
112
PsfO – kfFr ljZjo'4
kf7 – ! låtLo ljZjo'4
k[i7e"ld
k|yd ljZjo'4 -!(!$– !(!*_ sf] 8/nfUbf] ¿k / dfgj ;Eotfsf] snª\s
7flgof] . ca o:tf] s'g} klg o'4 gxf]nf egL sNkgf ul/of] . t/ of] o'4sf] sl/a
@! jif{kl5 ljZjn] csf]{ o'4sf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of] h'g klxnf] ljZjo'4eGbf Hofb}
8/nfUbf], ljgfzsf/L / Jofks lyof] . xfdLn] bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf sf/0f ljj]rgf
u¥of}+ eg] of] o'4 dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;df s'g} cfsl:ds 36gf eg] xf]Og .
z:qLs/0fsf] xf]8afhL
/fi6«;ª\3sf] c;kmntf
kf]NofG8dflysf] cfj|md0f
tfgfzfxLsf] pbo
bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf
e;]{lnh ;lGwsf] b'ikl/0ffd sf/0fx¿
t'i6Ls/0fsf] gLlt
;}lgs u'6aGbL
cfly{s dGbL
e;]{lnh ;lGwsf] b'ikl/0ffd
k|yd ljZjo'4kl5 ljh]tf /fi6«x¿n] k/flht /fi6«x¿;Fu k|mfG;sf gu/x¿ k]l/; /
e;]{lnhdf ljleGg ;lGwx¿ u/] . e;]{lnh ;lGw hd{gLsf nflu Hofb}
k|ltzf]wfTds, s7f]/ / ckdfghgs lyof] . of] ;lGwsf] cfwf/df hd{gLnfO{ ;a}
k|sf/af6 bafOPsf] lyof] . of] ;lGwn] klxnf] ljZjo'4sf nflu hd{gLnfO{ bf]ifL
7x¥ofOof] . ;lGwsf ;t{x¿ olt s7f]/ lyP ls ;lGwsf cGo b]zx¿n] hd{gL
113
slDtdf ^) jif{;Dd ;Dxflng ;Sb}g eGg] ;f]r]sf lyP . To;sf/0f,hd{gLsf nflu
e;]{lnh ;lGwsf] lj/f]w ug'{ /fli6«o wd{ aGg uof] . lg/fzf, 3f]/ ckdfg cflbaf6
pTkGg k|ltlj|mofsf sf/0f lx6n/sf] g]t[Tjdf gfhLx¿, cyf{t /fli6«o ;dfhjfbL
bnsf] u7g eof] . lx6n/n] hd{gnfO{ ckdfghgs ;lGwsf] abnf lng'k5{ eGg]
efjgf hfu[t ug{ yfn] . ;g\ !(## df lx6n/ ;Qfdf cfPkl5 hd{gLn] e;]{lnh
;lGwsf] cjx]ngf ub}{ ;}lgsjfb ckgfof] . ;}Go zlJ|mdf j[l4 u¥of] .
;}lgs u'6aGbL
k|yd ljZjo'4eGbf klxn] h:t} o'/f]k]nL /fi6« km]l/ ;}lgs u'6aGbL ug{ yfn] .
O6fnL, hd{gL / hfkfg kmf;Ljfbdf ljZjf; uy]{ / ;fDojfbsf s6\6\/ lj/f]wL
lyP . hd{gL, O6fnL / hfkfg ldn]/ Ps ;}lgs u'6 sfod u/]/ h;nfO{ Rome-
Berlin-Tokyo Axis elgof] . of] u'6 e;]{lnh ;lGwsf] lj/f]wL / clwgfosjfbsf]
;dy{s lyof] .
csf]{tkm{ hd{gLdf lx6n/sf] pbo ePkl5 k|mfG; emg tl;{of] . p;n] cfˆgf] u'6
agfof] h;df k|mfG;, ?dflgof, r]sf]:nf]eflsof / o'uf]:nf]leof ;lDdlnt lyP .
;'?df a]nfot of] u'6aGbLb]lv kl//x] klg cGtdf p;n] k|mfG;Fu ;fF7ufF7 u¥of] .
o;k|sf/ ;g\ !(#& ;Dd o'/f]k b'O{ :ki6 lj/f]wL u'6x¿df ljeflht eof] . o;sf]
kl/0ffd – /fhgLlts jftfj/0f b"lift eof], /fi6«x¿ lar kf/:kl/s dte]b / 3[0ff
a9\b} uof] . o;n] o'4sf] ¿k lnof] .
cfly{s dGbL
k|yd ljZj o'4kl5sf] cfly{s dGbL klg låtLo ljZjo'4s] k|d'v sf/0f aGof] .
pBf]uwGbf gi6 ePsfn] Jofkf/ dGb eof], a]/f]huf/L ;ª\Vof lgs} j[l4 eof] .
Psflt/ a]/f]huf/L / cfly{s dGbLn] ubf{ dflg;x¿n] olt si6 em]Ng'k¥of] ls
ljleGg d'n'ssf s/f]8f}F jfl;Gbfx¿ efjL clwgfosx¿n] u/]sf] jfrfx¿ rfv
lnP/ ;'Gg yfn] . dGbLsf] km:j¿k kmfl;:6 zf;sx¿lar zlStzfnL aGg
t5f8d5f8 x'g yfNof] . o:tf] cfly{s l:yltaf6 d'lSt kfpg] Psdfq ljsNk o'4
x'g ;S5 eGg] dfgl;stf af]s]/ dflg;x¿ ljgfzsf lglDt tof/ eP .
114
t'i6Ls/0fsf] gLlt
e;]{lnh ;lGwkZrft\\ k|mfG;n] hd{gL k|lt s7f]/ gLlt ckgfof] t/ a]nfotn] pmk|lt
pbf/ gLlt pbf/ gLlt ckgfof] . sf/0f, ;f]leot ?;sf] ;fDojfbL k|;f/ /f]Sg
;zSt hd{gLn] ;S5 eGg] a]nfotL wf/0ff lyof] . jf:tjdf, a]nfot hd{gL /
?;nfO{ h'wfpg rfx]sf] lyof] . To;}n] a]nfotn] hd{gLnfO{ glr9\ofpg] gLlt
lnof] . a]nfotn] lx6n/eGbf ?;L ;fDojfb a9L vt/gfs 7fGof] / hd{gLk|lt
a]nfotsf] of] pbf/ gLltnfO{ t'i6Ls/0f gLlt (Policy of Appeasement) elgPsf]
xf] . t'i6Ls/0fsf] gLltaf6 lx6n/sf] dxŒjfsfª\IffnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ldNof] .
tfgfzfxLsf] pbo
k|yd ljZjo'4kl5
tfgfzfxL
zlStx¿sf] pbo
eof] .
af]N;]les j|mflGtkl5
;f]leot ?;df
dhb'/ / ls;fgsf]
zf;g :yflkt eof] .
O6fnL / hd{gLdf
klg clwgfosjfbsf]
pbo eof] .
tfgfzfxL
dxŒjfsfª\IfL lyP . ?;df clwgfosjfbsf] :yfkgfkl5 ;fDojfbLsf] lj:tf/ x'g
yfNof] . lx6n/ klg o'/f]kdf ;a}eGbf zlStzfnL b]z agfpg agfpg rfxGy] .
d';f]lngL k|frLg /f]dsf] ;kgf b]Vg yfn] . o:tf] l:yltdf bf];|f] ljZjo'4 lglZrt
x'g uof] .
115
/fi6«;ª\3sf] c;kmntf
k|yd ljZjo'4kl5 cd]l/sL /fi6«klt p8«f] ljN;gsf] k|of;df /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf
ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo – ljZj zflGt sfod ug'{ lyof] . t/ of] ;+:yf
cfˆgf] p2]Zodf ;kmn x'g ;s]g . cd]l/sf :jod\n] o; ;+:yfsf] ;b:otf lnPg .
o;sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] lglxt :jfy{ lyof] . o'/f]ksf zlStzfnL /fi6«x¿, a]nfot,
k|mfG; / ?;sf] cfcfˆg} :jfy{ lyof] . /fi6«;ª\3df pgLx¿sf] dgf]dfgL lyof] .
/fi6«;ª\3n] To;k|sf/sf] :j]R5fsfl/tfdfly s'g} k|sf/sf] sf/jfxL ug{ ;s]g, /f]Sg
;s]g .
z:qLs/0fsf] xf]8afhL
klxnf] ljZjo'4 ;lsPkl5 lgMz:qLs/0fsf nflu k|of;x¿ gePsf xf]Ogg\ h:t},
;g\ !(#@ df h]g]efdf lgMz:qLs/0f ;Dd]ng ul/of] t/ pknlAw s]xL ePg . ;g\
!(## df lx6n/ ;Qfdf cfPkl5 pgn] ;}GozlSt a9fpg yfn], ;}lgs ah]6df
k|z:t j[l4 u/], ;]gfsf] ;ª\Vof a9fP/ xftxltof/n] ;';lHht kfg{ yfn], O6nL,
a]nfot, k|mfG;, ?; cflb b]zx¿ klg ;}lgs tof/L hf]8tf]8n] ul//x]sf lyP .
O6flnog tfgfzfx d';f]lngL …o'4 lagf s'g} /fi6« hLljt /xg ;Sb}gÚ eGy] .
o;k|sf/ o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿n] Jofks ¿kdf z:qLs/0f u/]/ bf];|f] ljZjo'4nfO{
lgDTofP .
kf]NofG8dfly cfj|md0f
o;k|sf/ Pskl5 csf]{ 36gfn] ljZjo'4sf lj:kmf]6s jftfj/0f tof/ eO;s]sf]
lyof] . To;df cfuf] ;Nsfpg] Po6f lemNsfsf] dfq cfjZostf lyof] . o;}lar
lx6n/n] kf]NofG8;Fu 8]lGhu gu/ hd{gLnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/of];\ / kf]ln; sf]l/8f]/
eP/ hd{gLnfO{ ;8s / /]ndfu{ agfpg lbOof];\ eg]/ If]qflwsf/;lxt dfu u/] .
kf]NofG8n] tL If]qdf cfˆgf] clwsf/ Tofu]/ hd{gLsf dfu k"/f ug{ rfx]g . a]nfot
/ k|mfG;n] ;d:ofnfO{ zflGtk"0f{ 9Ën] ;'Nemfpg / kf]NofG8dflysf] cfj|md0f aGb
ug{ r]tfjgL lbP . t/ lx6n/n] To;tkm{ s'g} Wofg lbPgg\ . ;]K6]Da/ !(#( O{= df
hd{gLn] kf]NofG8dfly ad jiff{ ul/ o'4 k|f/De u¥of] .
o;k|sf/ hd{gLn] kf]NofG8dfly cfj|md0f u/]]kl5 låtLo ljZjo'4 ;'? eof] .
116
bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf k|d'v 36gfx¿ M
 ! ;]K6]Da/ !(#( df hd{gåf/f kf]NofG8dfly cfj|md0f
 # ;]K6]Da/ !(#( df a]nfot / k|mfG;åf/f hd{gL lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff
 ;g\ !($) ;Ddsf] h'g;Dd hd{gLaf6 gj]{, a]lNhod, xNofG8df clwsf/
 @@ h'g !($! Dff hd{gLåf/f ?;dfly cfj|md0f
 & l8;]Da/ !($! Df hfkfgn] kn{ xfj{/df cd]l/sL hxfhdfly cfj|md0f
 * l8;]Da/ !($! Df cd]l/sf klg o'4df ;fd]n x'g] 3f]if0ff
 # clk|n !($# df O6nLåf/f cfTd;dk{0f
 !@ clk|n !($% df cd]l/sL /fi6«klt F.D. Roosevelt sf] lgwg
 #) clk|n !($% df lx6n/åf/f cfTdxTof
 ^ cui6 !($% df cd]l/sfåf/f lx/f]l;df, hfkfgdf P6d ad k|xf/
 ( cui6 !($% df cd]l/sfåf/f hfkfgL ;x/ gfuf;fsLdf P6d ad k|xf/
 !$ cui6 !($% df hfkfgaf6 cfTd;dk{0f
 @ ;]K6]Da/ !($% df hfkfg / cd]l/sfaLr o'4 cGTo ug]{ ;lGwdf x:tfIf/
o;k|sf/ k"/f ^ jif{ rn]/ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] cGTo eof] .

cEof;
-s_ e;]{lnh ;lGwsf] kl/ro Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ af]N;]les j|mflGt eGgfn] s] a'‰g'x'G5 < Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ låtLo ljZj o'4sf] ;'? slxn] eof] < k"/f ldlt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ t'li6s/0fsf] gLlt eGgfn] s] a'‰g'x'G5 <
-ª_ kn{ xfj{/ 36gfnfO{ Ps jfSodf k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-s_ tkfO{s
F f] ljrf/df s'grflxF sf/0fnfO{ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] k|d'v sf/s kIf
dfGg'x'G5 < 5f]6s/Ldf cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
117
-v_ cfly{s dGbLn] s;/L ljZjo'4sf] jftfj/0f tof/ kf¥of] < rrf{
ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf s'g} kfFrcf]6f k|d'v 36gfj|mdnfO{ ;do/]vfdf
b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] tTsfnLg sf/0f 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ M
-c_ lx6n/ -cf_ d';f]lngL -O_ lx/f]l;df
-p_ /fi6«;ª\3 (The League of Nations)
#= nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ /fi6«;ª\3sf] sdhf]/Ln] bf];|f] ljZjo'4 ePsf] xf] . o; jfSof+znfO{ k'li6
ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ e;]{lnh ;lGwn] bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ljhf/f]k0f u/]sf] xf], s;/L <
ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ .
118
kf7 – @ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf kl/0ffdx¿
k[i7e"ld
elgG5 bf];|f] ljZjo'4 cgk]lIft lyPg, of] k"j{ tof/Ladf]lhd g} ePsf] xf] .
Oltxf;sf/x¿sf cg';f/ bf];|f] ljZjo'4 ljleGg b[li6sf]0fn] ljZn]if0f ubf{ of]
lx6n/sf] JolQmut o'4 lyof] . o'4sf] tof/L, ;dosf] 5gf]6 Pjd\ of]hgf ;a}
pg}n] agfPsf x'g\ . %@ /fi6«x¿ k|ToIf ck|ToIf ¿kdf o'4df ;fd]n ePsf lyP .
bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf kl/0ffdx¿

 ckf/ hgwgsf] Iflt
 /fli6«o cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;
 ;fDojfbsf] lj:tf/
 ;}lgs u'6aGbL / zLto'4
 ljZj /fhgLltdf kl/jt{g
 cGt/fli6«o ;xof]udf j[l4
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf
ckf/ hgwgsf] Iflt

dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;df dflgPsf cfˆg} sf/0fn] bf];|f] ljZjo'4df lht
hgwgsf] Iflt slxNo} ePg . o; o'4df ldq/fi6« / w'/L/fi6«sf kIfsf ! s/f]8 $^
nfv ;}lgs dfl/P . sl/a ! s/f]8 lht gful/ssf] ePsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . #
s/f]8 $) nfv lht 3fOt] / ckfË eP .
o'4df !!(@ va{ 8n/ k|ToIf ¿kn] wg vr{ ePsf] lyof] . ?;, hfkfg,
hd{gLnufotsf /fi6«sf clwsf+z 7'nf ;x/ Ift ljIft eP .
119
/fli6«o cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;
bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 cf}klgj]lzs bf;tfdf /x]sf ck|mf]–Pl;og /fi6«x¿ wdfwd
:jtGq x'g yfn] . o'4n] ubf{ a]nfot, k|mfG; h:tf o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿sf] pklgj]z
cGTo eof] . a]nfotsf] pklgj]z /x]sf ef/t, kfls:tfg, >Lnª\sfnufotsf
Pl;og /fi6«x¿ :jtGq eP . To;}ul/ cGo o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿sf] cwLgdf /x]sf
clk|msg /fi6«x¿ :jtGq eP . o;k|sf/ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k
pklgj]zjfbsf] cGTo eof] .
;fDojfbsf] k|rf/
bf];|f] ljZjo'4eGbf cl3 ;f]leot ;ª\3df dfq ;fDojfbL zf;s lyof] .
ljZjo'4kZrft\\ kf]NofG8, cNjflgof, xª\u]/L, k'aL{ hd{gL h:tf /fi6«x¿df
;fDojfbL zf;g :yflkt eof] .
;}lgs u'6aGbL / zLto'4
bf];|f] ljZjo'4kZrft\\ ljZj km]l/ ;}lgs u'6aGbLdf ljeflht eof] . Pp6f ;}lgs
u'6sf] g]t[Tj cd]l/sfn] u¥of] / csf]{ u'6sf] g]t[Tj ?;n] u¥of] . ;fDojfbL
k|rf/k|;f/ /f]Sg cd]l/sf, Sofg8f / klZrdL o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿ ldn]/ North
Atlantic Treaty Organization cyf{t\ NATO sf] :yfkgf u/] . o; ;ª\u7gsf]
:yfkgf ;g\ !($( df ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, ?;sf] g]t[Tjdf k'aL{ o'/f]ksf ;fDojfbL
d'n'sx¿ ldn]/ jf;f{ ;lGw (Warsaw Pact) gfdsf] ;ª\u7g vf]n] . o;sf] d'Vo
p2]Zo ;fDojfbL b]zx¿nfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ lyof] .
o;k|sf/, bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 ljZjdf ;fDojfbL / ;fDojfb lj/f]wL b'O{ k|efjzfnL
;}lgs u'6 b]lvof] . oL b'O{ u'6n] Pscsf{sf] lj/f]wdf Jofks k|rf/jfhL u/] .
oxL jfso'4nfO{ /fhgLlt efiffdf zLto'4 (Cold-War) elgof] .
ljZj /fhgLltdf kl/jt{g
ljZjo'4eGbf cl3 elgGYof] – a]nfotsf] ;fd|fHodf slxNo} ;"o{ c:tfpFb}gy] .
ljZjsf k'aL{ / klZrdL uf]nf4{df p;sf pklgj]zx¿ lyP . o'4kZrft\\
pklgj]zx¿ :jtGq eP . o'4sf a]nfdf cd]l/sfn] o'4 ;fdu|L / vfwfGg cfk"lt{
120
ul/ k|z:t wg sdfof] . ;}lgs Ifdtfdf j[l4 u/L cd]l/sf ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr
zlStzfnL /fi6« aGg ;kmn eof] . To;}u/L ;fDojfbL d'n's ;f]leot ;ª\3 klg
7'nf pBf]ux¿ vf]n]/ k|z:t dfqfdf pTkfbg a9fof] . o;k|sf/ cd]l/sf / ?;
ljZj /fhgLltdf k|d'v aGg k'u] .
cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]udf j[l4
bf];|f] ljZjo'4n] cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]usf] efjgfsf] 7'nf] ljsf; eof] . vfBfefj,
cljsl;t b]zx¿sf] ljsf;, dxfdf/Lx¿sf] /f]syfd h:tf ;d:ofnfO{ ;'Nemfpg
;+;f/sf ljsl;t b]zn] cljsl;t b]zx¿nfO{ ;xfotfsf nflu k'FhL ;xof]u k|bfg
u/] . ;fDojfbL b]zx¿nfO{ cfly{s ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ COMECON i.e. Council of
Mutual Economic Assistance sf] :yfkgf ul/of] . To:t} NATO sf ;b:o
/fi6«x¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug{ Marshall Plan sf] sfof{Gjog ul/of] .
;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] :yfkgf
ljZj zflGtsf] k|d'n p2]Zon] låtLo ljZjo'4kZrft\ @$ cS6f]a/ !($% df

;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf eof] . ;d:ofsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg ug{ cGt/f{li6«o
;xof]usf] clej[l4df UNO sf] 7'nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . cljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf]
cfly{s ljsf;df UNO sf] e"ldsf k|z+;gLo /x]sf] 5 .
121
cEof;
! = tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ pklgj]zsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ zLto'4sf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
-u_ tkfO{+sf] ljrf/df bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;a}eGbf ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd s]
xf] < sf/0f;lxt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ ;+o'St /fo6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf slxn] eof] < ldlt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5sf /fhgLlts / cfly{s kl/0ffdx¿sf] ;"rL tof/
kf/L 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ bf];|f] ljZjo'4 / /fli6«o cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;larsf] ;DaGw k|:6
kfg'{xf];\ .
-u_ 5f]6f] l6Kk0fL ug'{xf];\ M
-c_ NATO / Warsaw Pact
-cf_ Marshall Plan / COMECON

-s_ bf];|f] ljZjo'4n] g/fd|f dfq xf]Og /fd|f s'/fx¿sf] hGd lbof] . k'li6
ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ tkfO{F bf];|f] ljZjo'4kZrft\sf] ljZj /fhgLltnfO{ d"Nofª\sg ug'{x'G5 <
ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ .
122
PsfO – 5 ljZjJofkL ;ª\u7gsf] cjwf/0ff
kf7 M ! ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 (The UNO)
cjwf/0ff
ljZjo'4x¿ vf;u/L k|yd ljZjo'4kZrft\
;a} hgdfg; tyf /fi6«x¿n] zflGt,
:yfloTj / ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ug{
yfn] . cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;'/Iff sfod
/fVg ;fd'lxs pQ/bfloŒjsf] Joj:yf ug{sf
nflu /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf] ljZjJofkL
cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\u7gsf] cfjZostf dx;';
ul/of] .
k|yd ljZjo'4sf] kl/0ffdsf] ¿kdf /fi6«;ª\3
(The League of Nations) sf] :yfkgf -!) hgj/L !(@)_ ePsf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o
zflGt / ;'/Iff sfod /fVg], cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u ug]{ h:tf k|d'v p2]Zon] :yflkt
of] ;+:yf ;kmn x'g g;s]sfn] bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;'?cft x'g k'Uof] .
k[i7e"ld
/fi6«;ª\3sf] c;kmntfkZrft\ Ps bl/nf] pGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf] vfFrf] dx;'; ePsf]
l;nl;nfdf ljleGg 3f]if0ff / ;Dd]ng eP . o:tf 3f]if0ff / ;Dd]ngx¿df !@ h'g
!($! df !$ /fi6«x¿åf/f ul/Psf] cGt/;DaGw 3f]if0ff, !$ cu:t !($! df
ePsf] P6nflG6s rf6{/ 3f]if0ffkqnufotsf 5g\ .
P6nflG6s rf6{/ M !($!
cd]l/sL tTsfnLg /fi6«klt F.D. Roosevelt / a]nfotsf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL
Winston Churchill lar P6nflG6s dxf;fu/df Ps kfgLhxfhdf e]63f6 /
s'/fsfgL eof] . o; e]6df o'4 ;dfKt ug]{ ;ª\sNk;lxt tTkZrft\ x'g;Sg]
kl/l:yltaf/]df 5nkmn ul/of] . !$ cu:tsf lbg P6nflG6s dxf;fu/af6 3f]if0ff
123
ul/Psfn] o;nfO{ P6nflG6s rf6{/ elgG5 . ljZj zflGtsf nflu cf7 l;4fGtx¿
pNn]v ul/Psf lyP .
bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 cGt/f{li6«o zflGtnfO{ lr/:yfoL agfpg P6nflG6s rf6{/sf]

dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . rf6{/sf l;4fGt / dfGotfsf cfwf/df ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf]
:yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf x'g'eGbf cl3 Pjd\ o;sf] :yfkgfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf
ljleGg ;Dd]ng–x¿ oL x'g\ M
 cGt/;DaGw 3f]if0ff, !($!
 P6nflG6s rf6{/, !($!
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] 3f]if0ff, !($@
 df:sf] 3f]if0ff, !($#
 t]x/fg 3f]if0ff, !($#
 8Da6{g– cf]S; 3f]if0ff, !($$
 a|]6gp8\; ;Demf}tf, !($$
 ofN6f ;Dd]ng, !($%
 ;fg–k|mflG;:sf] ;Dd]ng, !($%
124
;fgk|mflG;:sf] ;Dd]ng, !($%
;g\ !($% sf] clk|n @% ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3;DaGwL s]xL hfgsf/L
cd]l/sfsf] ;fgk|mflG;:sf]df Ps  ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3df xfn !(# ;b:o /x]sf
cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf 5g\ .
ul/of] . o; ;Dd]gdf %)
 ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] a8fkqdf !!! wf/f 5g\ .
/fi6«x¿n] efu lnPsf lyP . @%
 ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] k|wfg sfof{no Go"of]s{df
clk|nb]lv @^ h'g;Dd rn]sf]
o; ;Dd]ngn] ;+o'St /x]sf] 5 .
/fi6«;ª\3sf] a8fkq (Charter)  ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3df ^ j6f efiffx¿– c+u|]hL,
kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . k|m]~r, /l;og, :k]lg;, lrgLof / c/]lasnfO{
cflwsfl/s dfGotf 5 .
%! /fi6«x¿n] -kf]NofG8 kl5 ;xefuL ePsf]_ @^ h'g !($% df UN Chater df

x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . o;k|sf/ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf ljlwjt ¿kdf @$
cS6f]a/ !($% df ePsf] lyof] .
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;+/rgf
 ;+o'St /fi6«sf lgDglnlvt k|d'v cª\ux¿ /x]sf 5g\ M

 dxf;ef (General Assembly)
 ;+/rgf M ;a} ;b:o /fi6« ;xefuL x'g], jflif{s ¿kdf

k|To]s jif{ ;]K6]Da/sf] t];|f] xKtfaf6 k|wfg sfof{nodf
;'? x'g]
125
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf p2]Zox¿
 cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iff sfod /fVg]
 ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf lar d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw ljsl;t ug]{ tyf ljZjzflGt
dha't kfg{ ;d'lrt sbd p7fpg]
 cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf dfgjLo ;d:of
;dfwfg ug]{ tyf hflt, lnª\u, efiff / wd{df e]befj g/fvL ;a}sf]
df}lns xs Pjd\ dfgjclwsf/k|lt ;Ddfgsf] efj k|f]T;flxt / ljsf;
ug{df cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{
 oL ;fd'bflos p2]Zox¿ k|flKtsf nflu ul/g] /fi6«x¿sf nflu
sf/jfxLdf ;dGjo Nofpg s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ;ª\3nfO{ ;ª\ul7t ug]{
k|d'v sfo{x¿ M cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] cg'udg ug'{, cGt/f{li6«o

zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug'{, gofF ;b:otf k|bfg ug'{, c:yfoL ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ug'{
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf k|d'v sfo{ x'g\ .
126
;'/Iff kl/ifb\
;+/rgf M !% ;b:ox¿ %– -rLg, ;+o'St clw/fHo, ;+o'St /fHo
cd]l/sf, k|mfG; / ?;_ :yfoL ;b:o / !) ;b:o ef}uf]lns If]qsf]
cfwf/df b'O{ jif{sf nflu lgjf{lrt x'g]
k|d'v sfo{ M UNO sf] l;4fGtcg';f/ zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug'{, ljjfbsf]
zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg ug'{, gofF ;b:o /fi6«sf] l;kmfl/; ug'{ /
zflGt;]gf kl/rfngsf] l;kmfl/; ug'{
;'/Iff kl/ifb\df :yfoL ;b:onfO{ VETO Power sf] clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o Gofofno
;+/rgf M !% GofofwLz -Ps} b]zaf6 b'O{ GofofwLz r'lgg ;Sb}gg\,
GofofwLzsf] sfo{sfn ( jif{_
k|d'v sfo{ M ;b:o /fi6«x¿ lar pTkGg ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug{, UN
nufot ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'
127
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\
;+/rgf M %$ ;b:o /fi6« -ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cfwf/df ljleGg
dxfb]zaf6 UN dxf;efaf6 # jif{sf nflu lgjf{lrt x'g]_
k|d'v sfo{ M
 cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs, :jf:Yo Pjd\
dfgjclwsf/sf] lgl/If0f ug'{ / logsf] kfngfdf l;kmfl/; ug'{,
clej[l4 ug'{
 UN ljlzli6s[t ;+:yfsf ultljlwdf k/fdz{ lbg' / ;dGjo ug'{
lhDdf hdfgL kl/ifb\

;+/rgf M ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf :yfoL ;b:ox¿ / dxf;efaf6 lgjf{lrt
cGo ;b:ox¿
k|d'v sfo{ M bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 :jtGq ePsf /fi6«x¿ / :j]R5fn]
5'6\l6Psf /fi6« jf If]qx¿sf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s
tyf z}lIfs pTyfgsf nflu sfo{ ug'{ . t/ xfn UN sf]
of] cª\u ;lj|mo 5}g .
;lrjfno
 UN sf] k|d'v k|zf;lgs cª\u xf] .
 dxf;lrj ;lrjfnosf] k|d'v x'g] Joj:yf 5 .
 dxf;lrjsf] lgo'lQm dxf;efaf6 ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df kfFr
jif{sf nflu x'g] 5 .
 dfgjclwsf/, lgz:qLs/0f tyf lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwdf cWoog u/L
k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{, ljleGg k|ltj]bgsf] k|sfzg tyf ljt/0fnufotsf
k|zf;lgs sfo{ ug'{ ;lrjnfosf k|d'v sfo{ x'g\ .
128
plNnlvt ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf k|d'v cª\u afx]s UN ;Fu ljz]if ;lGwsf] cfwf/df
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs If]qdf sfo{/t cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\u7gx¿ /x]sf
5g\ h;nfO{ ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yf (Specialized Agency) elgG5 . oL ljlzi6Ls[t
;+:yfn] dxf;ef / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\ cGtu{t /x]/ cfˆgf sfo{
;~rfng u5{g\ . ILO, FAO, UNESCO, WHO, IMF nufotsf ljlzi6Ls[t
;+:yfn] UN nfO{ cfˆgf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .
ax'/fli6«o nufgL k|Tofe"lt, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, vfB ;ª\s6 Go"gLs/0f, cGt/f{li6«o
cfly{s ;xof]unufotsf If]qdf UN ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf]
5.
cEof;
-s_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf slxn] eof] < k"/f ldlt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3df xfn slt ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ <
-u_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf ;+:yfks ;b:o ;ª\Vof slt lyof] <
-3_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf jt{dfg dxf;lrjsf] gfd pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yf eGgfn] s] a'‰g'x'G5 <
129
-s_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgfdf P6nflG6s rf6{/sf] e"ldsf 5f]6s/Ldf
j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] dxf;efsf sfo{x¿ 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ /fi6«;ª\3Lo ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ lsg sfo{sfl/0fL cª\u dflgG5 <
5f]6s/Ldf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo ;lrjfnosf sfo{x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-ª_ lhDdf hdfgL kl/ifb\ lsg ;lj|mo 5}g < k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{ 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf]pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 :yfkgfsf] k[i7e"ldsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;ef / ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf sfo{x¿sf] cGt/;DaGw
ljj]rgf ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfsf] of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg
ug'{xf];\ .
130
kf7 – @ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 / g]kfn
k[i7e"ld
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] dxŒk"0f{ kl/0ffd dflgG5 . ;+o'St
/fi6«;ª\3df xfn !(# /fi6«x¿ ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ . ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3nfO{ /fi6«;ª\3
(The League of Nations) sf] cQ/flwsf/L ;+:yf dflgG5 . ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf]
:yfkgfkZrft\ s'g} ljWj+zsf/L o'4 gx'g', %! ;b:o ;+:yfks ePsf] o; ;+:yfdf
xfn !(# ;b:o /xg' cfkm}Fdf pknlAw dfGg ;lsG5 .
Jfftfj/0f ;+/If0f, hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f, If]qLo ;xof]u, zflGt :yfkgf, z/0ffyL{
;d:of ;dfwfg, :jzf;g / :j–cf:yf, åGå ;dfwfg, k|fs[lts k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f,
dfgjclwsf/ h:tf dxŒjk"0f{ If]q jf ljifonfO{ UN sf pknlAwsf ¿kdf lng
;lsG5 .
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf ljljw If]qsf pknlAwnfO{ o;/L x]g{ ;lsG5 M

 pklgj]zjfb lj?4sf pknlAw
 cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;'/Iff sfod /fVg] sfo{df ul/Psf pknlAwx¿
 cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf ;xof]u j[l4 ug]{ sfo{df ul/Psf pknlAwx¿
 dfgjclwsf/sf] :yfkgfsf] nflu u/]sf pknlAwx¿
 cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ;+lxtfs/0f tyf j|mda4 ljsf;sf sfo{df u/]sf
pknlAw
 jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{df ePsf pknlAw
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] pklgj]zjfb lj?4 cf}klgj]lzs /fi6« tyf hgtfnfO{ :jtGqtf

k|bfg ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . lhDdf–hdfgL kl/ifb\af6 ePsf sfo{x¿,
:jtGqtf k|bfg ug{] ;DaGwL 3f]if0ff ;g\ !(^) df kfl/t ul/g' dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw
dfGg ;lsG5 .
131
To:t} /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efn] cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;'/Iff sfod /fVg] sfo{x¿df w]/}
pknlAw ePsf 5g\ . ;g\ !(%& df zflGtk"0f{ / c;n l5d]sLkg;DaGwL k|:tfj,
;g\ !(^% sf] cx:tIf]k ljifos 3f]if0ffkq, ;g\ !(*! sf] cf0fljs ljklQsf]
/f]syfd ljifos 3f]if0ffkq dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw dfGg ;lsG5 . To:t} sª\uf],
;fOk|;, sf]l/of, ef/t–kfs h:tf ;d:ofdf zflGt;]gf, ko{j]Ifs ;d"x k7fO{
pNn]vgLo sfo{ u/]sf] 5 .
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efn] ljleGg ljsf; sfo{j|mdx¿ kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . h:t} M
ljZj vfB sfo{j|md, /fi6«;ª\3Lo afnsf]if, :jo+;]jf sfo{j|mdsf] :yfkgf Pjd\
;~rfng dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw x'g\ .
Dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
clwsf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ljifosf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw,
/ª\ue]b ck/fwsf] bdg tyf ;hfosf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw, dfgjclwsf/sf]
:yfkgfnfO{ dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf ePsf dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw dfGg ;lsG5 .
/fi6«;ª\3Lo kof{j/0f ljsf; sfo{j|md, l/of] lb h]g]l/of] ;Dd]ng cflb jftfj/0f
If]qsf dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw x'g\ .
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3df g]kfnsf] e"ldsf
g]kfn Ps ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg / :jtGq

/fi6« xf] . !$ l8;]Da/ !(%% df ;+o'St
/fi6«;ª\3sf] ;b:otf lnPsf] xf] . g]kfnsf]
k//fi6« gLlt g} ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf]
a8fkqdf cfwfl/t 5 . ljZjzflGt,
c;+ungtf h:tf cfwf/e"t dfGotfaf6
g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt / ljZj ;DaGw kl/rflnt 5 .
zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf, hftLo lje]b, /Ëe]b tyf pklgj]zjfbsf] cGTo ug]{,
Ps /fi6«n] csf]{ /fi6«nfO{ zf]if0f, bdg / lyrf]ldrf], cdfgjLo Jojxf/ u/]sf]
132
lj?4df ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf ljleGg lgsfo / cª\udf /xL g]kfnn] cfˆgf] cfjfh
p7fPsf] 5 .
/fi6«;ª\3Lo zflGt cleofgdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . ;g\
!(%* b]lv xfn;Dd ljleGg /fi6«x¿df zflGt :yfkgf sfo{df g]kfnL ;]gfn]
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
g]kfn hftLo e]b, /ª\ue]b ljl?4sf] ljifosf ljleGg ;ldltdf /x]/ sfo{ u/]sf]
5 . cf0fljs xltof/sf] k|;f/0f /f]Sg], To;sf] kl/If0f ug]{ ;lGwdf g]kfnn]
x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 . o;}j|mddf ;xf/fdf k/df0f' c:q k/LIf0f ug]{ k|mfG;sf] of]hfdf
ul7t ;ldltsf] cWoIf g]kfnn] v]b k|:tfj kfl/t u/fP/ zflGtlk|o /x]sf] gd'gf
k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
xª\u]/L ;d:ofsf] hfFra'em ;ldltsf] cWoIf, dxf;lrj ª\ofu Xofd//f]Nhsf] hxfh
b'3{6gf hfFra'em cfof]usf] cWoIf eO{ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgefPsf] lyof] .
e"–kl/j]li7t /fi6«x¿sf] kf/jxg xssf] Gofog]lrt dfu / ;fd"lxs dfusf nflu
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3df cfjfh p7fPsf] lyof] .
g]kfnn] ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{j|mddf ;g\ !(*$–*^ ;Dd ;b:o /xL
ljZj jftfj/0f;DaGwL gLlt, lgod lgdf{0f ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof] .
ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vof Pjd\ ljsf;;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{, k|ltj]bg tof/
kfg]{ sfosf nflu ;g\ !((^ df Commission on Population and Development df
/xL g]kfnn] ;/fxgLo sfo{ u/]sf] lyof] .
g]kfn cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\cGtu{tsf] dfgjclwsf/ cfof]udf b'O{k6s -
!((%–(& / !((*–@)))_ ;b:osf] ¿kdf sfo{ u/L dfgjclwsf/sf] arfp,
;Ddfg ljifodf of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx¿df /xL OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfo{ s'zntfk"j{s
sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . FAO, UNESCO, WMO, WHO h:tf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfdf
/xL ;DalGwt If]qsf] gLlt, ljsf; of]hgf, ;fy} ;'wf/sf sfo{df g]kfnn] dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] .
133
;fy}, ;g\ !(%* df /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efsf] pkfWoIf, !(^(–&) / !(**–*( df
b'O{k6s ;'/Iff kl/ifb\df c:yfoL ;b:o /xL sfo{ ul/;s]sf] 5 .
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] x/]s jif{ x'g] dxf;efsf] clwj]zgdf g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf /xL
ljZj zflGt, e|ft[Tj / ljZjaGw'Tjsf nflu hfoh cfjfh p7fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
/fi6«;ª\3 / ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfaf6 cfof]hgf x'g] ljleGg cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
jftfj/0fLo ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL eO{ oL If]qsf] clej[l4df g]kfnsf] k"0f{ k|lta4tf
/x]sf] 5 .
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] g]kfnsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf; Pjd\ zflGt :yfkgfy{
dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . UN sf] kxndf …n'lDagL ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;ldltÚ
sf] u7g, a]nfa]nfdf UN dxf;lrjsf] g]kfn e|d0f x'g'af6 klg UN sf]
g]kfnnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f k'li6 u5{ .
cEof;
-s_ g]kfn slxn] ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;b:o eof] <
-v_ /fi6«;ª\3Lo zflGt ;]gfsf] kl/efiff Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfn slxn] ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] c:yfoL ;b:o eof] <
-3_ /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfn] ug]{ s'g} Ps sfo{ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
134
-ª_ /fi6«;ª\3n] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg Ps a'Fbfdf
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf;df k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg
-v_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{gdf k'¥ofPsf]
of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] zflGt cleofgdf g]kfnsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{
ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ g]kfnsf] ljsf;df /fi6«;ª\3 / o;sf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfsf] of]ubfgsf]
vf]lhgLlt ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ zflGt;]gfdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 p2]Zo cg'¿kdf sfo{ ug{ s] slt ;kmn ePsf] 5 <
d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ tkfO{+ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3df g]kfnsf] of]ubfgnfO{ s;/L ljZn]if0f
ug'{x'G5 < l6Kk0fL ug'{xf];\ .
135
PsfO – ;ft k|of]ufTds If]q
kf7 – ! P]ltxfl;s vf]h
Oltxf; tYok"0f{ / ;To ePdf dfq o;n] eljiosf] dfu{ lgb]{zg ub{5 . ;xL
k|df0f / tYox¿n] dfq Oltxf;sf] k'li6 ub{5g\ . P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿sf] cWoog
u/]/ tYok"0f{ Oltxf; vf]Hg ;lsG5 . ljutsf ;To tYox¿ kQf nufpgsf nflu
cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . cg';Gwfg eg]sf] vf]h xf] . cg';Gwfg ubf{
lgDglnlvt k|lj|mof ckgfpg'kb{5 M
ljifo M
k[i7e"ld M
p2]Zox¿ M
cWoog ljlw M
k|fKt hfgsf/L M
;'emfjx¿ M
cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf] gd'gf
gf}la; rGb|sf]6sf] cWoog
k[i7e"ld
gf}la; rGb|sf]6 xfnsf] u'NdL / afUn'ª lhNnf ;d]6\g] Pp6f If]q xf] . g]kfn
PsLs/0f x'g'eGbf cufl8 of] Pp6f e"/] /fHo lyof] / oxfF /fv'sf 7s'/Lx¿n] zf;g
ub{y] . of] k|ltj]bgleq gf}la; rGb|sf]6sf] af/]df cWoog ug'{sf] p2]Zo, cWoog
ljlw, k|fKt ;"rgf tyf ;'emfjx¿ ;+nUg ul/Psf 5g\ .
p2]Zo
d]/f] of] cWoogsf p2]Zox¿ o;k|sf/ lyPM
136
-s_ gf}la; rGb|sf]6sf] cjl:yltsf] klxrfg ug]{
-v_ e'/] /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng]
-u_ of] /fHosf] g]kfndf PsLs/0fsf ljifodf hfgsf/L lng]
cWoog ljlw
d}n] d]/f] cWoognfO{ k"/f ug{sf nflu lgDglnlvt ljlwx¿ cjnDag u/]sf] lyPFM
-s_ :ynut e|d0f
-v_ ;flxlTos cWoog
-u_ :yfgLo Ho]i7 gful/s tyf hfgsf/x¿;Fu 5nkmn
k|fKt hfgsf/L
-s_ gf}la; rGb|sf]6 /fHo dWosfnsf] e'/] /fHo xf] . of] xfnsf afUn'ª / u'NdL
lhNnfsf s]xL If]qx¿ ;d]6g] u/L lj:tf/ ePsf] lyof] . of] /fHosf] k"j{df
tf]nfsf]6 / sfnLu08sL, klZrddf lba|'ª, pQ/df l;Gb"/] / blIf0fdf
¿kfsf]6 ;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] .
-v_ ls+jbGtLx¿ / Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf egfOcg';f/ /fv' -xfnsf] DofUbL jf
kj{t_ sf 7s'/Lx¿n] oxfF e'/] /fHo :yfkgf ul/ s]xL ;do zf;g rnfPsf
lyP . t/ kl5 rGb|sf]6s} :yfgLo kf}8]n / Gof}kfg]x¿n] tL /fv'sf
7s'/Lx¿nfO{ lj:yflkt u/L oxL+s} yfkfx¿nfO{ /fhsfhsf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf
lyP .
-u_ lj=;+= !*$# efb| @* ut] rGb|sf]6 /fHonfO{ g]kfnL kmf}hn] PsLs/0f u/L
o;sf] zf;gsf] lhDdf kfNkfnfO{ lbPsf] lyof] . of] /fHosf] PsLs/0fsf nflu
;/bf/ cd/l;+x /fgfsf] g]t[Tjdf b'O{ sDkgL kmf}h cfPsf] lyof] .
lgisif{
g]kfndf o:tf cg]s P]ltxfl;s / wfld{s :ynx¿ 5g\ . To:tf If]qx¿sf] ;+/If0f
ug'{ cfjZos 5 . xfn g]kfn ;/sf/n] u'NdLdf rGb|sf]6 ufpF kflnsf agfpg'
137
;s/fTs s'/f xf] . o;sf] ;+/If0f / k|rf/df ;j{;fwf/0f / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Wofg
hfg' cfjZos 5 .
cEof;
-s_ cfˆgf] If]qdf pknAw s'g} Ps k'/ftflŒjs÷P]ltxfl;s÷wfld{s÷;f+:s[lts
j:t'sf] vf]h u/L dflysf] k|lj|mof ckgfP/ Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ /
sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ j+zfjnL klg Oltxf;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ >f]t xf] . tkfO{Fn] cfk\mgf] j+zfjnL lgdf{0f
ug'{xf];\ . o;sf nflu cfk\mgf] j+zsf] ljj/0f vf]Hg'xf];\ .
d]/f] j+zfjnL ljj/0f
j+z÷y/ M
pTklQ ePsf] :yfg M
j+zsf ;a}eGbf k'/fgf dflg;sf] -d"nJolSt_ gfd M
d"nJolSt / pgsf ;Gtfgsf] k];fM
a;fOF;/fO ePsf :yfgx¿M
a;fOF;/fO ug'{kg]{ sf/0fM
xfn /x]sf] :yfg M
xfnsf] :yfgdf cfPsf JolSt M
o; :yfgdf cfP/ a;]sf cGbfhL jif{ M
o; :yfgdf cfpg'kgf{sf] sf/0f M
138
kf7 – @ ;do/]vf lgdf{0f / k|of]u
ljleGg ;dodf 36]sf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;xh ¿kn] cWoog dgg ug{sf nflu /]vfsf]
dfWodn] b]vfOPsf] ldlt / 36gfx¿sf] ljj/0f g} ;do/]vf xf] . o;df ltlyldlt
cg';f/ 36gfx¿nfO{ j|md ldnfP/ b]vfOG5 . ;do /]vf Oltxf; cWoogsf]
dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] .
;do /]vfsf ljleGg lsl;dx¿ x'G5g\ . To;dWo] ljsf;fGd'v / k/fjlt{t ;do
/]vf a9L k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
139
ljsf;f]Gd'v ;do/]vf ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3 :yfkgf
!($^
;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3 :yfkgf -!( cS6f]a/ !($%_
;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3 j8fkq x:tfIf/ -@% clk|n !($%_

\
!($%
!($$
df:sf] 3f]if0ff -#) cS6f]a/ !($#_
!($#
;+o'St /fi6«x¿sf] 3f]if0ff -! hgj/L !($@_

!($@
P6nflG6s 3f]if0ff -!$ cu:6 !($!_

nG8g 3f]if0ff -!@ h'g !($!_
!($!
!($)
:s]n M Ps sf]7f a/fa/ ! jif{ / Ps nfOg a/fa/ ! dlxgf
140
k/fjlt{t ;do/]vf ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3 :yfkgf
!($
)
!($!
nG8g 3f]if0ff -!@ h'g !($!_

P6nflG6s 3f]if0ff -!$ cu:6 !($!_
!($ ;+o'St /fi6«x¿sf] 3f]if0ff -! hgj/L !($@_

@
!($#
df:sf] 3f]if0ff -#) cS6f]a/ !($#_

t]x/fgjStJo -! l8;]Da/ !($#_
!($
$
!($
;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] lg0f{o -!! k]ma|'j/L !($%_
% ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 j8fkq x:tfIf/ -@% clk|n !($%_
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 :yfkgf -!( cS6f]a/ !($%_

!($^
:s]n M Ps sf]7f a/fa/ ! jif{ / Ps nfOg a/fa/ ! dlxgf
141
cEof;
tn lbOPsf ldlt / 36gfx¿nfO{ ;do /]vfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ M
@))& ;fnb]lv @)!& ;fn;Ddsf z}lIfs ultljlwx¿ M
 lj=;+= @))& ;fndf lzIff dGqfnosf] :yfkgf
 lj=;+ @))* c;f]h ^ ut]b]lv sGof sn]hsf] :yfkgf
 lj=;++= @))( ;fndf ;/bf/ ?b|/fh kfF8]sf cWoIftfdf /fli6«o lzIff af]8{ /
lj=;+= @)!) r}t ( ut] /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g
 lj=;+= @)!! ;fndf /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f÷tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
 lj=;+=@)!$ sflQs b]zel/sf dfWolds ljBfnox¿df lzIf0fsf] dfWod
g]kfnL x'g'kg]{ lgod .
 lj=;+= @)!^ df lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf
 lj=;+= @)!# ebf} @$ ut] sn]h ckm Ph's];gsf] :yfkgf
142

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v'nf ljBfnosf nflu nlIft :jfWoog ;fdu|L

klxnf] ;+:s/0f M lj=;+= @)&&

kf7 – ! l;Fhf /fHosf] ;Eotf

lhtf/L dNn cfgGb dNn

cIfo dNn cflbTo dNn l/k' dNn

;"o{ dNn -c:ki6_

s0ff{nL k|b]zdf afO;L /fHox¿ ePh:t} lqz"nLb]lv klZrd / /fKtLb]lv k"j{df

j|m=;+= /fHosf] gfd :yfkgf ;+:yfks PsLs/0f clGtd

@# ljgfosk'/÷a'6jn lj=;+= !^!) ljgfos lj=;+= !&!) df kfNkfdf

j|m=;+= /fHosf] gfd :yfkgf ;+:yfks /fhf PsLs/0f clGtd /fhf

elSt vfg -g'jfsf]6sf /fhf_ ljlrq vfg -sf:sLsf /fhf_

ozf]a|Dx zfx -ndh'ªsf /fhf_

g/xl/ zfx -ndh'ªsf /fhf_ b|Jo zfx

5qklt /fd zfx

ljgfos ;]g dfl0fSo ;]g e[ª\uL ;]g nf]xfª ;]g

nf]xfª ;]g -dsjfgk'/sf ;+:yfks_

lxGb"klt xl/x/ ;]g

Z'e ;]g -lktfnfO{ s}bu/L_ ljwftfOGb| ;]g -ljhok'/_

b'a} /fhf lbNnLdf s}b

Dffl0fs ;]g dlxklt ;]g

x]ds0f{ ;]g hut ;]g las|d ;]g

s0f{ ;]g s0f{ ;]g-ljhok'/_

sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf gjfF} ztfAbLdf lnR5lj zf;gsf] cGTo ePsf] lyof] .

-s_ cfGtl/s ;DaGw

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] efbufpFsf] PsLs/0f u/]kl5 cfw'lgs

klZrdsf] e}/xjf df]rf{df g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfjZos xltof/x¿ k7fpg ;s]sf]

g]kfndf /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo eO;s]kl5 emG8} #@ cf]6f kf6L{{x¿sf] :yfkgf eof] .

-s_ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf

kfls:tfgL /fhb'tfjf;df lj/f]w kq

g]kfn lj=;+= @)$* ;fndf k|ltlglw ...1..gws-wiz-img.......0.DFtcuwjiCCo#imgrc=-PFhW3_uWMO_hM:

;efsf nflu cfd lgjf{rg ePsf] lyof] .

lj=;+= @)^! df3 !( ut] /fhf

-s_ k|ltlglw ;efsf] k'g:yf{kgf

-s_ lu|s ;Eotf

/f]dg ;Eotfsf] ljsf;

/f]ddf ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt kfl6«l;og ju{sf] af]njfnf lyof] . ctM ;dfg

kf7 M ! ?;L j|mflGt

;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfsTj ?;L j|mflGtsf

plNnlvt kl/0ffdsf cltl/Qm ?;L ;dfhdf cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, ;fd"lxs v]tL

-cf_ ;dfhjfbL cy{Joj:yf

! h'nfO{ !($& df la|l6z kfln{ofd]G6n] India Independent Act kfl/t u¥of] .

kqklqsfsf] Jofks k|sfzg

e;]{lnh ;lGwdf rLgsf] hgjfbL gofF ;f+:s[lts

o'jfdf /fhgLlts r]tgf sGˆo'l;o;jfbsf] c:jLs[lt

e;]{lnh ;lGwdf rLgsf] ckdfg

o;k|sf/ k"/f ^ jif{ rn]/ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] cGTo eof] .

#= nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf kl/0ffdx¿

ckf/ hgwgsf] Iflt

ljZj zflGtsf] k|d'n p2]Zon] låtLo ljZjo'4kZrft\ @$ cS6f]a/ !($% df

-cf_ Marshall Plan / COMECON

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 cGt/f{li6«o zflGtnfO{ lr/:yfoL agfpg P6nflG6s rf6{/sf]

%! /fi6«x¿n] -kf]NofG8 kl5 ;xefuL ePsf]_ @^ h'g !($% df UN Chater df

 ;+o'St /fi6«sf lgDglnlvt k|d'v cª\ux¿ /x]sf 5g\ M

 ;+/rgf M ;a} ;b:o /fi6« ;xefuL x'g], jflif{s ¿kdf

k|d'v sfo{x¿ M cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] cg'udg ug'{, cGt/f{li6«o

lhDdf hdfgL kl/ifb\

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf]pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M