ODRHEY HERNANDEZ

ECE 3204

ECE 414
SIGNALS, SPECTRA AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
LABORATORY ACTIVITY 1

I. INTRODUCTION
A SIGNAL IS A PHYSICAL QUANTITY THAT CARRIESINFORMATION
FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER. SIGNALS CAN TAKE MANY DIFFERENT
FORMS, SUCH AS ELECTRICAL, ACOUSTIC, OPTI-CAL. OR
ELECTROMAGNETIC, AND CAN BE USED TO CONVEY A WIDE RANGE OF
INFORMATION, INCLUDING VOICE, MUSIC, VIDEO, DATA, AND CONTROL
COMMANDS. SIGNALS CAN BE TRANSMITTED AND RECEIVED USING
VARIOUS METHODS, SUCH AS WIRED OR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
CHANNELS, AND CAN BE PROCESSED AND ANALYLED USING VARIOUS
SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES.EXAMPLES OR SIGNAL PROCESSINO
INCLUDE FILTERING, MODULATION. DEMODULATION, AND COMPRESSION.
SIGNALS PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN MANY FIELDS OF SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING, INCLU-DINO TELECOMMUNICATIONS, CONTROL SYSTEMS,
BIOMEDICAL ENGI-NEERING, AND MULTIMEDIA PROCESSING.
IN ADDITION. THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM OF A VIBRATION SIGNAL IS
A FREQUENCY DOMAIN REPRESENTATION OF THE SIGNALS AMPLITUDE
ENVELOPE. IT IS OBTAINED BY APPLYING A FOURIER TRANSFORM TO THE
ENVELOPE OF THE SIGNAL, WHICH IS THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ANALYTIC
SIGNAL. THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM IS USEFUL IN IDENTIFYING THE
PRESSENCE OF LOW -FREQUENCY COMPONENTS IN A VIBRATION SIGNAL,
SUCH AS THOSE CAUSED BY FAULTS IN ROTATINO MACHINERY. THESE
LOW-FREQUENCY COMPONENTS MAY BE DIFFICULT TO DETECT USING
TRADITIONAL SPECTRAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES, WHICH MAY BE
DOMINATED BY HIGHER FREQUENCY COMPONENTS.
BY ANALYZING THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM, IT IS POSSIBLETO
IDENTIFY THE FREQUENCY AND THEIR HARMONICS ASSOCIATED WITH
THE FAULT OR ANOMALY IN THE MACHINERY. THIS INFORMATION CAN
BE USED TO DIAGNOSED THE ROOT CAUSE OF THE VIBRA.TION AND PLAN
MAINTENANCE OR REPAIR ACTIVITIES. THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM CAN BE
USED TO MONITOR THE CONDITION OF THE MACHINERY OVERTIME. BY
 TRACKING CHANGES IN THE ENVELOPE SPEC TRUM, IT IS POSSIBLE TO
DETECT THE EARLY ONSET OF FAULTS AND TAKE CORRECTIVE ACTION
BEFORE THEY BECOME SERIOUS.

THE STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM OFA

VIBRATION SIGNAL CAN BE IMPLEMENTED USING VARIOUS SOFTWARE
TOOLS AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAES. FOR EXAM-PLE, IN THIS
LABORATORY. MATLAB WILL BE USE SINCE IT HAS BUILT -IN FUNCTIONS
FOR COMPUTING THE ANALYTICAL SIGNAL AND ENVELOPE Of A
VIBRATION SIGNAL, AS WELL AS FOR PERFORMING THE FOURIER
TRANSFORM TO OBTAIN THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM.

II.OBJETIVES

1. TO ACQUIRE AN UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM

AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE ANALYSIS OF VIBRATION.
2.TO DEVELOPE THE SKILL OF UTILIZING MATLAB TO PROCESS COLLETED
VIBRATION SIGNALS AND COMPUTE THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM.
3. TO GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES.
4.TO ANALYZE THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM OF THE VIBRATION SIGNAL
AND IDENTIFY FAULT-SPECIFIC MODULATION PROCESS.

III. MATERIALS MATLAB AND SIMULINK-

1S A SOFTWARE TOOL USED FOR MODELING, SIMULATINO, AND

ANALYZING DYNAMIC SYSTEMS. SIMULINK IS A GRAPHICAL
PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT THAT IS INTEGRATED WITH MAT LAB AND
ALLOWS ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS TO MODEL AND SIMULATE
COMPLEX SYSTEMS. IT PROVIDES A VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF
SYSTEMS USING BLOCK DIAGRAMS, WHICH CAN BE USED TO DESIGN,
SIMULATE, AND TEST COMPLEX SYSTEMS BEFORE THEY ARE BUILT.
IV. PROCEDURES
COMPUTE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM Of VIBRATION SHIGNAL

COMPUTE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM USING SIGNAL ANALYZER

OPEN SIGNAL ANALYZER AND DRAG THE BPFO SIGNAL TO A

DISPLAY. ADD TIME INFORMATION TO THE SIGNAL BY SELECTING IT IN
THE SIGNAL TABLE AND CLICKING TIME VALUES ON THE ANALYZER
TAB. SELECT SAMPLE RATE AND START TIME AND ENTER 10KMZ FOR
THE SAMPLE RATE.

ON THE DISPLAY TAB, CLICK SPECTRUM TO OPEN A SPECTRUM

VIEW. THE SPECTRUM OF THE VIBRATION SIGNAL SHOWS BPFO
HARMONICS MODULATED BY 3KMZ, WHICH CORRESPONDS TO THE
IMPACT FREQUENCY SPECIMED IN BEARINGDATA. AT THE LOW END Of
THE SPECTRUM. THE DRIVING FREQUENCY AND ITS ORDERS OBCURES
OTHER FEATURES.

SELECT THE SIGNAL AND, ON THE ANALYZER TAB, CLICK DUPLI

CAT TO GENERATE A COPY OF IT. GIVE THE NEW SIGNAL THE NAME
ENVSPEC AND DRAG IT TO THE DISPLAY. COMPUTE THE ENVELOPE
SPECTRUM OF THE SIGNAL USING THE MILBERT TRANS-FORM. SELECT
ENVSPEC IN THE SIGNAL TABLE AND CLICK PREPROCESS TO ENTER
THE PREPROCESSING MODE

1.REMOVE THE DC VALUE Of THE SIGNAL. IN THE FUNCTION GAL

LERY, SELECT DETREND. IN THE FUNCTION PARAMETERS PANEL,
SELECT CONSTANT AS THE DETREND METHOD. CLICK APPLY.

2.BAND-FILTERS THE DETRENDED SIGNAL. IN THE FUNCTIONS

GALLERY, SELECT BAND- PASS. IN THE FUNCTION PARAMETERS PANEL
ENTER 2250 MZ AND 3750 HZ AS THE LOWER AND UPPER PASSBAND
FREQUENCIES, RESPECTIVELY. CLICK APPLY.

3. COMPUTE THE ENVELOPE OF THE FILTERED SIGNAL. IN THE FUN-

CHIONS GALLERY, SELECT ENVELOPE. IN THE FUNCTIONS
PARAMETERS PANEL, SELECT MILBERT AS THE METHOD. CLICK APPLY.

4. REMOVE THE DO VALUE OF THE ENVELOPE. IN THE FUNCTIONS

GALLERY, SELECT DETREND IN THE FUNCTIONS PARAMETER PANEL,
SELECT CONSTANT AS THE DETREND METHOD. CLICK APPLY
 CLICK THE ICON IN THE INFO COLUMN TO VIEW THE
PREPROCESSING INFORMATION.

CLICK ACCEPT ALL TO SAVE THE PREPROCESSING RESULTS AND

EXIT THE MODE. THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM APPEARS INTHE SPECTRUM
VIEW OF THE DISPLAY. THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM CLEARLY DIS-PLAYS
THE BPFO HARMONICS.

STEPS TD CREAT AN INTEGRATED ANALYSIS SCRIP

THE COMPUTATION OF THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM CAN GET

TEDIOUS IF IT HAS TO BE REPEATED FOR MANY DIFFERENT
BEARING.SIGNAL ANALYZER CAN GENERATE MATLAB SCRIPTS AND
FUNC-TIONS TO HELP YOU AUTOMATE THE COMPUTATION.

AS AN EXERCISE, REPEAT THE PREVIOUS ANALYSIS FOR THE BPFI

SIGNAL SIGNAL ANALYZER GENERATES TWO COMPONENTS USE -FUL
FOR THE AUTOMATION:

1. PRE-PROCESS, A FUNCTION THAT PREPROCESS THE SIGNAL BY

DETRENDING IT. FILTERING IT. AND COMPUTING ITS ENVELOPE

2. COMPUTE POWER SPECTRUM, A SCRIPT THAT COMPUTES THE

ENVELOPE SPECTRUM

TO CREAT THE INTEGRATED ANALYSIS SCRIPT. PUT THE PREPROCESSING

FUNCTION AND THE PLOTTING SCRIPT TOGETHER UNCHANGED IN A
SINGLE FILE (ALTIRNATIVELY, YOU CAN SAVE FUNCTIONS IN SEPARATE
FILES.)

 IF YOU SAVE THE SCRIPT AND THE FUNCTION IN A SINGLE MATLAB

SCRIPT, KEEP IN MIND THAT FUNCTIONS MUST APPEAR AT THE END.
 •YOU MUST ADD THE KEYWORD END AT THE END OF EACH
FUNCTION.

1. CREAT PREPROCESSING FUNCTIONINITIALLY.

CREATE THE FUNCTION THAT REPRODUCES THE PREPROCESSING STEPS.

SELECT THE ENVSPEC SIGNAL. ON THE ANALYZER TAB. CLICK GENERATE
FUNCTION. THE FUNCTION, CALLED PREPROCESS BY DEFAULT, APPEARS
IN THE EDITOR. SAVE THE GENERATED FUNCTION AT THE END OF YOUR
 INTEGRATED ANALYSIS SCRIPT. THE FUNCTION EXPECTS A SECOND
ARGUMENT SPECIFYING THE TIME INFORMATION . PROCESS THE BFPI
SIGNAL USING THE FUNCTION

2. CREAT SPECTRUM SCRIPTIN THE APP,

REMOVE THE UNPROCESSED SIGNAL FROM THE DISPLAY BY CLEARING
THE CHECK BOX NEXT TO ITS NAME. ON THE DISPLAY TAB, CLICK
GENERATE SCRIPT AND SELECT SPECTRUM SCRIPT. THE SCRIPT APPEARS
IN THE EDITOR. INCLUDE THE GENERATED CODE IN YOUR INTEGRATED
ANALYSIS SCRIPT. WHEN YOU RUN THE ANALYSIS SCRIPT, THE
GENERATED SPECTRUM SCRIPT COMPUTES THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM OF
THE PREPROCESSED BPFI SIGNAL.

3. PLOT ENVELOPE SPECTRUM

PLOT THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM. COMPARE THE PEAK LOCATIONS TO THE
FREQUENCIES OF THE FIRST TEN BPFI HARMONICS YOU CAN ALSO PLOT
THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM USING THE PSPECTRUM COMMAND WITH NO
OUTPUT ARGUMENTS.

FUNCTION CODE
SIGNAL PREPROCESSING FUNCTION
THE SIGNAL PREPROCESSING FUNCTION GENERATED BY THE APP
COMDINES DETRENDING, BAND PASS FILTERING, AND ENVELOPE
COMPUTATION.

BEARING DATA GENERATINO FUNCTION

THE BEARING HAS PITCH DIAMETER P=12 cm AND A BEARING CONTACT
ANGLE o=0. EACH OF THE n-8 ROLLING ELEMENTS HAS A DIAMETER d=2
cm. THE OUTER RACE REMAINS STATIONARY AS THE INNER RACE IS
DRIVEN AT fo=25 CYCLES PER SECOND AN ACCELEROMETER SAMPLES THE
BEARING VIBRATIONS AT 10KHz.

FOR A HEALTHY BEARING. THE VIBRATION SIGNAL IS A SUPER POSI-TON

OF SEVERAL ORDERS OF THE DRIVINO FREQUENCY, EMBEDED IN WHITE
GAUSSIAN NOISE.

A DEFECT IN THE OUTER RACE CAUSES A SERIES OF 5MILLISECOND

IMPACTS THAT OVER TIME RESULT IN BEARING WE-AR. THE IMPACTS
OCCUR AT THE BALL PASS FREQUENCY OUTER RACE (BPFO) OF THE
BEARING.
MODEL THE IMPACTS AS A PERIODIC TRAIN OF 3KMZ EXPONEN-TALLY
DAMPED SINUSOIDS. ADD THE IMPACTS TO THE HEALTHY SIGNAL TO
GENERATE THE BPFO VIBRATION SIGNAL.

IF THE DEFECTS INSTEAD IN THE INNER RACE, THE IMPACTS OCCUR AT A

FREQUENCY

GENERATE THE OPFI VIBRATION SIGNAL BY ADDING THEIMPACTSTOTHE

HEALTHY SIGNALS.
 COMPUTING THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM OF A VIBRATION SIGNAL IS
AN IMPORTANT PROCESS IN VIBRATION ANALYSIS AND CONDITION
MONITORING. THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM REPRESENTS THE VARIATION OF
THE AMPLITUDE OF THE VIBRATION SIGNAL OVER TIME AND IS USEFUL IN
DETECTING AND ANALYZING PERIODICITIES, FAULTS, AND ANOMALIES IN
MACHINERY AND STRUCTURES. TO COMPUTE THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM,
THE VIBRATION SIGNAL IS FIRST FILTERED USING A BANDPASS FILTER TO
ISOLATE THE FREQUENCY BAND OF INTEREST. THEN, THE SIGNAL IS
DEMODULATED BY MULTIPLYING IT WITH A HIGH-FREQUENCY CARRIER
SIGNAL AND LOW-PASS FILTERING THE RESULTING PRODUCT. THE
RESULTING SIGNAL, KNOWN AS THE ANALYTIC SIGNAL, CONTAINS
INFORMATION ABOUT THE AMPLITUDE AND PHASE OF THE ORIGINAL
VIBRATION SIGNAL. FINALLY, THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ANALYTIC SIGNAL
IS CALCULATED, WHICH REPRESENTS THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM OF THE
ORIGINAL SIGNAL. THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM CAN BE VISUALIZED AS A
PLOT OF THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ANALYTIC SIGNAL VERSUS
FREQUENCY. PEAKS IN THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM CORRESPOND TO THE
PRESENCE OF VIBRATION ENERGY AT CERTAIN FREQUENCIES, WHICH
CAN BE INDICATIVE OF SPECIFIC FAULTS OR CONDITIONS IN THE
MACHINERY OR STRUCTURE BEING MONITORED.

ENVELOPE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS CAN BE USED FOR BOTH ONLINE

AND OFFLINE VIBRATION MONITORING. ONLINE MONITORING INVOLVES
ANALYZING VIBRATION SIGNALS IN REAL-TIME, WHEREAS OFFLINE
MONITORING INVOLVES ANALYZING VIBRATION SIGNALS THAT HAVE
BEEN RECORDED PREVIOUSLY, DETECT A VARIETY OF FAULTS IN
MACHINERY AND STRUCTURES, INCLUDING BEARING FAULTS, GEAR
FAULTS, AND MISALIGNMENT, FOR FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF
VIBRATION SIGNALS, PROVIDING INFORMATION ABOUT THE FREQUENCY
CONTENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY IN THE SIGNAL. ENVELOPE
SPECTRUM ANALYSIS IS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN CONDITION
MONITORING APPLICATIONS, WHERE IT CAN BE USED TO DETECT
CHANGES IN VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OVER TIME AND PROVIDE
EARLY WARNING OF POTENTIAL FAULTS OR FAILURES AND CAN BE USED
ALSO IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER VIBRATION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES,
SUCH AS TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS,
TO PROVIDE A MORE COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE
VIBRATION BEHAVIOR OF MACHINERY AND STRUCTURES.

IN SUMMARY, COMPUTING THE ENVELOPE SPECTRUM OF A

VIBRATION SIGNAL IS A VALUABLE TECHNIQUE FOR VIBRATION
ANALYSIS AND CONDITION MONITORING, PROVIDING INFORMATION
ABOUT THE AMPLITUDE VARIATION AND FREQUENCY CONTENT OF THE
SIGNAL THAT CAN BE USED TO DETECT FAULTS, MONITOR
PERFORMANCE, AND PREDICT FUTURE FAILURES.