Statistics and Probability

Module 3

Lesson 1 Random Sampling

What’s In
Some researches aim to study, describe and infer patterns of behaviour, properties,
and characteristics about a population; sometimes, they intent to study in a very large scale
and because of the fact that we cannot study a very large population due to feasibility,
impracticality, and inconvenience, that is why we must select a representative sample from
the population. In this lesson, sampling techniques that will help researches select samples
that would represent true inferences about the population where these samples came from.

What’s New: Analyze and compare the following cases:

1. Mrs. Cruz wants to do an analysis on students' final examination scores in her 40

Grade 11-Baguio Mathematics class for the semester. Should she consider her all the
students’ scores or only some of the students’ scores?
2. A group of researchers want to determine the average Mathematics grade for the
semester of Grade 11 students in the Philippines. Should the group consider
conducting a survey to all the Grade 11 students in the Philippines or random students
of selected places?

Analysis: For case number 1, this task is only dealing with the students' final examination
scores in one specific class with 40 students. The intent is not to the students' final examination
scores of students in a much bigger population. Since the teacher has the entire population
available for this situation, she should use the all of them. In case number 2, the population is
extremely large. There is actually an impractical and an inconvenient way of obtaining all of
the data in the population. You simply will not have all of the data available for your use
especially if you only have a limited time. You will need to use a sample of the population.

What is It

Population is the group you want to generalize. It consists of all the members of the
group you are interested in. Sample is the subset from the population you want to examine. A
population commonly contains too many individuals to study conveniently and practically, so
an investigation is often restricted to one or more samples drawn from it. A well-chosen sample
will contain most of the information about a particular population parameter but the relation
between the sample and the population must be such as to allow true inferences to be made
about a population from that sample.
Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of
observations are taken from a larger population. There are various sampling methods that
allow all the units in the population to have an equal chance of being selected. These sampling
methods are discussed below.

1. Simple Random Sampling

Each element of the population has an equal chance of being selected. There are no
rules that dictate where and how you will start the selection process, as long as you do
not intentionally look for a specific number. In this method, the samples can be selected
through:

a. Lottery Method
Every member is assigned a unique number. These numbers are put in a jar and
thoroughly mixed. After that, the researcher picks some numbers without looking at
it and those people are included in the study.
 b. Use of Table of Random Numbers
This table consists of a series of digits (0-9) that are generated randomly. The
numbers are arranged in rows and columns and can be read in any direction. All the
digits are equally probable.

To determine the desired number of samples needed given a certain number of population,
there are different formulas can be used, one of which is Slovin’s Formula.
𝑁
Slovin’s Formula: 𝑛 = 𝑁𝑒 2

where: 𝑛 = sample size

𝑒 = margin of error,
𝑁 = population size

Example:𝑛 =; 𝑒 = 0.05; 𝑁 = 1000

𝑁
𝑛=
𝑁𝑒 2
1000
𝑛=
1000(0.05)2
1000
𝑛=
1000(0.0025)
1000
𝑛=
2.5
𝒏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 (sample size)
2. Systematic Random Sampling: This can be done by listing all the elements in the
population and selecting every kth element in your population list. This is equally
precise as the simple random sampling. It is often used on long population lists. To
determine the interval to be used in identifying the samples to who will participate in
𝑁
the study, use the formula K = (population/sample size).
𝑛
Example:
𝑁
If Population (N) = 2000, sample size (n) = 500, K = , so k = 2000/500 = 4th. Use a table of
𝑛
random numbers to determine the starting point for selecting every 4th subject. With list of
the 2000 subjects in the sampling frame, go to the starting point, and select every 4th name
on the list until the sample size is reached. Probably will have to return to the beginning of
the list to complete the selection of the sample.

3. Stratified Random Sampling

This can be done by first dividing the elements in the population into strata and
then samples are randomly selected from each stratum ensuring that each selected
element is proportionately represented in the total population. Sampling fraction: n/N
(desired sample size divided by the population size)

Example: Assume you have a population of 1000 students with 500 from grade school, 300
from high school, and 200 from senior high school. Determine the how many samples you
need or you can use the Slovin’s Formula or any other formula for computing the sample
size. In this example, Slovin’s Formula is used and a sample size of 400 is computed. To
get the samples from each stratum, divide 400 by 1000 and the answer is 0.4. Multiply 0.4
to each of the number of students per stratum (e.g. 0.4 x 500 grade school is 200).

Stratum Population Sample

Grade school 500 200
Junior High School 300 120
Senior High School 200 80
Total 1000 400
4. Clustered Sampling
A multistage sampling method adopted when it is either impossible or impractical
to compile an exhaustive list of elements found in the target population. The whole
population is subdivided into clusters, or groups, and random samples are then collected
from each group.

Example: A researcher wants to survey about academic performance of high school

students in the municipality of Alubijid. He can divide the entire population into
different clusters (barangays). Then, the researcher selects a number
of barangays depending on his research through simple or systematic
random sampling. The researcher could draw random samples from the selected
barangay through simple random sampling or take them all.

More examples are given below.

Simple Random Sampling

In a recent research that was conducted in a private school, the subjects of the study were
selected using the Table of Random Numbers.

Stratified Sampling
A teacher who is conducting a research on the effects of using mobile phones in teaching
English decided to divide her students into male and female and then she selected students
from each gender group.

Systematic Sampling
The school office personnel gave the researcher a list of 2000 Grade 10 students. The
researcher selected every 25th name on the list.

Cluster Sampling
A researcher surveyed all dengue patients in each of the 10 randomly selected hospitals in
Misamis Oriental.

What I Have Learned

Let’s Summarize!

• Sample is the subset from the population you want to examine.

• There are various sampling methods. These are simple random sampling,
systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.
• Simple random sampling is a sampling method where each element of the
population has an equal chance of being selected. This can be done through
the Table of Random Numbers or lottery method.
• Systematic sampling is done by selecting every 𝑘th element in your population
list. The sampling interval, k, is calculated by dividing the population size by
the desired sample size.
• Stratified sampling is done by grouping the elements in the population
according to shared characteristic/s. Then, the researcher selects the
appropriate number of samples from each group.
• Cluster sampling is a sampling method used when the whole population is
subdivided into clusters, or groups, and random samples are then collected
from each group.
 Lesson 2 Parameter and Statistic

What’s In
In the previous lessons, you learned about random sampling, a process done in
selecting an unbiased representative sample from a population. This time, you will be
introduced to the measures involved in the population and sample. Measures from a very large
population are impossible to obtain especially if your resources are limited. This brings us to
other measures which are from the representative samples. This lesson will help you identify
measures about population and sample.

What’s New

Study the cases below. Identify which of the cases involves measures from a population
and a sample.
1. A researcher randomly selected a sample of 1600 people in Cagayan de Oro City and
asked if they use a certain detergent brand and 40% of them said yes.
2. A researcher interviewed all the members of the Mathematics department with 10 female
teachers, 15 male teachers and 1 department head. He wants to know the average hours
per day they spend in training students for competitions and found out that they spend an
average of 2 hours per day for training.
Analysis: The first case contains a measure for a sample. It indicated that 40% of the 1600
samples said yes. On the other hand, the second case contains a measure from a population
because an average of 2 hours per day spend in training is from all of the people in the
Mathematics department.

What is It

A measure that describes a population is called parameter. A measure that describes

a sample is called statistic. In population parameter, mean is represented by 𝜇, 𝜎 2 represents
variance, and 𝜎 represents standard deviation. In sample statistics, mean is represented by
𝑥̅ ,𝑠2 represents variance, and 𝑠represents standard deviation. Data from the sample are used
to calculate statistics. Statistics are estimates of the corresponding parameters.

Examples:
Parameter: 50% of the 24 Philippine senators agreed to support a certain measure.
Statistic: A researcher found out that 25% of the students in the Philippines reported to have
internet connection at home.

Explanation:
1. The example indicates a parameter since there are only 24 senators in the Philippines.
2. Researchers cannot ask millions of students if they have internet connection at home,
so they take samples from the target population and calculate.

What I Have Learned

Let’s Summarize!
• Parameter is a measure that describes a population. Parameter includes population
mean 𝜇, population variance 𝜎 2 , and population standard deviation 𝜎.
• Statistic is a measure that describes a sample. Statistics include sample mean 𝑥̅ ,
sample variance 𝑠2 and sample standard deviation 𝑠.
 Lesson 3 Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Means

What’s In

You learned in your previous chapters about discrete probability distribution and
continuous probability distribution. In this lesson you will learn how to identify and construct
sampling distribution of sample means. You will also learn on how to find the mean and
variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means.

What’s New

Activity
1. A population consists of 2, 3, and 4. List all possible samples of size 3 which can be drawn
with replacement from this population and compute the mean of each sample. One
possible sample is given as your guide.
Sample Mean
2, 3 2.5

What is It

If you list all the possible samples of size 3 drawn from a population of 4 with elements
2, 3, and 4 you will have 9 samples. The table below shows the 9 samples and their
corresponding means.
Sample Sample Mean
2, 2 2.0
2, 3 2.5
2, 4 3.0
3, 2 2.5
3, 3 3.0
3, 4 3.5
4, 2 3.0
4, 3 3.5
4, 4 4.0

This let us learn how to make a probability distribution of the sample means. We shall
call this distribution, the sampling distribution of sample means.
 Sample Mean Probability
Frequency
̅
𝒙 ̅)
P(𝒙
1
2 1
9
2
2.5 2
9
1
3 3
3
2
3.5 2
9
1
4 1
9
Total 𝐧=𝟗 1.00

A sampling distribution of sample means is a probability distribution that describes

the probability for each mean of all samples with the same sample size 𝑛.

Finding the Mean and Variance of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
The following are formulae needed to compute the mean, variance and standard
deviation of a population and mean, variance, and standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of sample means.

Sampling Distribution of Sample

Population
Means
∑𝑥 ∑ 𝑥̅
Mean 𝜇= 𝜇𝑥̅ =
𝑁 𝑛
2
∑( 𝑥 − 𝜇) ∑( 𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅ )2
Variance 𝜎2 = 𝜎 2 𝑥̅ =
𝑁 𝑛
Standard ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∑(𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅ )2
Deviation 𝜎=√ 𝜎𝑥̅ = √
𝑁 𝑛

Sampling with Replacement

Example 1:

Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, and 8.

a. Compute the population mean.
b. Compute the population variance.
c. Find the population standard deviation.
d. List all the possible samples of size n = 2 with replacement and their corresponding
means.
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means.
f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means.
g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means.
Solution:
a. Compute the population mean.
∑𝑥
𝜇=
𝑁
2+5+8
𝜇=
3
15
𝜇=
3
𝝁=𝟓

Hence, the population mean is 5.

b. Compute the population variance.

𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐
2 −3 9
5 0 0
8 3 9
2
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇) = 18
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2
𝜎2 =
𝑁
18
𝜎2 =
3
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟔
Hence, the population variance is 6.

c. Find the population standard deviation.

∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2
𝜎= √
𝑁

𝜎 = √6

𝝈 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟓
Hence, the population standard deviation is 2.45.

d. List all the possible samples of size 2 with replacement and their corresponding means.

Observation Samples ̅
𝒙
1 2, 2 2.0
2 2, 5 3.5
3 2, 8 5.0
4 5, 2 3.5
5 5, 5 5.0
6 5, 8 6.5
7 8, 2 5.0
8 8, 5 6.5
9 8, 8 8.0
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.
Observation Samples ̅
𝒙
1 2, 2 2.0
2 2, 5 3.5
3 2, 8 5.0
4 5, 2 3.5
5 5, 5 5.0
6 5, 8 6.5
7 8, 2 5.0
8 8, 5 6.5
9 8, 8 8.0
̅ = 𝟒𝟓
∑𝒙

∑ 𝑥̅
𝜇𝑥̅ =
𝑛
45
𝜇𝑥̅ =
9
𝝁𝒙̅ = 𝟓

Hence, the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means is 5.

f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of means.

Observation Samples ̅
𝒙 ̅ − 𝝁𝒙̅
𝒙 ̅ − 𝝁𝒙̅ )𝟐
(𝒙
1 2, 2 2.0 −3 9
2 2, 5 3.5 −1.5 2.25
3 2, 8 5.0 0 0
4 5, 2 3.5 −1.5 2.25
5 5, 5 5.0 0 0
6 5, 8 6.5 1.5 2.25
7 8, 2 5.0 0 0
8 8, 5 6.5 1.5 2.25
9 8, 8 8.0 3 9
̅ = 𝟒𝟓
∑𝒙 ̅ − 𝝁𝒙̅ )𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕
∑(𝒙

∑(𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅ )2
𝜎 2 𝑥̅ =
𝑛
27
𝜎 2 𝑥̅ =
9
𝝈𝟐 𝒙̅ = 3

Hence, the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means is 3.

g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.
∑(𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅ )2
𝜎𝑥̅ = √
𝑛
𝜎𝑥̅ = √3
𝝈𝒙̅ = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑 Hence, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample
means is 1.73.
Sampling without Replacement

Example 2: Consider a population consisting of the values 1, 3, and 5.

a. Compute the population mean.
b. Compute the population variance.
c. Find the population standard deviation.
d. List all the possible samples of size n = 2 without replacement and their corresponding
means.
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means.
f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means.
g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means.

Solution:
a. Compute the population mean.
∑𝑥
𝜇=
𝑁
1+3+5
𝜇=
3
9
𝜇=
3
𝝁=𝟑

Hence, the population mean is 3.

b. Compute the population variance.

𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐
1 −2 4
3 0 0
5 2 4
2
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇) = 8
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2
𝜎2 =
𝑁
2
8
𝜎 =
3
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 Hence, the population variance is 2.67.

c. Find the population standard deviation.

∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2
𝜎= √
𝑁

𝜎 = √2.67

𝝈 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑 Hence, the population standard deviation is 1.63.

d. List all the possible samples of size 2 with replacement and their corresponding means.

Observation Samples ̅
𝒙
1 1, 3 2
2 1, 5 3
3 3, 1 2
4 3, 5 4
5 5, 1 3
6 5, 3 4
 e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.
Observation Samples ̅
𝒙
1 1, 3 2
2 1, 5 3
3 3, 1 2
4 3, 5 4
5 5, 1 3
6 5, 3 4
̅ = 𝟏𝟖
∑𝒙

∑ 𝑥̅
𝜇𝑥̅ =
𝑛
18
𝜇𝑥̅ =
6
𝝁𝒙̅ = 𝟑 Hence, the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means is 3.

f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of means.

Observation Samples ̅
𝒙 ̅ − 𝝁𝒙̅
𝒙 ̅ − 𝝁𝒙̅ )𝟐
(𝒙
1 1, 3 2 −1 1
2 1, 5 3 0 0
3 3, 1 2 −1 1
4 3, 5 4 1 1
5 5, 1 3 0 0
6 5, 3 4 1 1
̅ = 𝟏𝟖
∑𝒙 ̅ − 𝝁𝒙̅ )𝟐 = 𝟒
∑(𝒙

∑(𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅ )2
𝜎 2 𝑥̅ =
𝑛
4
𝜎 2 𝑥̅ =
6
𝝈𝟐 𝒙̅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕
Hence, the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means is 0.67.

g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.

∑(𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅ )2
𝜎𝑥̅ = √
𝑛
𝜎𝑥̅ = √0.67
𝝈𝒙̅ = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐
Hence, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means is 0.82.

Try to think about the answers to these questions:

1. What do you notice about the population mean and the mean of the sampling
distribution of sample means? How do you compare them?
2. How do you compare the population variance and the variance of the sampling
distribution of sample means?
Let us summarize the example above by comparing the means and variances of
population and the sampling distribution of the sample means.
 With Replacement Without Replacement
Sampling Sampling
Population Distribution of Population Distribution of
Sample Means Sample Means
Mean 𝜇=5 𝜇𝑥̅ = 5 𝜇=3 𝜇𝑥̅ = 3
Variance 𝜎2 = 6 𝜎 2 𝑥̅ = 3 𝜎 2 = 2.67 𝜎 2 𝑥̅ = 0.67
Standard
𝜎 = 2.45 𝜎𝑥̅ = 1.73 𝜎 = 1.63 𝜎𝑥̅ = 0.82
Deviation

We can summarize the properties of the sampling distribution below.

If all possible samples of size 𝑛 that can be drawn from the population of size N with
mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 , then the sampling distribution of the sample means has the
following properties.

With Replacement
• The mean of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the
population.
𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇
• The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the population
variance divided by the size of 𝑛 of the samples. That is,
2
𝜎2
𝜎 𝑥̅ =
𝑛
• The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size of 𝑛 of
the samples. That is,
𝜎
𝜎𝑥̅ =
√𝑛

Without Replacement
• The mean of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the
population.
𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇
• The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the population
variance divided by the size of 𝑛 of the samples. That is,
𝜎2 𝑁 − 𝑛
𝜎 2 𝑥̅ = ( )
𝑛 𝑁−1
• The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size of 𝑛 of
the samples. That is,
𝜎 𝑁−𝑛
𝜎𝑥̅ = √( )
√𝑛 𝑁 − 1
 What I Have Learned

Let’s Summarize!

• The probability distribution of the sample means is called the sampling

distribution of sample means.
• A sampling distribution of sample means is a probability distribution that
describes the probability for each mean of all samples with the same sample size
𝑛.

• If all possible samples of size 𝑛 that can be drawn from the population of size N
with mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 , then the sampling distribution of the sample means
has the following properties.

If all possible samples of size 𝑛 that can be drawn from the population of size
N with mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 , then the sampling distribution of the sample means
has the following properties.

With Replacement
• The mean of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the
population.
𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇
• The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the population
variance divided by the size of 𝑛 of the samples. That is,
𝜎2
𝜎 2 𝑥̅ =
𝑛
• The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size of 𝑛
of the samples. That is,
𝜎
𝜎𝑥̅ =
√𝑛

Without Replacement
• The mean of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the
population.
𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇
• The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population variance divided by the size of 𝑛 of the samples. That is,
2
𝜎2 𝑁 − 𝑛
𝜎 𝑥̅ = ( )
𝑛 𝑁−1
• The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size
of 𝑛 of the samples. That is,
𝜎 𝑁−𝑛
𝜎𝑥̅ = √( )
√𝑛 𝑁 − 1
 Lesson 4 Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means using the
Central Limit Theorem

What’s New

The Central Limit Theorem

The Central limit theorem states that the sampling distribution of the mean
σ
approximates a normal distribution with a mean of µ and a standard deviation of if the
√𝑛
sample size N of the random samples is large enough. In this case, as more samples with
large sample sizes will be taken from a certain population with replacement, the sampling
distribution will closely resemble to that of a normal distribution. On the question, “How large
should the sample size be?”, statisticians do differ on it as some would suggest 30 and
others suggest it as large as 50 or more. This usually happens when the population does
not appear to be normal. In fact, generally, as sample size increases, the sample mean
tends to be normally distributed around the population mean and its standard deviation also
decreases.

Illustrating Central Limit Theorem

Given a die, it has 6 faces in which each face has either dot/s of x= 1, 2, 3, 4,
5 and 6. Given it as the population, consider the samples of size n=1 and 2.
If n= 1,

Mean:
1+2+3+4+5+6
𝑥̅ = = 3.5 (Note: Computation for population mean and
6
sampling distribution mean is the same for n=1)
Variance:
(1−3.5)2+(2−3.5)2+(3−3.5)2 +(4−3.5)2 +(5−3.5)2 +(6−3.5)2 17.5
𝜎2 = = ≈ 2.92
6 6

Standard Deviation:
17.5
√𝜎 2 = 𝜎 = √ ≈ 1.71 n=1
6
0.2
Sample 𝑥̅ Probability
Percentage

0.15
1 1 = 1/6
2 2 = 1/6 0.1
3 3 = 1/6
0.05
4 4 = 1/6
5 5 = 1/6 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
6 6 = 1/6 X

Interpretations:
The population mean and sampling distribution means are both equal which is
3.5. It has a variance of approximately 2.92 and a standard deviation of approximately
1.71. Since all samples have the same probability of 1/6 or 16.6 ̅ , the trend of the
histogram is like a flat line horizontally.
If n= 2,
Population Mean:
1+2+3+4+5+6
𝑋̅ = = 3.5 6

Sampling Distribution Mean:

1+2(1.5)+3(2)+4(2.5)+5(3)+6(3.5)+5(4)+4(4.5)+3(5)+2(5.5)+1(6) 126
𝑥̅ = = = 3.5
36 36

Variance:
𝜎2 =
(1−3.5)2 +2(1.5−3.5)2 +3(2−3.5)2 +4(2.5−3.5)2 +5(3−3.5)2 +6(3.5−3.5)2 +5(4−3.5)2 +4(4.5−3.5)2 +3(5−3.5)2 +2(5.5−3.5)2 +(6−3.5)2
36
52.5
= ≈ 1.46
36

Standard Deviation:
52.5
√𝜎 2 = 𝜎 = √ 36 ≈ 1.21

Sampl 𝑥̅ Sample 𝑥̅ Sample 𝑥̅ Sample 𝑥̅ Sample 𝑥̅ Sample 𝑥̅

e
1,1 1 2,1 1.5 3,1 2 4,1 2.5 5,1 3 6,1 3.5
1,2 1.5 2,2 2 3,2 2.5 4,2 3 5,2 3.5 6,2 4
1,3 2 2,3 2.5 3,3 3 4,3 3.5 5,3 4 6,3 4.5
1,4 2.5 2,4 3 3,4 3.5 4,4 4 5,4 4.5 6,4 5
1,5 3 2,5 3.5 3,5 4 4,5 4.5 5,5 5 6,5 5.5
1,6 3.5 2,6 4 3,6 4.5 4,6 5 5,6 5.5 6,6 6

The table shows a total of 36 samples and the probability of each are as follow:

1 = 1/36 3 = 5/36 5 = 3/36 or 1/12

1.5 = 2/36 or 1/ 18 3.5 = 6/36 or 1/6 5.5 = 2/36 or 1/18
2 = 3/36 or 1/12 4 = 5/36 6 = 1/36
2.5 = 4/36 or 1/9 4.5 = 4/36 or 1/9

n=2
0.2

0.15
Percentage

0.1

0.05

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
X
Interpretations: The population mean and sampling mean is just the same which is 3.5
and it shows a variance of approximately 1.46 and a standard deviation of 1.21, approximately.
Most of the data are concentrated at the middle values of the sample means. As observe in
the graph, the data gathered resembles that of normal curve which supports the idea of a
central limit theorem which strongly suggests normality.

Lesson Solving Problems Involving Sampling Distribution of

5 the Sample Means
What’s New
In the first lesson, you learn about sampling distribution of the sample mean using
the central limit theorem and illustrating it. You know the concept of central limit theorem.
For this lesson, you are expected to know the importance of central limit theorem in
order to make probability statements on sample mean in relation to the value in comparison
to the population mean. In addition, you will learn to solve problems involving sampling
distributions of the sample mean (M11SP-IIIe-f-1).
What’s New
As sample size n increases from a given population, the shape of sampling distribution
becomes smoother and more bell-shaped as previously discussed. However, we need to
realize that there are two separate random variables which are:
1. 𝑥, the measurement of a single element selected at random from the population; the
distribution of 𝑥 is the distribution of the population, with mean the population mean µ and
standard deviation the population standard deviation σ;
2. 𝑥̅ , the mean of the measurements in a sample of size n; the distribution of 𝑥̅ is its sampling
𝜎
distribution, with mean 𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇 and standard deviation 𝜎𝑥̅ =
√𝑛

Examples:
A school principal claims that grade 11 students has mean grade of 86 with a standard
deviation of 4. Suppose that the distribution is approximately normal;
A. what is the probability that a randomly selected grade will be less than 84?
B. what is the probability that a randomly selected grade will be greater than 82 but less
than 90?
C. what is the probability that the mean random sample of 9 students will be less than
88?

A. What is the probability that a randomly selected grade will be less than 84?
Given: 𝜎 = 4 𝜇𝑥̅ = 84 𝜇 = 86

Original Data Standardize

0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
74 78 82 86 90 94 98 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
 84−𝜇
Solution: 𝑃(𝑥 < 84) = 𝑃 (𝑧 > )
𝜎
84−86
= 𝑃 (𝑧 > )
4
−2
= 𝑃 (𝑧 > )
4
= 𝑃 (𝑧 > −0.5)
= 0.5-0.1915
= 0.3085
Conclusion:
Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected grade will be less than 84 is
0.3085.

B. What is the probability that a randomly selected grade will be greater than 82
but less than 90?
Given: 𝜎 = 4 𝜇𝑥̅1 = 82 𝜇𝑥̅1 = 90 𝜇 = 86

82−𝜇 90−𝜇
Solution: 𝑃(𝑋 < 84) = 𝑃 ( <𝑧< )
𝜎 𝜎
82−86 90−86
= 𝑃( <𝑧< )
4 4
−4 4
= 𝑃( <𝑧< )
4 4
= 𝑃 (−1 < 𝑧 < 1)
= 0.3413 + 0.3413
= 0.6826
Conclusion:
Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected grade will be greater than 82
but less than 90 is 0.6826.

C. What is the probability that the mean random sample of 9 students will be
less than 88?
Given: 𝜎 = 4 𝜇𝑥̅ = 88 𝜇 = 86 n=9
88−𝜇
Solution: 𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 88) = 𝑃 (𝑧 > 𝜎 )
√𝑛

88−86
= 𝑃 (𝑧 > 4 )
√9

2
= 𝑃 (𝑧 > 4 )
3

= 𝑃 (𝑧 > 1.5)
= 0.5+0.4332
= 0.9332
Conclusion:
Therefore, the probability that the mean random sample of 9 students will be
less than 88 is 0.9332