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Grammar I

This document discusses various parts of speech in English including verbs, pronouns, nouns, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, and adverbs. It covers topics such as irregular verb forms, subject and object pronouns, count and noncount nouns, degrees of comparison for adjectives, functions of different prepositions, conjunctions indicating contrast and addition, and types of adverbs like manner adverbs. The document provides definitions and examples for each part of speech.

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Rais Linten
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
181 views47 pages

Grammar I

This document discusses various parts of speech in English including verbs, pronouns, nouns, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, and adverbs. It covers topics such as irregular verb forms, subject and object pronouns, count and noncount nouns, degrees of comparison for adjectives, functions of different prepositions, conjunctions indicating contrast and addition, and types of adverbs like manner adverbs. The document provides definitions and examples for each part of speech.

Uploaded by

Rais Linten
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 47

I.

VERBS_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________4
A. MISSING MAIN VERB_______________________________________________________________________

B. IRREGULAR PAST FORMS___________________________________________________________________

C. PASSIVES________________________________________________________________________________

D. COMPLEMENT____________________________________________________________________________

E. TAG QUESTIONS__________________________________________________________________________

F. MODAL + VERB WORD______________________________________________________________________


Missing Auxiliary Verb_________________________________________________________________________________________6
1. Must – Logical Conclusions_________________________________________________________________________________6
2. Know and Know How – Knowledge and Ability_________________________________________________________________7
3. Used To and Be Used To – Past Custom_______________________________________________________________________7
4. Had Better – Advisability___________________________________________________________________________________7
5. Would Rather and Would Rather That – Preference_______________________________________________________________7
6. Would You Please and Please Don’t – Negative Imperative________________________________________________________8
7. Make, Get, Have, Let, and Help - Causative____________________________________________________________________8
8. If, Were, and Unless_______________________________________________________________________________________9
9. Wishes_________________________________________________________________________________________________10
10. Importance – Subjunctive__________________________________________________________________________________10
11. Infinitive – Purpose_______________________________________________________________________________________11
12. Need – Necessity for Repair or Improvement___________________________________________________________________11
13. Anticipatory it - Belief and Knowledge_______________________________________________________________________11
14. Have + participle – Duration_______________________________________________________________________________11
15. Will have + participle – Predictions__________________________________________________________________________12
16. Had hoped – Unfulfilled Desires in The Past___________________________________________________________________12
II. PRONOUNS___________________________________________________________________________________________________12
A. SUBJECT PRONOUNS______________________________________________________________________12

B. OBJECT PRONOUNS_______________________________________________________________________12

C. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS___________________________________________________________________13

D. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS____________________________________________________________________13

E. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN (KATA GANTI PENUNJUK)__________________________________________13

F. RELATIVE PRONOUNS_____________________________________________________________________13

G. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS__________________________________________________________________13
III. NOUNS________________________________________________________________________________________________________14
A. COUNT NOUNS AND NONCOUNT NOUNS_______________________________________________________14

B. KLASIFIKASI – KIND DAN TYPE______________________________________________________________19

C. KATA KERJA SEBAGAI KATA BENDA YANG BERKEDUDUKAN SEBAGAI SUBJEK_______________________19

D. KLAUSA KATA BENDA YANG BERKEDUDUKAN SEBAGAI SUBJEK___________________________________19


IV. ADJECTIVES__________________________________________________________________________________________________20
A. A, AN, THE, NO ARTICLE, NO, ON OF THE, DAN SOME OF THE______________________________________20
B. FEW DAN LITTLE, MANY DAN MUCH, A FEW DAN A LITTLE, ONLY A FEW DAN ONLY A LITTLE, A LARGE
NUMBER OF DAN A LARGE AMOUNT OF, A SMALL NUMBER OF DAN A SMALL AMOUNT OF, ALMOST ALL
OF THE / ALMOST ALL, MOST OF THE, DAN ENOUGH____________________________________________20

C. CONSECUTIVE ORDER_____________________________________________________________________21
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E. NUMERICAL ORDER / NUMERAL ADJECTIVE___________________________________________________21
1. Adjectives Ending in -ing and -ed____________________________________________________________________________23
2. so … that …____________________________________________________________________________________________23
3. such … that_____________________________________________________________________________________________23
4. too____________________________________________________________________________________________________23
5. very___________________________________________________________________________________________________23
Exact Similarity______________________________________________________________________________________________24
General Similarity____________________________________________________________________________________________24
Specific Similarity____________________________________________________________________________________________24
General Difference___________________________________________________________________________________________24
Comparative Estimates________________________________________________________________________________________24
Degrees of Comparison________________________________________________________________________________________24
Double Comparative__________________________________________________________________________________________24
Illogical Comparatives________________________________________________________________________________________25
V.PREPOSITION_____________________________________________________________________________________________________25
Di antara___________________________________________________________________________________________________25
Di 25
Di samping, dekat____________________________________________________________________________________________25
Selain______________________________________________________________________________________________________25
Kecuali____________________________________________________________________________________________________25
Daripada, sebagai gantinya_____________________________________________________________________________________25
Contohnya, misalnya__________________________________________________________________________________________25
Meskipun, walaupun__________________________________________________________________________________________25
Menunjukkan alasan__________________________________________________________________________________________25
Mengungkapkan kegunaan_____________________________________________________________________________________25
Mengungkapkan cara_________________________________________________________________________________________25
VI. CONJUNCTIONS_______________________________________________________________________________________________25
Both … and …______________________________________________________________________________________________25
Both … and … as well as______________________________________________________________________________________25
Not only … but also …________________________________________________________________________________________25
Not … but …________________________________________________________________________________________________26
So 26
Too 26
Also 26
Neither_____________________________________________________________________________________________________26
Either______________________________________________________________________________________________________26
So that_____________________________________________________________________________________________________26
When______________________________________________________________________________________________________26
Questions Words_____________________________________________________________________________________________26
Questions Words -ever________________________________________________________________________________________26
VII. ADVERBS_____________________________________________________________________________________________________26
1. Adverbs of Manners_________________________________________________________________________26

2. Sometime dan Sometimes_____________________________________________________________________26

3. Negative Emphasis - Not One, Not Once, Not Until, Never, Never Again, Rarely, Only, dan Very Seldom ______________26

4. Introductory Adverbial Modifiers – Once, While, dan When_____________________________________________27

5. No Longer_______________________________________________________________________________27

6. Durations – For dan Since_____________________________________________________________________27


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7. Dates___________________________________________________________________________________27

8. Adverbial Idioms – As High As dan As Soon As______________________________________________________27

9. Generalization – As A Whole dan Wholely_________________________________________________________27


VIII. LAIN-LAIN____________________________________________________________________________________________________27
A. NOUN CLAUSE, ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, DAN ADVERB CLAUSA_______________________________________27

1. Noun Clause (WH + S + V)_________________________________________________________________27

2. Adjective Clause (WH + V)_________________________________________________________________28

3. Adverb Clause (WH + S + V)________________________________________________________________28

4. Reduced Clause_________________________________________________________________________28

B. POINT OF VIEW__________________________________________________________________________28
1. Kata Kerja (Tenses)_____________________________________________________________________________________28
2. Reported Speech________________________________________________________________________________________28
3. Kata Keterangan (Adverbs)_______________________________________________________________________________28
4. Activities of The Dead____________________________________________________________________________________29
C. WORD CHOICE___________________________________________________________________________29
1. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs__________________________________________________________________________29
2. Similar Verbs___________________________________________________________________________________________29
3. Prepositional Idioms_____________________________________________________________________________________30
4. Parts of Speech_________________________________________________________________________________________30
D. REDUDANCY____________________________________________________________________________31

E. PARALLEL STRUCTURE____________________________________________________________________32

F. INTRODUCTORY VERBAL MODIFIER_________________________________________________________32

G. AGREEMENT____________________________________________________________________________33

H. FRASA NEGATIF__________________________________________________________________________34

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I. KATA KERJA
A. TENSES
Present : Sekarang Simple : Biasa
Past : Lampau Continuous : Sedang
Future : Akan Perfect : Sudah
Past Future : Akan di masa lampau Perfect Continuous : Masih

PRESENT SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS


ACTIVE S + V1 S + am/are/is + Ving S + have/has + V3 S + have/has + been + Ving
I, you, they, we + V1 I : am I, you, they, we : have I, you, they, we : have
he, she, it + V1 s/es you, they, we : are he, she, it : has he, she, it : has
he, she, it : are
PASSIVE S + am/are/is + V3 S + am/are/is + being + Ving S + have/has + been + V3 S + have/has + been + being + Ving
Always Now Already = sudah For ... = selama ...
Often At present Just = baru saja Since = sejak
Every ... This ... Not yet = belum
Usually
Once/twice a ...
Seldom
Sometimes
Never
Fakta, kebiasaan, perintah

PAST

SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS


ACTIVE S + V2 S + was/were + Ving S + had + V3 S + had + been + Ving
I, you, they, we : was
he, she, it : were
PASSIVE S + was/were + V3 S + was/were + being + V3 S + had + been + V3 S + had + been + being + V3
Yesterday While Before For ... = selama ...
... ago When After
Last ...

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FUTURE

SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS


ACTIVE S + shall/will/be going to + V1 S + will + be + Ving S + will + have + V3 S + will + have + been + Ving
Shall: I, we
Will: all subject
Be going to: >pasti
PASSIVE S + will + be + V3 S + will + be + being + V3 S + will + have + been + V3 S + will + have + been + being + V3
Tomorrow Tomorrow By ... = menjelang ... By ... = menjelang ...
The day after tomorrow The day after tomorrow
Later = nanti Later = nanti
Tonight Tonight
Soon = segera Soon = segera
Next = ... Next = ...

FUTURE PAST

SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS


ACTIVE S + should/would + V1 S + should/would be + Ving S + should/would + have + V3 S + should/would + have been +
Ving
PASSIVE

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B. TENSES
Present : Sekarang
Past : Lampau
Future : Akan
Past Future : Akan di masa lampau

Simple : Biasa
Continuous : Sedang
Perfect : Sudah
Perfect Continuous : Masih

AKTIF
PERFECT
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
S + V1 (dengan/tanpa S + have/has + been +
PRESENT S + am/are/is + Ving S + have/has + V3
e/es) Ving
PAST S + V2 S + was/were + Ving S + had + V3 S + had + been + Ving
S + shall/will/be going to S + will + have + been +
FUTURE S + will + be + Ving S + will + have + V3
+ V1 Ving
FUTURE S + should/would be + S + should/would + have S + should/would + have
S + should/would + V1
PAST Ving + V3 been + Ving

PASIF
PERFECT
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
S + am/are/is + being + S + have/has + been +
PRESENT S + am/are/is + V3 S + have/has + been + V3
V3 being + V3
S + was/were + being + S + had + been + being +
PAST S + was/were + V3 S + had + been + V3
V3 V3
S + will + have + been + S + will + have + been +
FUTURE S + will + be + V3 S + will + be + being + V3
V3 being + V3
FUTURE
PAST

PERFECT
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PRESENT Always = selalu When = ketika Already = sudah For = selama (diikuti
Usually = biasanya Now = sekarang Just = baru saja quantitiy of time)
Generally = umumnya Right now = sekarang Yet = belum Since = sejak (diikuti
Often = sering At present = pada saat ini As yet = hingga sekarang specific time)
Sometimes = kadang- At this mment = pada saat So far = hingga sekarang Long = lamanya
kadang ini Up to the present time = How long =berapa lama
Seldom = jarang Today = hari ini hingga sekarang The whole day =
Never = tidak pernah Look! = lihat Lately = akhir-akhir ini sepanjang hari
As a rule = biasanya Listen = dengar Ever = pernah All the morning =
Frequently = sering Still = masih Never = belum pernah sepanjang pagi
Nowadays = sekarang This morning = pagi hari Once = satu kali
When = kalau This afternoon = sore ini Twice = dua kali
Here = di sini This evening = malam ini Three times = tiga kali
There = di sana Tonight = malam ini Many times = banyak kali
Habitually = biasanya Tomorrow = besok This week = pekan ini
Every ... = setiap ... Next week = minggu This month = bulan ini
Now and then = sekarang depan This year = tahun ini
dan nanti Next month = bulan depan
On and off = nyala dan Next year = tahun depan
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mati/kadang-kadang This holiday = liburan ini
Once in a while = This weekend = akhir
terkadang pekan ini
Occasionally = kadang- Soon = segera
kadang
Yesterday = kemarin
The day before = kemarin
dulu ... while ... Past perfect ... past tense
Ago = yang lalu ... as ... By the end of = menjelang
The other day = beberapa ... when ... akhir dari
hari yang lalu All day yesterday = Before = sebelum
PAST Last = ... kemarin sepanjang hari kemarin When = ketika
This morning = tadi pagi The whole day yesterday Past tense ... past tense
In 1964 = di tahun 1964 = sepanjang hari kemarin After = sesudah
So = maka At 5 o’clock yesterday = As soon as = secepatnya
Lately = akhir-akhir ini pada pukul 5 kemarin Until = hingga
When I was girl = ketika
saya seorang gadis
Future perfect ... future
tense
By the end of = menjelang
If = jika At this time tomorrow = akhir dari
When/while = ketika pada jam ini besok Before = sebelum
Before =sebeum At 10 o’clock tomorrow = By next = selambatnya
By the end of = menjelang
FUTURE After = sesudah pada jam 10 besok By now = pada waktu ini
akhir dari
As soon as =segera At the same time
Until = hingga tomorrow = pada saat Future tense ... future
Till = hingga yang sama besok perfect
After = sesudah
As soon as = segera
Until = hingga
At this time yesterday =
pada jam ini kemarin
At 10 o’clock yesterday =
FUTURE Future past perfect is past By the end of this year +
Future past if simple past pada jam 10 kemarin
PAST perfect past signal
At the same time
yesterday = pada saat yang
sama kemarin

C. KLAUSA DAN KALIMAT


Klausa adalah satuan gramatikal yang mengandung predikat dan berpotensi menjadi kalimat. Kalimat adalah satuan bahasa yang
secara relative berdiri sendiri, mempunyai pola intonasi final, dan secara aktual maupun potensial terdiri atas klausa.
Ada dua jenis kata kerja dalam membentuk klausa/kalimat.
1. Kata Kerja Utama (Main Verb)
2. Kata Kerja Bantu (Auxiliary Verb)

D. GERUNDS DAN INFINITIVES


Gerund dan Infinitive adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda yang dapat berkududukan baik sebagai subjek, objek,
maupun pelengkap. Kata kerja yang diikuti gerunds atau infinitives sudah ditentukan.
Gerunds = verb + ing Contoh: Exercising makes me healthy.
Infinitives = to + verb Contoh: To exercise is very important for me.

E. TAG QUESTIONS
Tag Questions merupakan pertanyaan singkat di akhir kalimat untuk mengonfirnasi persetujuan. Subjek pada klausa utama dan subjek
di pertanyaan singkat di akhir kalimat harus mengacu kepada orang atau objek yang sama. Tag Questions dipisahkan dari klausa utama
dengan menggunakan tanda koma. Klausa utama atau klausa pertanyaan singkat, salah satunya harus singkat. Hati-hati ketika
menjumpai singkatan ‘s atau ‘d. ‘s bisa berarti is atau has. ‘d bisa berarti would atau had.

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Contoh
1. Salah : He played very well, doesn’t he?
Benar : He played very well, didn’t he?
2. Salah : She ought to go by plane, oughtn’t she?
Benar : She ought to go by plane, shouldn’t she?
3. Salah : He’s been elected, isn’t he?
Benar : He’s been elected, hasn’t he?

Ajakan dengan Let’s, question tag-nya adalah shall we


Let’s go for a walk, shall we?

F. MODAL
G. USED TO DAN BE USED TO
H. WOULD RATHER DAN WOULD RATHER THAT
I. CAUSATIVE
J. IF
K. WISH DAN HOPE
L. SUBJUNCTIVE

M. IRREGULAR PAST FORMS


Irregular Past Forms adalah kata kerja yang bentuk past dan participle-nya tidak sama. Irreguler verb ini perubahannya tidak seperti
pada regular verb yang hanya ditambahkan akhiran -d dan -ed.
Verb Word Past Form Participle Verb Word Past Form Participle
be was/were been Grow grew grown
beat beat beaten Hide hid hidden
become became become Know knew known
begin began begun Ride rode ridden
bite bit bitten Run ran run
blow blew blown See saw seen
break broke broken Shake shook shaken
choose chose chosen Show showed shown
come came come Sing sang sung
do did done Speak spoke spoken
draw drew drawn Steal stole stolen
drink drank drunk Swear swore sworn
drive drove driven swim swam swum
eat ate eaten take took taken
fall fell fallen tear tore torn
fly flew flown throw threw thrown
forget forgot forgotten wear wore worn
freeze froze frozen weave wove woven
get got gotten or got withdraw withdrew withdrawn
give gave given write wrote written
go went gone

N. PASSIVES
Dalam kalimat pasif, orang atau objek yang menarik perhatian menjadi subjek kalimat.
S + be + participle
Contoh
Salah : My wedding ring made of yellow and white gold.

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Benar : My wedding ring is made of yellow and white gold.

Subjek dalam kalimat pasif bukanlah pelaku, dia hanya dikenai aksi/perbuatan. Pelaku pada kalimat pasif disebut agent. Apabila
kalimat pasif diubah menjadi kalimat aktif, agent menjadi subjeknya. Terkadang agent tidak disebutkan, jika disebutkan, sebelum
menyebutkan pelaku selalu didahului by.
Contoh
Salah : The car was inspected for customs.
Benar : The car was inspected by customs.

O. COMPLEMENT
Kata kerja yang setelahnya harus diikuti oleh infinitive atau verb-ing pada complement-nya

S + V + C (Infinitive) S + V + C (Verb-ing) S + V + C (Verb-ing)


Verb = Kata Verb = Kata Verb = Frasa
agree menyetujui admit mengakui approve of menyetujui
Appear muncul appreciate menghargai be better off menjadi lebih baik
arrange menyusun avoid menghindari can’t help tidak bisa membantu
Ask meminta/bertanya complete menyelesaikan count on mengandalkan
Claim mengklaim consider mempertimbangkan do not mind tidak usah dipikirkan
Consent menyetujui delay menunda forget about melupakan tentang
Decide memutuskan Deny menyangkal get through melewati
Demand meminta discuss Membahas insist on bersikeras
deserve berhak mendapat enjoy Menikmati keep on meneruskan
Expect berharap finish menyelesaikan look forward to berharap untuk
Fail gagal Keep menjaga object to objek untuk
Forget lupa mention menyebut think about memikirkan tentang
hesitate Bimbang Miss merindukan think of pikiran
Hope berharap postpone Menunda
Intend berniat practice berlatih
Learn belajar Quit berhenti
Manage mengelola recall menarik kembali
Mean berarti recommend menyarankan
Need membutuhkan regret Menyesali
Offer menawarkan Risk mengambil risiko
Plan merencanakan Stop Berhenti
prepare mempersiapkan suggest menyarankan
pretend berpura-pura tolerate Mentolerir
promise berjanji understand Memahami
Refuse menolak
Seem terlihat
Tend merawat
threaten mengancam
Wait menunggu
want menginginkan

Contoh
1. Salah : We demand knowing our status.
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Benar : We demand to know our status
2. Salah : He mentions stop at lboih in his later.
Benar : He mentions stopping at lboih in his later.
3. Salah : I wouldn’t mind to wait.
Benar : I wouldn’t mind waiting.

Ketika dibutuhkan dua kata kerja yang berdampingan, kata kerja kedua perlu diperhatian apakah bentuknya infinitive atau
gerund.

P. TAG QUESTIONS
Tag Questions merupakan pertanyaan singkat di akhir kalimat untuk mengonfirnasi persetujuan. Subjek pada klausa utama dan subjek
di pertanyaan singkat di akhir kalimat harus mengacu kepada orang atau objek yang sama. Tag Questions dipisahkan dari klausa utama
dengan menggunakan tanda koma. Klausa utama atau klausa pertanyaan singkat, salah satunya harus singkat. Hat-hati ketika
menjumpai singkatan ‘s atau ‘d. ‘s bisa berarti is atau has. ‘d bisa berarti would atau had.

Contoh
4. Salah : He played very well, doesn’t he?
Benar : He played very well, didn’t he?
5. Salah : She ought to go by plane, oughtn’t she?
Benar : She ought to go by plane, shouldn’t she?
6. Salah : He’s been elected, isn’t he?
Benar : He’s been elected, hasn’t he?

Q. MODAL + VERB WORD


Modal harus diikuti oleh verb word (bare infinitive).

Contoh
Salah : The flight should to be on time.
Benar : The flight should be on time.

Missing Auxiliary Verb


Be digunakan sebelum V-ing
Have/has digunakan sebelum Participle
Verb Word digunakan setelah Modal
Perhatikan bentuk kata kerja utama pada kalimat.

Contoh
1. Salah : The party is a surprise, but all of her friends coming.
Benar : The party is a surprise, but all of her friends are coming.
2. Salah : We gone there before.
Benar : We have gone there before.

1. Must – Logical Conclusions


1. 2. 3.
Event in The Past Event in The Present Event that Repeat
Dasar penarikan kesimpulan
Kejadian di masa sekarang Kejadian di masa sekarang Kejadian berulang
(a)
Kesimpulan
Kejadian di masa lampau Kejadian di masa sekarang Kejadian di masa sekarang
(b)
Rumus Must + have verb 3 Must + be verb-ing Must + verb word

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Must + be adjective

Contoh
1. Salah : My pen won’t write, it can have run out of ink.
Benar : My pen won’t write, it must have run out of ink.
(a) (b)
2. Salah : He is taking a walk, he must have felt better now.
Benar : He is taking a walk, he must be feeling better now.
3. Salah : Sari is absent, she must have been sick again (now).
Benar : Sari is absent, she must be sick again (now).
4. Salah : His English is very good, he must spoken it often.
Benar : His English is very good, he must speak it often.

2. Know and Know How – Knowledge and Ability


Know + Noun menunjukkan knowledge (pengetahuan)
Know + How Infinitive menunjukkan ability (kemampuan)

Contoh
1. Salah : If she knew to drive, I would lend her my car.
Benar : If she knew how to drive, I would lend her my car.
2. In a liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that graduates will know about English, languaages, literature, history, and the other
social sciences.

3. Used to and Be Used To – Past Custom


Used to + verb 1 menceritakan kebiasaan yang dilakukan pada masa lampau yang tidak lagi dilakukan di masa sekarang
(dulu biasanya)
Be used to + verb-ing menceritakan kebiasaan yang sudah terbiasa untuk dilakukan
(sudah terbiasa)

Contoh
1. Harvard used to be a school for men, but now it is coeducational, serving as many women as men.
2. As television images of astronouts showed, even for trained professionals who are used to moving about in lessened gravitational
field, there are still problem.

4. Had Better – Advisability


Had better + verb word menyampaikan saran/nasihat kepada orang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu di masa depan

Contoh
1. Salah : You had better don’t go alone.
Benar : You had better not go alone.
2. Salah : In today’s competitive market, even small businesses had better to advertise on TV and radios in order to gain a share
of the market.
Benar : In today’s competitive market, even small businesses had better advertise on TV and radios in order to gain a share of
the market.

5. Would Rather and Would Rather That – Preference


Would rather + verb word menyatakan sesuatu yang lebih disukai
Would rather that + S verb 2 menyatakan bahwa kita lebih suka orang lain melakukan sesuatu seperti yang kita maksud

Contoh
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1. Salah : It is said that the American flag has five-pointed stars because Betsy Ross told General Washington she would rather
that he changing the six-pointed one.
Benar : It is said that the American flag has five-pointed stars because Betsy Ross told General Washington she would rather
that he changed the six-pointed one.
2. A good counselor would used that the patient made his or her own decisions after being helped o arrive at a general understanding
of the alternatives.

6. Would You Please and Please Don’t – Negative Imperative


Negative imperative adalah perintah larangan atau permintaan untuk tidak melakukan sesuatu.
Would you please + not verb word
Please don’t + verb word

Contoh
1. Salah : Please don’t to go yet.
Benar : Would you please not go yet.
: Please don’t go yet.
2. Salah : Please don’t parking in those spaces that signs reserving them for the handicapped.
Benar : Please don’t park in those spaces that signs reserving them for the handicapped.

7. Make, Get, Have, Let, and Help - Causative

Orang Benda
Make Memaksa orang lain/sesuatu melakukan sesuatu Make + someone + verb word Make + something + verb word
Get Memaksa orang lain/sesuatu melakukan sesuatu Get + someone + infinitive Get + something + verb 3
Have Memaksa orang lain/sesuatu melakukan sesuatu Have + someone + verb word Have + something + verb 3
Let Membiarkan orang lain/sesuatu melakukan sesuatu Let + someone + verb word Let + someone + verb word
Help + someone + verb word
Help Membantu orang lain/sesuatu melakukan sesuatu -
Help + someone + infinitive

Make > Get > Have

Contoh
1. Psychologists believe that incentives make us want to increase our productivity.
2. Salah : Too much water makes plants turning brown on the edges of their leaves.
Benar : Too much water makes plants turn brown on the edges of their leaves.
3. Lobbyist who represent special interest groups get Congress to pass the legislation thst benefits their groups.
4. Salah : In order to receive full reimbursement for jewelry that might be stolen, the owner must get all pieces appraise.
Benar : In order to receive full reimbursement for jewelry that might be stolen, the owner must get all pieces appraised.
5. Like humans, zoo animals must have a dentist fill their teeth.
6. Salah : Most presidential candidates have their names prints on the ballot in the New Hampshire primary election because it is
customarily the first one in the nation, and winning it can give them a good chance to be nominated by theirs parties.
Benar : Most presidential candidates have their names printed on the ballot in the New Hampshire primary election because it
is customarily the first one in the nation, and winning it can give them a good chance to be nominated by theirs parties.
7. Salah : The National Basketball Association will not let any athlete to continue playing in the league unless he submits
voluntarily to treatment for drug addiction.
Benar : The National Basketball Association will not let any athlete continue playing in the league unless he submits
voluntarily to treatment for drug addiction.
8. Salah : Doctor agree that the fluid around the spinal cord helps the nourish the brain.
Benar : Doctor agree that the fluid around the spinal cord helps nourish the brain.
: Doctor agree that the fluid around the spinal cord helps to nourish the brain.

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8. If, Were, and Unless
If Clause Main Clause
(Condition) / Syarat (Result) / Hasil
Factual Conditionals
Present
Absolute, Scientific Result Berkaitan dengan fakta ilmiah If + Present,
S + verb
Future
If + Present,
S + will + verb

Akan terjadi di masa yang akan Future


Probable Result for The Future If + Present,
datang S + will/can/may + verb

Akan terjadi di masa yang akan Future Past


Possible Result If + Past,
datang S + would/could/might + verb
Keadaan sekarang akan menjadi Future Past Perfect
berbeda seandainya ada kejadian If + Past Perfect,
Probable Changes in Past Result S + would have / could have /
di masa lampau yang terjadi If + S + had + verb 3
dengan cara berbeda might have + verb

Contrary to Fact Conditional

Berlawanan dengan kenyataan Future Past


Impossible Result ‘Were’ If + S + were
sebenarnya S + would/could/might + verb

Keadaan akan terjadi jika Present


Change in Conditions ‘Unless’ Unless + S + verb
keadaan lain tidak terjadi S + verb

Probable Result for The Future > Possible Result


Would > could > might

Contoh
1. Salah : If water freezes, it has become a solid.
Benar : If water freezes, it becomes a solid.
: If water freezes, it will become a solid.
2. Salah : We will wait you if you wanted to go.
Benar : We will wait you if you want to go.
3. Salah : If she would eat fewer sweets, she would lose weight.
Benar : If she ate fewer sweets, she would lose weight.
4. Salah : If we had the money, we would have bought a new car.
Benar : If we had had the money, we would have bought a new car.
5. Salah : If my mom is here, I would be very happy.
Benar : If my mom were here, I would be very happy. (My mom is not here)
6. Salah : I can’t go I don’t get my work finished.
Benar : I can’t go unless I don’t get my work finished.

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9. Wishes
Menyatakan tentang … Rumus
Wishes
Events in The Past Harapan terhadap suatu kejadian yang
S + wish + that + S + had/could have/would have + verb 3
terjadi di masa lampau
Events in The Present and Keinginan agar suatu kejadian terjadi
Future seperti yang diharapkan di masa yang S + wish + that + S + could/would + verb word
akan datang
Contrary to Fact Wishes
Event that Repeat Keinginan agar suatu kejadian terjadi
seperti yang diharapkan secara rutin di S + wish + that + S + verb 2
masa yang akan datang
Impossible Result ‘Were’ Harapan atas sesuatu yang tidak
S + wish + that + S + were
mungkin

Contoh
1. Salah : I wish that I bought ice cream at the grocery store yesterday.
Benar : I wish that I had bought ice cream at the grocery store yesterday.
2. Salah : I wish that you will change your mind about leaving yesterday.
Benar : I wish that you could change your mind about leaving yesterday.
3. Salah : I wish that we see the show more often.
Benar : I wish that we saw the show more often. (We do not see the show often)
4. Salah : I wish that it was true.
Benar : I wish that it were true. (It is not true)

10. Importance – Subjunctive

S + verb + that + S + verb word


Subjunctive Verbs Mengekspresikan saran atau permintaan Verb: ask, demand, desire, insist, prefer, propose,
recommend, request, require, suggest, urge
Noun + that + S + verb word
Nouns Derived from
Mengeskpresikan kebutuhan atau saran Noun: demand, insistence, preference, proposal,
Subjunctive Verbs
recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion
It is + adjective + infinitive
Mengeskpresikan pendapat atau saran
Impersonal Expressions It is + adjective + that + S + verb word
secara halus dan tidak langsung
Adjective: essential, imperative, important, necessary

Contoh
3. Salah : The doctor suggested that she will not smoke.
Benar : The doctor suggested that she not smoke.
4. Salah : He insisted that they should give him a receipt.
Benar : He insisted that they give him a receipt.
5. Salah : He ignored the suggestion that she gets more exercise.
Benar : He ignored the suggestion that she get more exercise.
6. Salah : It is imperative that you are on time.
Benar : It is imperative to be on time.
: It is imperative that you be on time.

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11. Infinitive – Purpose
Infinitive dapat berfungsi untuk mengekspresikan tujuan dan merupakan singkatan dari in order to yang berarti “agar”.
Contoh
Salah : Mpok Minah always boils the water twice make tea.
Benar : Mpok Minah always boils the water twice to make tea.

12. Need – Necessity for Repair or Improvement


Need bisa digunakan untuk mengeskpresikan kebutuhan untuk perbaikan atau pengembangan.
S + Need + V-ing
S + Need + to be + Verb 3

Contoh
Salah : My car needs to fix.
Benar : My car needs fixing.
: My car needs to be fixed.

13. Anticipatory it - Belief and Knowledge


Klausa anticipatory it mengekspresikan keyakinan atau pengetahuan. Anticipatory artinya “sebelum”. Jadi, klausa ini terletak sebelum
klausa utama. Beberapa klausa anticipatory it yang sering digunakan adalah sebagai berikut.
- It is believed
- It is hypothesized
- It is known
- It is said
- It is thought
- It is true
- It is written
Anticipatory it + that + S + Verb

Contoh
1. Salah : It is thought that our ancestors building this city.
Benar : It is thought that our ancestors built this city.
2. Salah : It is believed that a horse shoe bringing good luck.
Benar : It is believed that a horse shoe brings good luck.

14. Have + participle – Duration


Have + participle menunjukkan suatu aktivitas yang sampai saat ini masih berlangsung. Biasanya kata keterangan waktu yang sering
digunakan adalah since dan for.
S + have + particple + duration

Contoh
Salah : We have live in Bogor for five Years.
Benar : We have lived in Bogor for five Years.

Have + been + participle

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15. Will have + participle – Predictions
Will have + participle yang diikuti oleh kata keterangan waktu di masa depan mengekspresikan suatu prediksi terhadap aktivitas atau
kejadian di masa depan.
S + Will Have + Participle + Adverb (Future)

Contoh
Salah : Rika will left by five o’clock.
Benar : Rika will have left by five o’clock.

16. Had hoped – Unfulfilled Desires in The Past


Had hoped menunjukkan suatu keinginan di masa lalu yang tidak terpenuhi.
S + Had Hoped + that + S + Would + Verb Word

Contoh
Salah : I had hoped she coming to the party.
Benar : I had hoped that she would come to the party.

17. Participle
Participle adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat.
a. Present Participle / Active Participle  Ving = yang me-, yang ber-
b. Past Participle / Passive Participle  V3 = yang ter-, yang di-

Penjelas Klausa (Partciple), S + P

Participle Present Participle Past Participle

Ving
Trying hard, he became the winner.
Kata Kerja sebagai penjelas klausa
(bermakna sebab akibat= because,
= Because he tried hard, he became the
since, for, as)
Winner

Listening to the radio, she was reading


Ving
newspaper
Kata Kerja sebagai penjelas klausa
(bermakna bersamaan= when, while)
= While she was listening to the radio,
she was reading newspaper

Being Being diligent, she could pass the exam.


Selain Kata Kerja sebagai penjelas
klausa (bermakna sebab akibat) = Because she was diligent, she could
pass the exam

Having cleaned her room, she took a


Having V3 bath
(bermakna berurutan)
= After she had cleaned her room, she
took a bath

18.

II. PRONOUNS

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns


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- sebelum to be / kata - setelah to be / kata sebelum kata benda di akhir kalimat, tidak ketika subjek dan
kerja (sebagai subjek) kerja (sebagai objek) (sebagai kata sifat) didahului kata benda complement merujuk
- setelah to be - setelah kata depan kepada orang atau benda
yang sama
(sebagai complement)
I Me My Mine Myself
We Us Our Our Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourself
You You Your Yours Yourselves
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
They Them Their Theirs Themselves

A. SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Subject/Personal pronouns atau kata ganti orang digunakan sebagai subjek dari sebuah kalimat atau klausa. Apabila dalam complement
setelah to be (verb be) terdapat kata ganti orang, kata ganti orang tersebut harus dalam bentuk subject pronouns.
Contoh
1. Salah : Ferry and us are going to join the same fraternity.
Benar : Ferry and we are going to join the same fraternity. Sebelum to be (sebagai subjek)
2. Salah : This is him speaking.

Benar : This is he speaking. Setelah to be (sebagai complement)

B. OBJECT PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns yang berada di posisi objek dan personal pronouns yang terletak setelah preposition (kata depan: among, between,
for, from, of, to, with) ditulis dalam bentuk object pronouns.
Contoh
1. Salah : He always helps my wife and I with our tax returns.
Benar : He always helps my wife and me with our tax returns. Setelah to be / kata kerja (sebagai objek)
2. Salah : Among we men, it was he who always acted as the interpreter.
Benar : Among us men, it was he who always acted as the interpreter. Setelah kata depan

C. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Possessive pronouns digunakan sebelum kata benda yang merujuk kepada anggota badan. Kata kerja biasa dijadikan bentuk verb-ing
dilakukan dengan menambahkan possessive pronouns sebelum kata kerja tersebut.
Contoh
1. Salah : How did you twist the ankle?
Benar : How did you twist your ankle? Sebelum kata benda (sebagai kata sifat)
2. Salah : We don’t understanding why you objcet to him coming with us.
Benar : We don’t understanding why you objcet to his coming with us. Sebelum kata benda (sebagai kata sifat)
3. That is theirs. Di akhir kalimat, tidak didahului kata benda
4. This is a wood of mine. Di akhir kalimat, tidak didahului kata benda

D. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns digunakan ketika subjek dan complement merujuk kepada orang atau benda yang sama.
Contoh
1. Salah : Be careful or you will hurt to you.
Benar : Be careful or you will hurt yourself.

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2. Salah : I had to teach me to swim.
Benar : I had to teach myself to swim.

E. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN (KATA GANTI PENUNJUK)

Count Noun Tunggal / Noncount Noun Count Noun Jamak


Ini Itu
This, contoh: this is a book
These, contoh: these are books
this is water
That, contoh: that is a book
Those, contoh: those are books
that is water

F. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Who merujuk kepada someone (orang) sebagai subjek sedangkan whom merujuk kepada someone (orang) sebagai complement. Whom
juga sering digunakan setelah kata depan sebagai object of preposition. Which merujuk kepada something (benda).
Contoh
1. Salah : Who is the man which asked the questions?
Benar : Who is the man who asked the questions? setelah who adalah kata kerja
2. Salah : I asked him who he was calling.
Benar : I asked him whom he was calling. setelah whom adalah subjek

G. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
Each other adalah frasa reciprocal pronoun yang digunakan ketika subjek jamak dan complement merujuk kepada orang atau benda
yang sama yang melakukan aksi timbal balik. (one another
juga demikian)
Each other = saling ... satu sama lain
Contoh
Salah : Family members love to each other.
Benar : Family members love each other. each other setelah kata kerja

III. NOUNS
A. COUNT NOUNS AND NONCOUNT NOUNS

Count Nouns Noncount Nouns


Kata benda yang dapat dihitung Kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung
Mempunyai bentuk tunggal dan bentuk jamak Hanya mempunyai bentuk tunggal
Bilangan boleh mendahului Count Nouns Tidak diawali the
Ada tujuh kategori Ada sembilan kategori

1. Sebutan untuk orang, hubungan sosial dan pekerjaan: 1. Makanan pokok yang dapat dibeli dalam berbagai ukuran:
one boy ⇒ two boys bread
one friend ⇒ two friends meat
one student ⇒ two students butter
2. Binatang, tumbuhan dan serangga: 2. Material konstruksi yang dapat berubah bentuk:
one cat ⇒ two cats wood
one flower ⇒ two flowers iron
one bee ⇒ two bees grass
3. Benda-benda yang mempunyai bentuk tertentu: 3. Cairan yang dapat berubah bentuk mengikuti wadahnya:
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one car ⇒ two cars oil
one house ⇒ two houses tea
one room ⇒ two rooms milk
4. Satuan pengukuran: 4. Zat-zat alami yang dapat berubah bentuk mengikuti hukum
one inch ⇒ two inches alam:
one hour ⇒ two hours steam, water, ice
one degree ⇒ two degrees smoke, ashes
5. Pengelompokan dalam masyarakat: oxygen
one family ⇒ two families 5. Bahan yang terdiri dari kumpulan bagian-bagian yang
kecil:
one country ⇒ two countries
rice
one language ⇒ two languages
sand
6. Wadah penyimpanan benda padat, cair atau gas:
sugar
one bottle ⇒ two bottles
6. Kelompok benda yang mempunyai bentuk dan ukuran yang
one jar ⇒ two jars berbeda:
one tube ⇒ two tubes clothing ⇒ (a coat, a shirt, a sock)
7. Konsep abstrak dengan batas tertentu: furniture ⇒ (a table, a chair, a bed)
one idea ⇒ two ideas luggage ⇒ (a suitcase, a trunk, a box)
one invention ⇒ two inventions 7. Nama bahasa:
one plan ⇒ two plans Arabic
Japanese
Spanish
8. Konsep abstrak yang memiliki akhiran -ness, -ance, -ence,
-ity:
beauty
ignorance
peace
9. Hampir semua kata benda dalam bentuk -ing:
learning
shopping
working

Kata sama, arti sama, peruntukan count dan non-nya berbeda


Count noun Specific Meaning Noncount noun General Meaning
an agreement an occasion or abstract concept
agreement
agreements a document all agreement
a bone
a part of a skeleton bone construction material
bones
a business
a company business all business transactions
business
a cloth
a piece of cloth cloth construction material
clothes
a decision
an occasion decision all decisions
decisions
an education
a specific person's education all education
educations
a fire
an event fire material
fires
a glass
a container glass construction material
glasses
a history
an account history all history
histories
an honor an occasion or
honor all honor
honors an award
a language
a specific variety language all languages
languages
a life
a specific person's life all life
lives
a light
a lamp light the absence of darkness
lights
a noise
a specific sound noise all sound
noises
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Count noun Specific Meaning Noncount noun General Meaning
a pain
a specific occasion pain all pain
pains
a paper a document or
paper construction material
papers sheet
a pleasure
a specific occasion pleasure all pleasure
pleasures
a silence
a specific occasion silence all silence
silences
a space
a blank space the universe
spaces
a stone
a small rock stone construction material
stones
a success
an achievement success all success
successes
a thought
an idea thought all thought
thoughts
a time an historical period or
time all time
times moment
a war
a specific war war all wars
wars
a work employment
an artistic creation work
works all work

Kata berbeda, arti sama, peruntukan count dan non-nya berbeda

Count Noun Noncount Noun


a climate
wheather
climates
a laugh
laughter
laughs
a human being
humanity
human beings
a job
work
jobs
a machine
machinery
machines
a man
mankind; man
men
a person
people
persons
a snowflake
snow
snowflakes
a sunbeam
sunlight; sunshine
sunbeams
a traffic jam
traffic
traffic jams

Count Nouns yang termasuk Noncount Nouns


Advice, anger, courage, damage, equipment, fun, homework, ignorance, information, knowledge, leisure, luck, money, music, news,
patience, permission, poetry, poverty, progress

Ekspresi tunggal dan jamak Noncount Nouns


a piece of advice ⇒ two pieces of advice
a piece of bread ⇒ two pieces of bread
a piece of equipment ⇒ two pieces of equipment
a piece of furniture ⇒ two pieces of furniture
a piece of information ⇒ two pieces of information
a piece of jewelry ⇒ two pieces of jewelry
a piece of luggage ⇒ two pieces of luggage
a piece of mail ⇒ two pieces of mail
a piece of music ⇒ two pieces of music
a piece of news ⇒ two pieces of news
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a piece of toast ⇒ two pieces of toast
a loaf of bread ⇒ two loaves of bread
a slice of bread ⇒ two slices of bread
an ear of corn ⇒ two ears of corn
a bar of soap ⇒ two bars of soap
a bolt of lightning ⇒ two bolts of lightning
a clap of thunder ⇒ two claps of thunder
a gust of wind ⇒ two gusts of wind

Contoh
1. Salah : We have twenty dollar left.
Benar : We have twenty dollars left.
2. Salah : I like my tea with the milk.
Benar : I like my tea with milk. Noncount Nouns tanpa the
3. Salah : She needs to find a work.
Benar : She needs to find work. work => employment/all work => noncount
nouns
4. Salah : We are supposed to have a sunshine this weekend.
Benar : We are supposed to have sunshine this weekend. Sunshine => noncount nouns
5. Salah : Do you have an information about it?
Benar : Do you have information about it? Information => noncount nouns
6. Salah : Each furniture in this display is on sale for half price.
Benar : Each piece of furniture in this display is on sale for half price. Furniture noncount nouns bentuk tunggal => piece of
furniture

Klasifikasi Noun

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Proper Noun (Tersendiri)
Contoh: Andrew (nama orang), Jakarta (nama kota), Cola Cola (merek)

Common Noun (Biasa/Umum)


Contoh: table (meja), lamp (lampu), iron (besi)
Concrete Noun
(Berwujud)
Material Noun (Bahan Mentah/Baku)
Contoh: gold (emas), paint (cat), silver (minyak), oil (minyak)
Noun
Kata Benda Collective Noun (Bersama)
Contoh: crowd (sekumpulan orang), division (sekumpulan serdadu)

Abstract Noun
(Tak Berwujud)

Pembentukan Abstarct Noun dari Kata Kerja, Kata Sifat, dan Kata Benda Itu Sendiri.
Abstract Noun adalah kata benda yang tidak berwujud yang dapat dibentuk dari kata kerja, kata sifat, dan kata benda itu sendiri.

No. PoS Imbuhan Kata Kerja Kata Benda Arti


-ment advertise advertisement mengiklankan --> iklan
-ion / -tion connect connection menghubungkan --> hubungan
-ation admire admiration mengagumi --> kekaguman
-cation classify classification menggolongkan --> penggolongan
-ition repeat repetition mengulangi --> pengulangan
1. Kata Kerja -ance hinder hinderance menghalangi --> halangan
-ence obey obedience mematuhi --> kepatuhan
-t complain complaint mengeluh --> keluhan
-y discover discovery menemukan --> penemuan
tidak ada to hope hope mengharapkan --> pengharapan
-ing to write writing menulis --> tulisan
-ness good goodness baik --> kebaikan
young youth muda --> pemuda
important importance penting --> pentingnya
deep depth dalam --> dalamnya
hot heat panas --> panasnya
2. Kata Sifat poor poverty miskin --> kemiskinan
tidak tentu
wise wisdom bijaksana --> kebijaksanaan
long length panjang --> panjangnya
true turth benar --> kebenaran
beautiful beauty cantik --> kecantikan
fluent fluency lancar --> kelancaran
3. Kata Benda tidak tentu agent agency agen --> keagenan
(berasal dari champion championship juara --> kejuaraan
Common Noun)
child childhood anak --> masa kanak-kanak
hero heroism pahlawan --> kepahlawanan
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friend friendship sahabat --> persahabatan

Pembentukan Noun: Bentuk Tunggal ke Bentuk Jamak


1. dengan menambah s kata benda
contoh

Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti


bamboo bamboos bambu
house houses rumah
hand hands Tangan

2. dengan menambah s kata benda pokoknya


contoh

Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti
commander in commanders in
kepala step son step sons anak tiri
chief chief
menantu dokter
daughter in law daughters in law lady doctor lady doctors
perempuan perempuan
father in law fathers in law ayah mertua boy friend boy friends teman laki-laki
passer by passers by orang yang lalu

3. dengan nenambah es kata benda yang ber o, s, x, ch, dan sh dan didahului huruf mati
contoh

Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti
potato potatoes kentang box boxes kotak
volcano volcanoes gunung berapi bench benches sikat
hero heroes pahlawan church churches gereja
negro negroes orang Negro class classes kelas
tomato tomatoes tomat brush brushes sikat

4. dengan mengubah y menjadi ies kata benda yang yang ber y dan didahului huruf mati
contoh

Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti
baby babies bayi city cities kota
lady ladies wanita fly flies lalat

kata benda yang yang ber y dan didahului huruf vokal ditambah s

Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti
boy boys anak laki-laki days days hari
key keys kunci play plays permainan

5. dengan mengubah f/fe menjadi ves kata benda


contoh

Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti
calf calves anak sapi thief thieves pencuri
shelf shelves pisau loaf loaves roti
leaf leaves daun knife knives pisau
half halves separuh life lives penghidupan
wolf wolves serigala

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pengecualian, kata benda yang berkahiran f/fe ditambah s

Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti
cliff cliffs batu karang roof roofs atap
gulf gulfs teluk hoof hoofs kuku kuda/sapi
proof proofs bukti chief chiefs kepala/pemimpin
dwarf dwarfs orang kerdil safe safes peti besi
grief griefs duka cita strife strifes pertengkaran

6. bentuk jamak yang tidak beraturan (irregular plural)


contoh

Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti Bentuk Tunggal Bentuk Jamak Arti
man men orang laki-laki tooth teeth gigi
washerman washermen tukang cuci ox oxen sapi jantan
englishman englishmen orang Inggris child children anak
woman women orang perempuan sheep sheep domba
foot feet kaki deer deer rusa
louse lice kutu fish fish/fisher ikan
mouse mice tikus series series seri
goose geese angsa

B. KLASIFIKASI – KIND DAN TYPE


Kind dan type menunjukkan klasifikasi. Setelah kind dan type diikuti of.
Contoh
1. Salah : There are four kind of Coke now.
Benar : There are four kinds of Coke now.
2. Salah : This exam has two types problems.
Benar : This exam has two types of problems.

C. KATA KERJA SEBAGAI KATA BENDA YANG BERKEDUDUKAN SEBAGAI SUBJEK


Infinitive (to + verb word) dan gerund (verb-ing) dapat digunakan sebagai subjek. Gerund adalah noncount nouns sehingga tidak boleh
didahului the, kecuali apabila setelahnya diikuti qualifying phrases (of + noun).
Contoh
1. Salah : The sneeze spreads germs.
Benar : To sneeze spreads germs.
: Sneezing spreads germs.
2. Salah : Writing of letters is an art.
Benar : The writing of letters is an art. The + Gerund + Qualifying Phrases
The + Verb-ing + of Noun

D. KLAUSA KATA BENDA YANG BERKEDUDUKAN SEBAGAI SUBJEK


Struktur:
That + Subjek + Verb + Verb

Subjek Verb
(Nominal That Clause) (Main Verb)
Contoh
1. Salah : She will win is almost certain.
Benar : That she will win is almost certain.

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2. Salah : That is not fair seems abviuos.
Benar : That it is not fair seems abviuos.

E. KATA BENDA YANG BERGANDENGAN


Kata benda yang bergandengan, kata benda pertama berfungsi sebagai kata sifat, kata benda kedua berfungsi sebagai kata benda.

IV. ADJECTIVES
A. A, AN, THE, NO ARTICLE, NO, ON OF THE, DAN SOME OF THE

Makna Rumus Contoh


a + count nouns tunggal It is a big decision to choose a
1 a Sebuah
(huruf awal berbunyi konsonan) university.

an + count nouns tunggal


2 an Sebuah I’ll call you in an hour.
(huruf awal berbunyi vokal)
The + count nouns
3 the (spesifik) The history of the area is interesting.
The + Gerund + Qualifying Phrases
Sebelum nouns tidak didahului apapun I like music
4 no article Semua Noncount nouns + verb singular Art is interesting
Counts nouns + verb plural Trees prevent erosion
5 no Tidak ada satu pun No + nouns No news is good news.
6 on of the Satu dari sekumpulan One of the + nouns jamak + verb singular One of my friends is in the hospital
7 some of the Beberapa dari sekumpulan Some of the + nouns jamak + verb plural You should save some of the money

B. FEW DAN LITTLE, MANY DAN MUCH, A FEW DAN A LITTLE, ONLY A FEW DAN ONLY A LITTLE, A LARGE
NUMBER OF DAN A LARGE AMOUNT OF, A SMALL NUMBER OF DAN A SMALL AMOUNT OF, ALMOST ALL OF
THE / ALMOST ALL, MOST OF THE, DAN ENOUGH

Count Nouns
Noncount Noun Makna Contoh
(Plural)
John has very few friends.
1 few little sedikt
There is little time to waste.
Muchtar and Siti don’t have many children.
2 many much banyak
I think that there is too much violence on TV.
As many species of finch have been identified.
as many as much sebanyak
(diikuti count nouns without a number)
As many as 1,000 species of finch have been identified.
as many as as much as sebanyak Staying in a hotel costs twice as much as renting a room in a
dormitory for a week.
John has very a few friends.
3 a few a little beberapa
There is a little time to waste.
John has very only a few friends.
4 only a few only a little hanya sedikit
There is only a little time to waste.
I don’t have time for a large number of interruptions.
5 a large number of a large amount of sebagian besar
Our lab has a large amount of equipment.
A small number of families own most of the land here.
6 a small number of a small amount of sebagian kecil
You will just need a small amount of clothing.

almost all of the / almost all of the / hampir semua Almost all of the trees in our yard are Cemara.
7
almost all almost all (>>>) Almost all of the art by Van Gogh is expensive.

hampir semua Most of the trees in our yard are Cemara.


8 most of the most of the
(<<<) Most of the art by Van Gogh is expensive.
9 enough enough cukup There aren’t enough cars for all of us to go. (enough + noun)

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Your excuse isn’t good enough. (adjective/adverb + enough)

C. CONSECUTIVE ORDER
Consecutive order digunakan untuk menyatakan tiga kata benda secara berurutan.

Benda ke-3 dst. /


Benda Pertama Benda ke-2
Benda Terakhir
Sebelum nouns – sebagai
one another the other
Count nouns singular adjective
one another the other Tanpa nouns – sebagai pronouns
Sebelum nouns – sebagai
some other the other
Count nouns plural adjective
some others the others / the rest Tanpa nouns – sebagai pronouns

Contoh:
1. One train leaves at 8, another at 10, and the other at 12.
One sebagai adjective, another dan the other sebagai pronouns
2. Some school are university, others are collages, and the others are junior colleges.
Some sebagai adjective, others dan the others sebagai pronouns

Another -> yang lain, belum jelas, singular


Other -> yang lain, belum jelas, plural
The other -> yang lain, udah jelas, tunggal/uncountable
The others -> yang lain, udah jelas, jamak

E. NUMERICAL ORDER / NUMERAL ADJECTIVE


Numerical Order / Numeral Adjective adalah kata sifat yang menerangkan bilangan.

Cardinal Number Ordinal Number


(Bilangan Biasa) (Bilangan Bertingkat)
Count Nouns singular + Cardinal Number The + Ordinal Number + Count Nouns singular
One, two, three, four, … First, second, third, fourth, …
Menunjukkan urutan penomoran Menunjukkan urutan penomoran
Contoh: Contoh:
I am outlinng chapter four in my notebook. I am outlinng the fourth chapter in my notebook.
(Noun – Cardinal Number) (The – Ordinal Number – Noun)

Cardinal Number
0 zero 10 ten 20 twenty
1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one
2 two 12 twelve 30 thirty
3 three 13 thirteen 40 forty
4 four 14 fourteen 50 fifty
5 five 15 fifteen 60 sixty
6 six 16 sixteen 70 seventy
7 seven 17 seventeen 80 eighty

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8 eight 18 eighteen 90 ninety
9 nine 19 nineteen 100 one hundred / a hundred

British English American English


101 one hundred and one one hundred one
110 one hundred and ten one hundred ten
281 two hundred and eigthy-one two hundred eigthy-one
1000 one thousand one thousand
2000 two thoudsand two thoudsand
2206 two thoudsand two and six two thoudsand two six

1.000.000,00 one million satu juta


1.000.000.000,00 one billion satu miliar
1.000.000.000.000,00 one trillion satu triliun
Kata sifat yang dihubungkan dengan tanda hubung (-) tidak perlu ditambahkan akhiran s walaupun kata tersebut plural.
Contoh: The assignment for Monday is to write a five-hundred-word composition.

Ordinal Number
1st first 11th eleventh 100 hundredth
2nd second 12th twelfth 101 one hundred first
3rd third 13th thirteemth 102 one hundred second
4th fourth 14th fourteenth 103 one hundred third
5th fifth 15th fifteenth 104 one hundred fourth
6th sixth 20th twentith 111 one hundred eleventh
7th seventh 21st twenty-first 112 one hundred twelfth
8th eight 22nd twenty-second 113 one hundred thirteenth
9th nineth 23rd twenty-third 114 one hundred fourteenth
10th tenth 24th twenty-fourth 121 one hundred twenty-first

Penggunaan Titik dan Koma


Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Inggris
Pemisah ribuan adalah titik Pemisah ribuan adalah koma
1.000 = seribu 1,000 = one thousand

Pemisah desimal adalah koma Pemisah desimal adalah titik


7,55 = tujuh koma lima lima 7,5 = seven point five five

Pecahan (Fraction)
1
=a half
2
1
=a third
3
1
=a quarter=a fourth
4
2
=two fourth
4
1
3 =three∧a half
2
¿ 5=0,5= point five

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F. HYPHENATED ADJECTIVES
Hyphenated adjective adalah kata sifat yang ditulis dengan tanda hubung (-) yang umumnya diawali dengan suatu bilangan. Kata sifat
tersebut ditulis dalam bentuk dasar, bukan tunggal atau jamak.
Contoh: A fifty-year-old employee may retire. fifty, year, dan old sebagai kata sifat

G. ADJECTIVES WITH VERBS OF THE SENSES


Kata sifat yang digunakan setelah kata kerja apabila kata kerja tersebut berkaitan dengan panca indera (verbs of the senses) adalah
sebagai berikut.
- Feel Contoh : He felt bad about the mistake
- Look
- Smell
- Sound
- Taste

H. NOUNS THAT FUNCTIONS AS ADJECTIVES


Ketika dua kata benda terletak berdekatan, kata benda pertama menjelaskan kata benda kedua sehingga kata benda pertama berfungsi
sebagai sebagai adjective. Kata benda pertama yang sebagai adjective tersebut ditulis dalam bentuk dasar, bukan tunggal atau jamak.
Contoh: There is a sale at the shoe store. (shoe, tanpa s)

I. KALIMAT SEBAB AKIBAT


1. Adjectives Ending in -ing and -ed

-ing Adjective -ed Adjective


Mengekspresikan hasil Mengekspresikan sebab
Turunan kata kerja aktif Turunan kata kerja pasif
54njhhu n Kalimat pasif
Contoh: Contoh:
The concert is thrilling the audience. The audience is thrilled by the concert.
(someone or something) (by someone or something)

2. so … that

Contoh:
1. The music was so loud that we couldn’t talk there.
2. He drives so fast that no one likes to ride with him.
3. It was so hot a day that she went out.

3. such … that

Contoh:
1. These are such a hot day that she went out. count nouns singular
2. These are such long assignments that I can’t finish them. noncount nouns

4. too
Kalimat sebab akibat yang menyatakan terlalu atau berlebihan terdiri dari klausa too dan infinitive.

Contoh: This coffee is too hot to drink.

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5. very
Very yang artinya sangat digunakan untuk memberikan penekanan terhadap suatu kata sifat. Dalam hal ini, tidak diperlukan klausa
sebab maupun akibat.

Contoh: This coffee is very hot.

J. COMPARATIVES

No
Jenis Bentuk/Makna Rumus Contoh
.
Exact
1. The same as Noun … Noun This coat is the same as that one.
Similarity
This coat and that one are the same.
The same Noun Noun …
These coats are the same.
General
2. Similar to Noun … Noun This coat is similar to that one.
Similarity
This coat and that one are similar.
Similar Noun Noun …
These coats are similar.
Like Noun … Noun This coat like that one.
This coat and that one are alike.
Alike Noun Noun …
These coats are alike.

Specific Quality nouns He is the same age as Mahmud.


3. The same … as
Similarity Quality adjectives He is the same old as Mahmud.
General
4. Different from Noun … Noun This jacket is different from that one.
Difference
This jacket and that one are different.
Different Noun Noun …
These jackets are different.
Differ (from) -verb Noun … Noun This jacket differs from that one.

Comparative I have half as many as I need.


5. Multiple numbers … as many/much as
Estimates …, it costs twice as much as the other one.
More than / Sabri has more than a thousand stamps.
… number
Less than Sabri has less than a thousand stamps.

Perkiraan yang tidak as many/much as I should have as many as one hundred pen.
melebihi sebenarnya number

An essay test is harder than an objective test


Degrees of Comparative Adjectives Adj. + er than
6. An essay test is more difficult than an
Comparison (Membandingkan dua hal) More + adj. than
objective test.

Superlative Adjective The adj. + est An essay test is the hardest.


(Paling) The more + adj. An essay test is the most difficult.
This car is beteeer than th other brands.
Irregular Lihat di tabel *)
This car is the best of all.
Adverb + er We finished the test faster than Budi.
Comparative Adverbs
More/less adverb We finished the test more rapidly than Budi.

Quality nouns : age, color, height, length, price, size, style, weight
Quality adjectives : big, cheap, clear, cold, easy, expensive, hard, heavy, hot, large, light, little, long, old, short, small, tall, young
Multiple numbers : half, twice, three times, … times,
Irreguler *) :
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Adjective Comparative Superlative
bad worse The worst
Far farther/further The farther / the further
good better The best
little less The least
many more The most
much more The most

Double Comparative
Apabila ada dua perbandingan dalam satu kalimat, klausa pertama mengekspresikan sebab dan klausa kedua mengekspresikan akibat.
Perbandingan ini hanya untuk perbandingan comparative, bukan superlative.
Contoh : The more you review, the easier the patterns will be.

Illogical Comparatives
Perbandingan harus membandingkan sesuatu (nouns) yang sepadan secara logis. That dan those digunakan untuk menggantikan nouns
sehingga tidak terjadi perulangan.
Contoh : The rules are different from those of soccer.

1. as + adjective/adverb + as
(untuk positive dan negative sentence)
2. so + adjectiveladverb + as
(untuk negative sentence)

V. PREPOSITION

No. Bentuk/Makna Preposisi Rumus Contoh


The property was divided equally between his son and
Between … dua nouns
1. Di antara daughter.
Among … >= tiga nouns / plural The rent payments are divided among Rendi, Fajar, and Robi.
In Tempat yang >>>
I live in the United States in North Carolina in Jacksonville on
On Tempat yang >>
the East Coast on New River at 2600 River Road.
At Tempat yang >
2. Di
In Tahun, bulan
On Hari, tanggal Paresa was born in 1990 in July on Friday at 6.00.
At Waktu
Di samping,
Beside … nouns I sat beside the professor.
3. dekat
Selain Besides … nouns / adjectives Besides my dog, I have two cats and a canary.
But … nouns All of the students but the seniors will receive their grades.
4. Kecuali
Except … nouns All of the students except the seniors will receive their grades.
Daripada, Instead of Sebelum nouns, adj., adv. We went to Sabang instead of Singapore.
5. sebagai
gantinya Instead Di akhir kalimat We went to Sabang instead.

Contohnya, Some birds such as merpati and balam spend the winter in the
6. Such as … nouns
misalnya North.

Meskipun, Despite … nouns Despite her denial, we knew that she was guilty.
7.
walaupun In spite of … nouns In spite of her denial, we knew that she was guilty.
8. Menunjukkan Because …S+V I decided to stay at home because the weather was bad.
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Because of … nouns I decided to stay at home because of the weather.
alasan From / The chairs are wet from the rain.
Adj. … nouns / gerund
Due to The chairs are wet from sitting out in the rain.
This is a good book for research
Mengungkapka Nouns … nouns / gerund
9. For This is a good book for researching the topic.
n kegunaan Nouns infinitive
This is a good book to reseach the topic.
Mengungkapka
10. By … verb / nouns (gerund) My report was written by programming a computer.
n cara

In the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night, dan at noon adalah ungkapan.

VI. CONJUNCTIONS

No. Conjunctions Makna Contoh


Both … and … Menghubungkan dua struktur paralel Both Mr. Smith and Miss Jones spoke.
1.
Keduanya verbs, nouns, adjectives, atau adverbs The lecture was both interesting and instructive.
Both … and … as well
Menghubungkan 2 – 3 struktur paralel He is intelligent as well as athletic.
2. as
verbs, nouns, adjectives, atau adverbs He is both intelligent and artistic as well as athletic.
Keduanya, ketiganya
Not only … but also
Menghubungkan dua struktur paralel One should take not only cash but also traveler’s checks.
3. …
verbs, nouns, adjectives, atau adverbs Checks are not only safer but also more convoiment.
Tidak hanya … tapi juga ...
Not … but … Mengecualikan verbs, nouns, adj., atau The largest university is not ITB but University
4.
Bukan … tetapi … adv. setelah not dengan setelah but Kehidupan.

5. So juga … auxiliary verbs My sister will talk to him and so will I.


Too juga auxiliary verbs … My sister will talk to him and I will too.
Also juga auxiliary verbs … My sister will talk to him and I will also.
6. Neither tidak juga … auxiliary verbs My wife won’t go and neither will I.
Either tidak juga auxiliary verbs (not) … My wife won’t go and I won’t either.
So that
7. … akibat She is studying hard so that she can pass her exams.
agar, supaya
When
8. … syarat (present) The temperature drops when the sun sets.
Dengan syarat
Questions Words 5W + 1H sebagai kata penghubung I don’t remember what his name is.
9.
… (5W + 1H) adalah kalimat tidak langsung Do you remember what his name is?
Questions Words -
10. ever …S+V She agrees with whatever I decide.
…pun
11. Although ... S +V
12. Even Though ... S +V

ELLIPTIC STRUCTURE
Elliptic Structure penggabungan dua klausa dengan memendekkan bagian tertentu yang artinya sama.
1. Too dan so (juga)
Too dan so (juga) digunakan untuk kalimat positif.
Too : kalimat positif and S + Aux + too
So : kalimat positif and so + Aux + S
Contoh
They were here. She was here.
Too : They were here and she was too.
So : They were here and so was she.
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2. Either dan Neither (juga)
Either dan Neither (juga) digunakan untuk kalimat negatif.
Either : kalimat negatif and S + Aux + n’t + either
Neither : kalimat negatif and neither + Aux + S
Contoh
We must not break the law. They must not break the law.
Either : We must not break the law and they mustn’t either.
Neither : We must not break the law and neither must they

3.

VII. ADVERBS
1. Adverbs of Manners
Adverbs of Manners adalah kata keterangan yang memberikan informasi tambahan terhadap bagaimana cara suatu kejadian terjadi,
seberapa sering dilakukan, kapan terjadinya, atau seberapa lama kejadian tersebut berlangsung. Adverbs of Manners dibentuk dengan
verb + ly atau adjective + ly.
Contoh
Salah : Please do exact as your doctor says.
Benar : Please do exactly as your doctor says.
Hampir semua adverbs of manners mempunyai -ly. Kata berikut tidak boleh diberi -ly.

Adjective Adverb
fast fast
late late
hard hard

Contoh
Salah : Hendra types fastly and efficiently.
Benar : Hendra types fast and efficiently.

2. Sometime dan Sometimes

Adverbs Rumus Contoh


Sometime verbs …
My family will call me long distance sometime.
Kapan-kapan (no specific date) menjawab kapan?
Sometimes = Occasionally di awal atau akhir kalimat
Sometimes my family calls me long distance.
Kadang-kadang menjawab seberapa sering?

3. Negative Emphasis - Not One, Not Once, Not Until, Never, Never Again, Rarely, Only, dan Very Seldom
Negative Emphasis adalah pola negatif yang ditekankan pada kalimat. Pola negatif ini disebabkan oleh adanya kata-kata tertentu di
awal kalimat: not one, not once, not until, never, never again, rarely, only, dan very seldom. Kata kerja bantu yang digunakan harus
sesuai dengan subjek dan verbs.
Contoh : Never have I seen so much water.
NE Aux. S V

4. Introductory Adverbial Modifiers – Once, While, dan When


Introductory Adverbial Modifiers memberikan informasi tambahan mengenai subjek utama pada suatu kalimat.

Adverbs Makna
Pada suatu waktu di Klausa once di awal Once a salesman, Johan has been promoted to district
Once
masa lalu kalimat manager.
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While a salesman, Johan traveled a lot.
While Pada waktu yang … S + V / nouns
While he was saleman, Johan traveled a lot.
bersamaan, ketika masih
When …S+V When he was saleman, Johan traveled a lot.

5. No Longer
No longer artinya tidak lagi. No longer terletak di antara auxiliary dan main verb.
Contoh : I can no longer see without eyeglasses.

6. Durations – For dan Since


For dan since menyatakan durasi waktu. Keduanya hampir selalu digunakan dalam present / past perfect tense.

For Selama (membutuhkan rentang waktu) She has been in Australia for two years.
Since Sejak (membutuhkan waktu yang lebih spefisik) She has been in Australia since 2014

7. Dates
Cara penulisan tanggal dan bulan dalam bahasa Inggris: the ordinal number of month / month ordinal number.
Contoh
Salah : Her birthday is second November.
Benar : Her birthday is the second of November.
: Her birthday is November second.

8. Adverbial Idioms – As High As dan As Soon As


As high as dan as soon as adalah adverbial idioms, bukan merupakan perbandingan walaupun terlihat seperti bentuk perbandingan
(comparative).

as high as Menyatakan batas yang berkenaan dengan harga The price of haircut runs as high as sixty dollars.
as soon as Menyatakan batas yang berkenaan dengan waktu She will go home as soon as she graduates.

9. Generalization – As A Whole dan Wholely

as a whole Umumnya = generally di awal kalimat/klausa As a whole the news is correct.


wholely Sepenuhnya = completely setelah kata kerja bantu atau utama The news is wholely correct.

VIII. LAIN-LAIN
A. NOUN CLAUSE, ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, DAN ADVERB CLAUSA
1. Noun Clause (WH + S + V)
How this all was organized was something I was curious about. Noun Clause sebagai subjek  sebelum to be
how + S + V
I learned that bicycles were available for rent available. Noun Clause sebagai objek  setelah verb
that + S + V

2. Adjective Clause (WH + V)


Scientists who have different opinions about animal behavior, say thought has three elements.
who + V Adjective Clause menerangkan scientists, letaknya setelah
Noun
The Think Tank at the National Zoo in Washington, DC, is an exhibit that is unique.
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that + V
Adjective Clause menerangkan exhibit, letaknya setelah Noun
What diikuti S + V
3. Adverb Clause (WH + S + V)
When = at that time They had met here before in 2002 and 2003 when Serena beat her older sister both times.
As = during that time ..., but not today as Venus showed one again that Wimbledon was her favorite court.
After = happened first After she won, there were none of Venus usual leaps in the air.
Because = give a reason, Because the tennis courts in the parks were in shabby condition, most people didn’t play on them.
expected result
Even though = give a result, Even though the tennis courts in the parks were in shabby condition, their father Richard took them
unexpected result out to practice every day.
Since = give a reason After she won, there were none of Venus usual leaps in the air since she had beaten her sister.
Whether or not = neither Whether or not it seemed possible to anyone else, Richard William taught his girls that they would
become
World champions.
Even if = doesn’t matter And even if his attitude struck some people as too cocky, it turned out that he was right!
(Some people thought his attitude was too cocky, but it didn’t matter because he was right in the end.)

4. Reduced Clause
Active Rita who works as a secretary at that multinational company is a friendly girl.
= Rita working as a secretary at that multinational company is a friendly girl. Verb 1  V-ing
Passive Rita who is known as a secretary at that multinational company is a friendly girl.
= Rita known as a secretary at that multinational company is a friendly girl. To be Verb 3  Verb 3

B. POINT OF VIEW
Dalam struktur kalimat bahasa Inggris, keselarasan sudut pandang harus dipertahankan. Sudut pandang tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.
1. Kata Kerja (Tenses)
Apakah kejadian suatu kalimat di masa lalu atau masa sekarang. Artinya, apabila kalimat tersebut terjadi masa sekarang, seluruh
kalimat tersebut harus menggunakan pola yang sesuai dengan present tense.
Contoh
Salah : He was among the few who want to continue working on the project.
Benar : He is among the few who want to continue working on the project.
: He was among the few who wanted to continue working on the project.
2. Reported Speech
Kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengabarkan kejadian di masa lalu: asked, believed, forgot, knew, remembered, reported, said,
thought, told. Setelah kata kerja tersebut adalah that, setelah that tidak boleh menggunakan kata kerja dalam bentuk present tense,
kecuali untuk kalimat yang mengandung fakta/kebenaran yang diterima oleh umum. Apabila fakta/kebenaran saat ini menggantikan
suatu fakta/kebenaran yang sebelumnya diterima, kata kerja dalam bentuk past lebih tepat untuk digunakan.
Contoh
1. He said that he was sorry.
2. In the early 1500s, some sailors believed that the world is round.
3. In the early 1500s, some sailors believed that the world was round

3. Kata Keterangan (Adverbs)


Kita harus menggunakan kata keterangan waktu yang sesuai dengan kata kerjanya. Jika kata kerja dalam bentuk present, kata
keterangan harus menunjukkan keterangan waktu sekarang. Jika kata kerja dalam bentuk past, kata keterangan harus menunjukkan
keterangan waktu lampau.
Contoh
Salah : Between one thing and another, Charles does not finish typing his paper last night.
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Benar : Between one thing and another, Charles did not finish typing his paper last night.

4. Activities of The Dead


Kalimat bahasa Inggris menghindari penggunaan kata kerja dalam bentuk present untuk merujuk aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh orang
yang sudah meninggal. Untuk merujuk aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh orang yang sudah meninggal, kata kerja yang digunakan adalah
kata kerja dalam bentuk past.
Contoh
Salah : Just before he died, my friends who writes poetry published his first book.
Benar : Just before he died, my friends who wrote poetry published his first book.

C. WORD CHOICE
1. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Kata kerja transitif adalah kata kerja yang memerlukan pelengkap dalam kalimat. Kata kerja intransitif adalah kata kerja yang tidak
memerlukan pelengkap.

No. Kata Kerja Transitif Kata Kerja Intransitif


Raise (Raise – Raised – Raised) Rise (Rise – Rose – Risen)
KK: menyebabkan bergerak KK: yang bergerak adalah benda itu sendiri
1. KB: kenaikan, seperti kenaikan gaji KB: kenaikan, seperti kenaikan nilai, harga, dan jumlah
Contoh: Contoh:
Heavy rain raises the water of the reservoir every spring. The water level rises when it rains every spring.
Lay (Lay – Laid – Laid) Lie (Lie – Lay – Lain)
menaruh, meletakkan berbohong, berbaring
2.
Contoh: Contoh:
The postman lays the mail on the table every day. He lies on the sofa to rest every day after work.
Set (Set – Set -Set) Sit (Sit – Sat – Sat)
menempatkan/meletakkan objek pada tempatnya atau di Menempati (meduduki) kursi, benda lainnya, atau
3. atas permukaan permukaan datar
Contoh: Contoh:
The students set the lab equipment on the table every class. The equipment sits on the table every class.

2. Similar Verbs
Similar Verbs kata kerja yang memiliki arti yang serupa, namun berbeda dalam penggunaannya.

No. Verbs Penggunaan Contoh


Tell Sebelum objek/pelengkap berupa orang The teacher tells us how to do it.
1.
Say Diikuti oleh klausa yang diawali that The teacher says that we were making progress.
Let Membiarkan, mengizinkan Their mother lets them stay up late every night.
2.
Leave Membiarkan objek sebagaimana adanya She leaves her briefcase at the office every day.
Kita meminjam untuk menggunakan
3. Borrow Mimi’s father borrows money from the bank every term.
Biasanya diikuti from
Kita meminjamkan kepada orang lain
Lend The bank lends money to Mimi’s father every term.
Biasanya diikuti to
4. Make *) Sebelum pelengkap yang berasal dari kata kerja We make an agreement with each other every semester.
Do *) Sebelum pelengkap yang menjelaskan pekerjaan We do our homework before class every day.

Make Do
an agreement (to agree) an assignment
an announcement (to announce) the dishes
an attempt (to attempt) a favor

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a decision (to decide) homework
a discovery (to discover) the laundry
an offer (to offer) a paper
a profit (to profit) research
a promise (to promise) work

3. Prepositional Idioms

Prefer these idioms Avoid these errors Prefer these idioms Avoid these errors
(Benar) (Salah) (Benar) (Salah)
accede to accede on, by incapable of incapable to

according to according in conflict on conflict

approve of approve for inferior to inferior with

ashamed of ashamed with in the habit of in the habit to

bored with bored of in the near future at the near future

capable of capable to knowledge of knowledge on

compete with compete together near; next to near to

composed of composed from of the opinion in opinion

concerned with concerned of on top of on top

conscious of conscious for opposite opposite over

depend on depend in, to prior to prior

effects on effects in regard to regard of

equal to equal as related to related with

except for excepting for respect for respect of

from now on after now on similar to similar as

from time to time for, when time to time since ever since

frown on frown to until up until

glance at, through glance with regard to with regard of

Contoh:
Salah : In recent years, educators have become more concerned of bilingualism.
Benar : In recent years, educators have become more concerned with bilingualism.

4. Parts of Speech
Parts of Speech dalam bahasa Indonesia dikenal dengan kelas kata. Kalimat bahsa Inggris yang baik biasanya terdiri atas S + V + O +
C. Bentuk kata dalam bahasa Inggris akan berubah-ubah sesuai dengan posisi, fungsi, atau perannya. Imbuhan di akhir kata dapat
membantu kita dalam mengidentifikasi suatu kata masuk ke dalam kelas apa, apakah kata benda, kata ganti, kata sifat dst.

Nouns Derived from Verbs Adjectives Derived from Nouns


Verb Ending Noun Noun Ending Adjective
store -age storage possibility -able/-ible possible
accept -ance acceptance intention -al intentional
insist -ence insistence distance -ant distant
agree -ment agreement frequency -ent frequent
authorize -sion/-tion authorization juice -y juicy

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Nouns Derived from Adjecttives Adverbs Derived from Adjective
Adjective Ending Noun Adjective Ending Adverb
convenient -ce convenience efficient -ly efficiently

redundant -cy redundancy

opposite -tion opposition

soft -ness softness

durable -ty durability

Contoh:
Salah : This agreeing is not legal inless everyone signs his name.
Benar : This agreement is not legal inless everyone signs his name.

D. REDUDANCY
Redudancy adalah penggunaan dua kata atau lebih yang mengatakan hal yang sama sehingga muncul kata yang tidak perlu (pemborosan kata)
dalam suatu kalimat. Tata bahasa Inggris lebih baik menggunakan kalimat yang sederhana dan langsung daripada kalimat yang rumit dan
berbelit-belit. Kalimat sederhana di sini adalah kalimat yang mengandung Subjek – Kata Kerja – Komplemen – Pengubah. Apabila ada kata
yang lain, tentukan apakah kata itu berguna atau tidak diperlukan (berguna) dalam kalimat berikut.
1. Jangan menggunakan kata sidat dengan frasa seperti in character atau in nature. (unnecessary phrases)
2. Jangan menggunakan kata-kata dalam kalimat secara berlebhan seandainya kalimat tersebut bisa dipersingkat dengan menggunakan
kata keterangan. (unnecessary phrases)
3. Hindari menggunakan kata-kata dengan makna yang sama secara berurutan dalam sebuah kalimat. ( repitition of words with the same
meaning)
4. Jangan menggunakan kata benda dan kata ganti yang merujuk pada kata benda tersebut secara berurutan dalam sebuah kalimat. Hindari
juga menggunakan kata that dan kata ganti tepat setelah kata benda dimaksud. (repetition of noun by pronoun)
Contoh:
1. unnecessary phrases
Salah : The key officials who testified before the Senate committee responded in a manner that was evasive.
Benar : The key officials who testified before the Senate committee responded evasialy.
2. unnecessary phrases
Salah : Mr. Davis knows a great deal in terms of the condition of the situastion.
Benar : Mr. Davis knows a great deal about the situastions.
3. unnecessary phrases
Salah : It was a problem which was very difficult in character and very delicate in nature.
Benar : It was a problem which was difficult and delicate.
4. unnecessary phrases
Salah : The disease was very serious in the nature of it.
Benar : The disease was very serious.
5. unnecessary phrases
Salah : Mary had always behavied in a responsible manner.
Benar : Mary had always behaved responsibly.
6. repitition of words with the same meaning
Salah : The new innovations at the World’s Fair were fascinating.
Benar : The innovations at the World’s Fair were fascinating.
7. repitition of words with the same meaning
Salah : The money that I have is sufficient enough for my needs.
Benar : The money that I have is sufficient for my needs.
8. repitition of words with the same meaning
Salah : Bill asked the speaker to repeat again because he had not heard hi, the first time.
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Benar : Bill asked the speaker to repeat because he had not heard hi, the first time.
9. repitition of words with the same meaning
Salah : The class advanced forward rapidly.
Benar : The class advanced rapidly.
10. repitition of words with the same meaning
Salah : She returned back to her hometown after she had finished her degree.
Benar : She returned to her hometown after she had finished her degree.
11. repetition of noun by pronoun
Salah : My teacher he said to listen to the news on the radio in order to practice listening comprehension.
Benar : My teacher said to listen to the news on the radio in order to practice listening comprehension.
12. repetition of noun by pronoun
Salah : Steve he plans to go into bussiness with his father.
Benar : Steve plans to go into bussiness with his father.
13. repetition of noun by pronoun
Salah : My sister she found a store that imported food from our country.
Benar : My sister found a store that imported food from our country.
14. repetition of noun by pronoun
Salah : Hospitalization that it covers room, meals, nursing, and additional hospital expenses such aslab tests, X-rays, and
medicine.
Benar : Hospitalization covers room, meals, nursing, and additional hospital expenses such aslab tests, X-rays, and medicine.
15. repetition of noun by pronoun
Salah : Anne she want to visit Sydney, before she goes home.
Benar : Anne wants to visit Sydney, before she gone home.

E. PARALLEL STRUCTURE
Parallel Structure adalah bentuk dua kata, dua frasa, atau dua klausa yang sejajar/setara jika dihubungkan oleh kata penghubung seperti and, or,
atau but.
Contoh:
1. Salah : Jane is young, enthusiastic, and she has talent.
Benar : Jane is young, enthusiastic, and she talented.
2. Salah : Professor Williams enjoys teaching and to write.
Benar : Professor Williams enjoys teaching and writing.
Elemen kalimat yang dihubungkan dengan correlative conjunction harus bersifat paralel secara struktur gramatikal. Correlative conjunction
menghubungkan kelas dalam tata bahasa yang sama, yakni menghubungkan kata benda dengan kata benda, kata kerja dengan kata kerja, dst.
Hindari menggunakan dua kata, frasa, atau klausa yang berbeda ketika menggunakan correlative conjunction.
Contoh:
1. Salah : She is not only famous in the United States, but also aboard.
Benar : She is famous not only in the United States, but also aboard.
2. Salah : The exam tested both listening and to read.
Benar : The exam tested both listening and reading.

F. INTRODUCTORY VERBAL MODIFIER


Verbal modifier adalah suatu bentuk modifikasi dari kata kerja untuk memperkenalkan subjek dan kata kerja pada klausa utama kalimat.
Verbal modifier bisa dikatakan berfungsi sebagai pengantar.
1. Verbal Modifier -ing dan -ed
Verbal modifier harus segera diletakkan sebelum kata benda yang dimodifikasi olehnya. Jika tidak, hubungan antara kata benda dan
modifiers tidak jelas dan kalimat menjadi tidak logis. Hindari menggunakan kata benda segera setelah frasa verbal pengantar yang
mungkin tidak dimodifikasi secara logis oleh frasa. Hindari menggunakan kalimat dalam bentuk pasif setelah verbal modifier.

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Contoh:
1. Salah : After graduating from City Collage, Professor Abrar’s studies were continued at State University, where he received
his Ph.D in English.
Benar : After graduating from City Collage, Professor Abrar continued his studies at State University, where he received
his Ph.D in English.
2. Salah : Returning to her room, several pieces of jewelry were missing.
Benar : Returning to her room, she found that several pieces of jewelry were missing.

2. Verbal Modifier Infinitives of Purpose to Introduce Instructions


Infinitif yang menyatakan tujuan dapat digunakan sebagai verbal modifier. Kata kerja dalam bentuk dasar (verb word) harus digunakan
setelah infinitif yang terletak di awal kalimat. Kata kerja dalam bentuk dasar ini menjelaskan cara untuk mencapai tujuan yang
dimaksud oleh infinitif. Jangan menggunakan kata benda atau to dengan bentuk -ing selain infinitif yang menyatakan tujuan sebagai
verbal modifier. Jangan menggunakan bentuk -ing atau kalimat pasif setelah pengantar dengan bentuk verbal modifier seperti ini.
Contoh:
1. Salah : To protect yourself from dangerous exposure to the sun’s rays, using a sun screen.
Benar : To protect yourself from dangerous exposure to the sun’s rays, use a sun screen.
2. Salah : Prepare for the TOEFL, study thirty minutes every days for several months.
Benar : To prepare for the TOEFL, study thirty minutes every days for several months.

Dangling Modifier
Dangling modifier dapat dimaknai sebagai frasa yang memodifikasi kata yang tidak tertera dengan jelas dalam sebuah kalimat. Ketidakjelasan ini
bisa pada maknanya, atau pada bagian tertentu yang tidak dijelaskan.
Misalnya tidak dijelaskan siapa subjek dalam frasa atau klausa tersebut, sehingga membuat makna kalimat menjadi tidak jelas. Atau tidak
diketahui siapa yang melakukan suatu tindakan dalam kalimat tersebut, jadi membuat maknanya menjadi samar-samar.
Dangling modifier dapat dilihat pada contoh kalimat berikut:

Having arrived late for practice, a written excuse was needed.


(Datang terlambat untuk latihan, alasan tertulis dibutuhkan)

Pada kalimat di atas, having arrived late for practice merupakan dangling modifier. Dalam klausa tersebut, tidak jelas siapa yang datang
terlambat. Begitu juga pada klausa selanjutnya, a written excuse was needed, tidak jelas kepada siapa alasan tertulis itu dibutuhkan.

Contoh dangling modifier yang lain dapat dilihat pada kalimat berikut:

To improve his results, the experiment was done again. (Untuk meningkatkan hasilnya, percobaan dilakukan lagi)

Dangling modifier pada kalimat diatas dapat dilihat pada klausa pertama, yaitu to improve his results. Pada klausa tersebut tidak jelas siapa yang
ingin meningkatkan hasilnya. Begitu juga pada klausa selanjutnya, yaitu the experiment was done again. Di klausa ini juga tidak jelas siapa yang
melakukan eksperimen lagi.

Berikut beberapa contoh dangling modifier dan perbaikannya yang dapat dilihat:

Dangling modifier: Without knowing his name, it was difficult to introduce him. (Tanpa tahu namanya, sulit untuk memperkenalkannya)
Perbaikan: Because Karina did not know his name, it was difficult to introduce him. (Karena Karina tidak tahu nama dia, sulit untuk
memperkenalkannya)

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Dangling modifier: Relieved of your responsibilities at your job, your home should be a place to relax. (Bebas dari kewajiban pekerjaan,
rumahmu harus menjadi tempat bersantai)
Perbaikan: Relieved of your responsibilities at your job, you should be able to relax at home. (Bebas dari kewajiban pekerjaan, kamu seharusnya
dapat santai di rumah)

Dangling modifier: The experiment was a failure, not having studied the lab manual carefully. (Percobaan itu gagal, tidak mempelajari panduan
lab dengan hati-hati)
Perbaikan: They failed the experiment, not having studied the lab manual carefully. (Mereka menggagalkan percobaan itu, tidak mempelajari
panduan lab dengan hati-hati)

G. AGREEMENT

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No. Agreement Contoh
1. Subjek dan Kata Kerja His knowledge of languages and international relations aids him in his work.
Subjek dan Kata Kerja dengan The guest of honor, along with his wife and two sons, was seated at the first
2.
Accompaniment (Frasa Iringan) table.
Subjek dan Kata Kerja dengan Appositive The books, an English dictionary and a chemistry text, were on the shelf
3.
(Kata/Frasa yang mendefinisikan Kata Benda) yesterday.
Here is (V) the result of election (S).
4. Subjek, Kata Kerja, dan here/there
There are (V) the results of election (S).
Subjek dan Kata Kerja dengan subjek
5. Either of these buses goes past the university.
indefinite 1)
Subjek dan Kata Kerja dengan subjek kolektif
6. 2 Twenty dollars is the price.
)
7. Kata Benda dengan Kata Gantu Al is interested in mathematics and its applications.
Kata Ganti Subjek dengan Kata Ganti Those of us who are over fifty years old should get our blood pressure checked
8.
Kepunyaan regularly.
Indefinite Subject Pronoun 3) dan Kata Ganti
9. Whoever called did not leave his name and number.
Kepunyaan
If one knew the facts, one would not be so quick to critize. atau
10. Impersonal Pronouns - One 4)
If one knew the facts, he would not be so quick to critize.
1
) Kata kerja bentuk tunggal: anyone, anything, each, either, everyone, everything, neither, noone, nothing, what, whatever, whoever
Kata kerja sesuai dengan frasa kualifikasi atau konteks kalimat: all, any, some, the rest
2
) Kata kerja bentuk tunggal: audience, band, chorus, class, committee, faculty, family, group, majority, orchestra, police, public, series,
staff, team, variety, ... (>1) dollars, ... (>1) miles
Kata kerja bentuk jamak: people
Dalam kasus tertentu, kita dapat menggunakan kata kerja jamak dengan subjek kolektif untuk mengekspresikan sifat individu yang khas
dalam suatu kelompok.
3
) Indefinite subject pronoun adalah kata ganti yang ditujukan untuk satu orang/kata benda atau lebih yang tidak spesifik. Umumnya,
subjek tunggal yang tidak spesifik selalu diwakili oleh subjek tunggal dari gender laki-laki.
4
) Impersonal pronouns “one” digunakan ketika berbicara mengenai orang secara umum. Kata ganti impersonal yang digunakan harus
memiliki kecocokan satu sama lain dalam kalimat. Dalam penulisan bersifat formal, penting untuk secara konsisten menggunakan kata
ganti impersonal one di seluruh bagian kalimat. Dalam penulisan kalimat yang bersifat informal, he atau his dapat digunakan
menggantikan one atau one’s untuk merujuk ke penggunaan sebelumnya dari kata ganti one. Hindari menggunakan you, your, they,
atau their untuk merujuk ke kata ganti impersonal one.

H. FRASA NEGATIF
(Only after, not until, ...)
Frasa Negatif ... + Auxiliary Verb + S + V0
Contoh:
1. only after food has been dried or canned should it be stored for later consumption
= hanya setelah makanan telah dikeringkan atau kalengan harus disimpan untuk konsumsi nanti
= makanan harus disimpan untuk konsumsi nanti setelah makanan dikeringkan atau dikalengkan
2. not until a student has mastered algebra can he begin to understand the principles of geometry, trigonometry, and physics.
= tidak sampai seorang siswa menguasai aljabar, dia dapat mulai memahami prinsip-prinsip geometri, trigonometri, dan fisika.
= Seorang siswa tidak dapat mulai memahami prinsip geometri, trigonometri, dan fisika, sebelum dia menguasai aljabar

Bentuk Embedded Questions


Kata tanya yang terdapat di dalam sebuah kalimat
S + verb (phrase) + question word + S + V

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In ground control approach, the air traffic controller informs the pilot how far the plane is from the touchdown point

Prefer diikuti to

“most” merupakan salah satu bentuk determiner; sedangkan “most of” masuk dalam kategori pronoun. Lalu,
bagaimana cara menggunakan keduanya dengan tepat?

Pertama, kita menggunakan “most” sebelum kata benda (noun) yang tidak memiliki determiner. Sedangkan “most
of” kita gunakan untuk noun serta pronoun yang memiliki determiner; seperti article (the), possessive, serta
demonstrative.
Setelah most adalah kata benda plural
Most girls like shopping (Kebanyakan perempuan suka berbelanja)
Most of us like shopping (Sebagian besar dari kami suka berbelanja)
Most cheese is made from milk (Kebanyakan keju terbuat dari susu)
Most of the cheese we buy is made from milk (Kebanyakan keju yang kita beli terbuat dari susu
I love most fruits (Aku senang sebagian besar buah-buahan)
I was the one who ate most of the fruits (Aku adalah orang yang makan sebagian besar buah-buahan tersebut)

Direct object dan indirect object


Dilansir dari Cambridge Dictionary, jika kita ingin mengekspresikan untuk
menerima sesuatu kita bisa menggunakan susunan kata yang tipikal
dengan direct object (do) dan juga indirect object (io).
Penempatan io dan do ini bisa berpengaruh pada arti kalimat. Mari lihat
contohnya di bawah ini:

 Indirect object berada setelah direct object jika dalam kalimat tersebut


menggunakan preposition “to”. (The doctor gave some medicine to the
child.)
 Indirect object berada di depan direct object, preposition “to” harus
dihilangkan. (The doctor gave the child some medicine.)

1. ADJECTIVE ORDER
DOSA TANPA SEBAB CORI MABUR
Determiner – Number – Opinion – Size – Age – Temperature – Shape – Color – Original – Material – Purpose

(Only after, not until, ...)


Frasa Negatif ... + Auxiliary Verb + S + V0
Contoh:
That of -> that/those mengikuti kata setelahnya, biasanya digunakan dalam perbandinganreduc

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Berbagai macam iklim di Amerika Utara telah membantu memunculkan sebuah pola wilayah tanah yang kompleks. Pada umumnya,
tanah tersebut juga mencerminkan pembagian menjadi Amerika Lembab dan Amerika Kering. Dimana curah hujan tahunan melebihi 20 inci
(50 cm), tanah di Amerika Lembab menjadi lebih bersifat asam, karena tanaman paling baik tumbuh di tanah yang tidak asam maupun basa.
Pemupukan dibutuhkan untuk mencapai level netralitas yang diinginkan. Tanah Amerika Kering bersifat basa dan harus dipupuk agar
kembali netral dengan menambahkan senyawa asam. Meskipun banyak di antara tanah tersebut tanah kering, khususnya di Dataran Tinggi,
tanahnya cukup subur, pemukim Eropa mempelajari lebih dari seabad bahwa air adalah komposisi utama yang dilupakan dalam meraih
potensi agrokultural. Pada 1970, metode irigasi tertentu disempurnakan dan akhirnya menyediakan kesempatan yang nyata untuk
memperluas insentif pertanian barat dari Dataran Rendah ke Dataran Tinggi yang lebih kering. Glasiasi juga meningkatkan warisan yang
kaya dari tanah subur di Dataran Rendah.
Amerika Serikat, dari pengendapan serpihan glasial yang kaya mineral yang ditinggalkan oleh lelehan air dan lapisan tebal material
glasial yang tertiup angin, disebut loess, di dalam dan di sekitar pertengahan Lembah Mississippi. Pola vegetasi alam dapat disajikan di
sebuah peta Amerika Utara, tetapi modifikasi manusia yang besar sekali terhadap lingkungan di Amerika Utara pada zaman modern telah
mengurangi skema regionalisasi ke level hipotesis. Namun, dikotomi Amerika Lembab dan Amerika Kering masih umum digunakan:
vegetasi alami dari area yang menerima lebih dari 20 inci air secara tahunan adalah hutan, sedangkan iklim yang kering menciptakan padang
rumput. Hutan Amerika Utara cenderung membuat transisi bentangan dengan garis lintang. Di Kanada Utara, hutan daun jarum
mendominasi, tetapi pohon konifera ini menjadi bercampur dengan pohon berdaun lebar sebagai satu perbatasan persilangan ke timur laur
Amerika Serikat. Sebagai satu hasil menuju tenggara, vegetasi daun lebar menjadi dominan. Amerika Lembab kebanyakan terdiri atas
padang rumput atau savana rumput pendek. Area yang benar-benar gurun adalah di barat daya.

Kebanyakan sumber penerangan menghasilkan cahaya melebihi periode yang lama, dan memang jika sebuah objek itu kecil selama
waktu yang sangat singkat (kurang dari 1/25 sekon), mata manusia tidak akan beraksi pada waktunya untuk melihat objek. Emulsi fotografi,
yang adalah sebuah cahaya sensitif yang melapisi film, kertas, atau kaca fotografi, akan merekam lebih pendek rentetan cahaya.
Cahaya fotografi bisa digunakan untuk menangkap pergerakan kecepatan tinggi di film dan mengoreksi kekurangan kenormalan
pencahayaan sekitar. Foto cahaya sekrang diciptakan secara elektronik, tetapi bentuk paling awal, yang pertama kali digunakan pada 1864,
adalah sebuah tas kertas yang terdiri atas kabel magnesium dan beberapa zat kaya oksigen, seperti kalium klorat. Ketika tas kertas
dinyalakan, logam terbakar dengan cahaya yang intens. Sebuah pengamat modern melaporkan bahwa perangkat yang cukup tidak aman ini
kelihatannya tidak melakukan kesalahan yang menelan ruangan di asap pekat dan menghasilkan gamabr dengan kualitas meragukan dan
pose aneh.
Evolusi foto cahaya lambat, lampu blitz, yang terdiri atas kabel yang terbat dari logam, seperti magnesium atau aluminium, bisa
menjadi nyala di atmosfer yang oksigennya murni di tekanan yang rendah, dikenalkan hanya pada 1920-an. Pada tipe paling awal, logam itu
dipisahkan dari oksigen dengan sebuah bohlam kaca tipis. Cahaya yang terbakar oleh tusukan bohlam dan ikutan oksigen datang untuk
mengontak logam, yang terbakar secara spontan. Kemudian bohlam yang terbakar oleh baterai elektrik, yang memanaskan kabel dengan
mengalirkan arus melaluinya. Kombinasi yang lain, seperti sepasang oksigen difluorida dan zirkonium, juga telah digunakan. Di setiap
kasus, energi yang cukup diberikan untuk memanaskan oksidasi logam sesaat untuk sebuah emisi putih panas cahaya yang terlihat. Partikel
asap sangat kecil sekali sehingga dingin dengan cepat, tetapi karena berwarna putih, partikel asap tersebut berkontribusi pada kecerdasan
dengan merefleksikan cahaya dari dekatnya yang masih bersinar. Bentuk logam yang sedikit lebih besar akan membakar selama waktu yang
lebih lama.

Inovasi bergaya dalam lukisan dikenal sebagai Impresionisme dimulai pada 1870-an. Impresionis ingin menggambarkan apa yang
mereka lihat di alam, tetapi mereka (malah) terinspirasi untuk menggambarkan potongan peristiwa di saat kehidupan modern berjalan
dengan cepat. Mereka berkonsentrasi dalam memainkan cahaya pada benda, orang, dan alam, memisahkan permukaan yang sepertinya
padat, menekankan kontras yang jelas antara warna sinar matahari dan bayangan, dan penggambaran pantulan cahaya di setiap
kemungkinan. Tidak seperti pelukis terdahulu, mereka tidak ingin mengamati dunia dari dalam. Mereka meninggalkan studio, melukis di
udara terbuka dan merekam kesan spontan dari subjek mereka daripada membuat sketsa luar dan kemudian pindah ke dalam untuk
menyelesaikan pekerjaan dari memori.
Beberapa metode melukis impresionis dipengaruhi oleh kemajuan teknologi. Contohnya, pergantian dari studio ke udara terbuka dibuat
mungkin dalam hal kemurahan perjalanan kereta api, yang mengizinkan kemudahan dan kecepatan akses ke pedesaan atau pantai, dan
dengan perkembangan perwarna kimia dan minyak, yang membuat tabung cat yang bisa dilipat, yang membuat pelukis bisa menyelesaikan
lukisan mereka di tempat.
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Impresionisme memperoleh namanya bukan dari pendukungnya tetapi dari pecinta seni yang marah yang merasa terancam oleh lukisan
yang baru. Istilah “impresionisme” lahir pada 1874, ketika sebuah grup pelukis yang bekerja sama mengorganisasikan sebuah pemeran
lukisan mereka untuk menarik perhatian publik pada pekerjaan mereka. Reaksi dari publik dan pers langsung, dan ejekan. Di antara 165
lukisan yang dipamerkan ada satu yang disebut impression: Sunrise, oleh Claude Monet (1840-1926). Dilihat dari mata yang orang awam,
lukisan matahari terbit Monet berkabut, bagian berair seperti berantakan, sembrono, dan sebuah penghinaan untuk selera yang bagus.
Meminjam judul Monet, kritikus seni smemperpanjang istilah “impresionism” ke seluruh pameran. Dalam merespon, Monet dan 29 sesama
pelukis dalam pameran mengadopsi nama yang sama sebagai bagde kesatuan mereka, meskipun ada perbedaan individu. Dari saat itu
sampai dengan 1886 Impresionisme memiliki semua semangat dari “gereja”, seperti yang dikatakan pelukis Renoir. Monet setia kepada
Impresionisme sampai dengan kematiannya, meskipun banyak orang lain beranjak ke gaya yang baru.

Cara Menggunakan Tanda Hubung dalam Bahasa Inggris


Tanda hubung (hyphen ("-")) dalam bahasa Inggris digunakan untuk berbagai bentuk tata bahasa yang
berbeda dari tanda pisah en (en dash ("–")) maupun tanda pisah em (em dash ("—")). Karena ketiga simbol
ini secara visual hanya berbeda dalam hal panjangnya, sangat mudah untuk keliru membedakan ketiganya.
Namun, dengan mengingat beberapa aturan mudah, tidak sulit untuk mulai menggunakan tanda hubung
dalam bahasa Inggris dengan kepercayaan diri seorang penyunting berpengalaman. Baca Langkah 1 di
bawah untuk mulai menyempurnakan penggunaan tanda hubung Anda di dalam bahasa Inggris!

Bagian
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Menggunakan Tanda Hubung dengan Benar dalam Bahasa Inggris

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Gunakan tanda hubung untuk kata majemuk. Salah satu penggunaan tanda hubung yang paling
umum dan penting dalam bahasa Inggris adalah untuk menyatukan kata dan konsep terkait guna
membentuk kata tunggal dan frasa tergabung. Misalnya, istilah-istilah seperti "state-of-the-art",
"first-timer", dan "penny-pincher" semuanya menggunakan tanda hubung untuk menciptakan satu
ide tunggal dari banyak kata.
 Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh tanda hubung yang digunakan dengan benar pada kata majemuk
dalam bahasa Inggris:
The singer was infamous for his over-reliance on autotune.
That ten-year-old is remarkably mature for her age.
 Sebagai aturan umum, Anda tidak boleh memberi spasi di sekitar tanda hubung (misalnya, tulis "ten-
year-old", bukan "ten - year - old".)

2
Gunakan tanda hubung untuk kata bahasa Inggris berawalan tertentu. Sebagian besar kata bahasa
Inggris berawalan, seperti "predetermined" dan "evermore" tidak memerlukan tanda hubung. Namun,
beberapa awalan dalam bahasa Inggris (yaitu, "ex-", "self-", "all-", dan terkadang "cross-")
memerlukan tanda hubung untuk memisahkannya dari kata yang dimodifikasi. Catat bahwa "cross"
tidak memerlukan tanda hubung pada kata seperti "crossword", di mana awalan tersebut adalah
bagian dari kata itu sendiri, juga pada istilah "cross purposes", di mana awalan tersebut merupakan
sebuah kata terpisah, karena tidak digunakan sebagai awalan dalam kasus-kasus tersebut.
 Berikut ini adalah contoh tanda hubung yang digunakan untuk awalan dalam bahasa Inggris:
She frequently accused her ex-boyfriend of being completely self-absorbed.

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Gunakan tanda hubung saat membuat kata orisinal dalam bahasa Inggris. Mirip dengan
penggunaan untuk kata majemuk, tanda hubung juga dapat digunakan untuk membuat istilah
deskriptif yang bervariasi yang mungkin tidak ditemukan di dalam kamus. Tanda hubung yang
digunakan dengan cara ini membuat Anda dapat menciptakan sendiri kata bahasa Inggris dari nol.
Namun, penting untuk tidak terlalu bergantung pada kata-kata bahasa Inggris bertanda hubung
yang unik, karena dapat mengganggu. Jika Anda dapat menyampaikan ide dengan sama baiknya
hanya dengan satu atau lebih kata normal, lakukanlah.
 Berikut ini adalah contoh kata bertanda hubung unik yang digunakan dengan baik dalam bahasa
Inggris:
Kim took time off from her job and became a professional couch-sitter in the days just before giving birth.
 Berikut ini adalah contoh kata bertanda hubung unik yang digunakan dengan tidak perlu dalam
bahasa Inggris. Dalam kasus ini, tanda hubung tidak membuat istilah menjadi lebih mudah
dipahami.
I couldn't decide what to get at the pizza place, so I ordered my usual three-cheese-no-meat combo.

Gunakan tanda hubung untuk menjelaskan arti kata. Beberapa kata bahasa Inggris diberi
tanda hubung karena saat tidak diberi tanda hubung arti kata tersebut menjadi tidak jelas.
Misalnya, untuk menyampaikan ide duplikat atau replika, penulis dapat menggunakan kata "re-
creation" dan bukan "recreation" karena yang kedua juga dapat berarti "bersenang-senang" atau
"hiburan". Tanda hubung juga dapat digunakan dengan cara yang sama seperti cara membuat
kata majemuk tampak lebih menarik secara visual dalam kasus di mana kata pertama berakhir
dengan huruf yang sama dengan huruf pertama kata kedua.
 Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh tanda hubung yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan arti kata. Pada
contoh pertama, "re-signed" mempunyai arti yang berbeda dari "resigned", dan "foreign-film
theater" memiliki arti yang lebih jelas daripada "foreign film theater". Pada contoh kedua, tanda
hubung memisahkan "e" yang pertama dari yang kedua.
Jeremy re-signed his contract, then took the train to the foreign-film theater to celebrate.
After the convicts passed a compulsory period of good behavior, the re-education program began in
earnest.
Gunakan tanda hubung untuk angka di bawah seratus yang terdiri dari dua kata dalam
bahasa Inggris. Meskipun aturan kapan menggunakan angka dan kapan mengeja angka dapat
berbeda-beda untuk setiap panduan gaya penulisan bahasa Inggris, banyak sumber tata bahasa
akan menganjurkan penggunaan tanda hubung untuk angka dua-kata di bawah seratus. Dengan
kata lain, gunakan tanda hubung untuk angka twenty-one sampai ninety-nine, dengan
pengecualian thirty, forty, fifty, dll. Ini juga berarti bahwa setelah seratus, Anda akan masih
menggunakan tanda hubung di antara angka-angka "puluhan" dan "satuan" (misalnya, "two
hundred twenty-two").
 Berikut ini adalah contoh tanda hubung yang digunakan dengan benar pada angka bahasa Inggris:
The wedding reception had eighty-eight guests, but the cooks only prepared seventy-nine entrees.
https://id.wikihow.com/Menggunakan-Tanda-Hubung-dalam-Bahasa-Inggris

Bagaimana penggunaan "is" di akhir kalimat?


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Ellie W

Tahu Bahasa InggrisPenulis punya 4 rb jawaban dan 2,9 jt tayangan jawaban2thn

Semula Dijawab: Bagaimana penggunaan is di akhir kalimat?

Kata "is" dapat berada di akhir kalimat bila ia bagian dari frase obyek (phrasal object) kalimat tersebut
yang diawali oleh "relative pronoun" seperti "how", "where", "when", dsb.
Akan rancu bila dikelirukan dengan fungsi "is" sebagai "tobe" yang mengikuti subyek kalimat dan harus
diikuti obyek.
Kalimat simpel: This is my phone. Subyek (This) + Verb (is) + Obyek (my phone).
"Is" di akhir kalimat: I know where my phone is. Subyek (I) + Verb (know) + Relative Pronoun (where)
functioning as a Phrasal Object (where my phone is).
Catatan: Saya sendiri merasa hal itu terlalu rumit sehingga saya tidak menghapal rumusnya. Yang saya
tahu hanya apa yang umum dan tidak umum karena terasa janggal bila diucapkan.
Contohnya,
I don't know where my phone… secara struktur kata sudah mencukupi tetapi terasa janggal. Dari mana
saya dapat merasakan hal tersebut tidak umum? Dari banyak-banyak menonton film dan mendengarkan
lagu.

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