Cogent Engineering

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Reliability assessment and enhancement of

Dangila distribution system with distribution
generation

Addisu Mamo & Abraham Hizkiel

To cite this article: Addisu Mamo & Abraham Hizkiel (2023) Reliability assessment and
enhancement of Dangila distribution system with distribution generation, Cogent Engineering,
10:1, 2191375, DOI: 10.1080/23311916.2023.2191375

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Mamo & Hizkiel, Cogent Engineering (2023), 10: 2191375
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2023.2191375

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING | RESEARCH ARTICLE

Reliability assessment and enhancement of
Dangila distribution system with distribution
generation
Received: 25 February 2022 Addisu Mamo1* and Abraham Hizkiel2
Accepted: 11 March 2023
Abstract: The reliability assessment helps to determine the existing power system
*Corresponding author: Addisu
Mamo, Department of Electrical and reliability. Equipment failures may decrease reliability and the major contributory
Computer Engineering, Debre Tabour factors for power system unreliability. Therefore, the objective of this study was
University College of Technology,
Debre Tabour 26, Ethiopia reliability assessment for distribution with distribution generation units and with­
E-mail: [email protected]
out distribution generation units, Dangila substation from 2020 to 2021. The base
Reviewing editor: case reliability indices were 774.93, 1231.48, 1.589, 85.96%, and 14.04 for system
Qingsong Ai, Wuhan University of
Technology, China average interruption frequency index, system average interruption duration index,
Additional information is available at customer average interruption duration index, average service availability index
the end of the article and average service unavailability index respectively. These indices are below the
standards of Ethiopian Electric power set indices values of 20 system average in
terruption frequency index and 25 system average interruption duration index.
Therefore, the system needs improvement to achieve the minimum system relia­
bility standard. Distribution generation was used to improve the system reliability
in this paper. Distribution generation was placed at five suggested locations of
feeder seven from substation, 66kilometer, 80kilometer, 100kilometer, 113.3kilo­
meter, and 146kilometer distances. The results shows that as distribution gene
ration was placed further from Supply point the reliability of the power system will
be improved more. The assessment result of feeder seven shows that the feeder
had more outages with the base cases of 636, 833, and 1.311 system average

ABOUT THE AUTHORS PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT

Addisu Mamo lecturer at the faculty of electrical There has been growing interest in electrical
and computer engineering, Debre Tabour energy. Since electrical energy plays a vital role in
University Institute of Technology, Ethiopia. the economic and social development of any
I obtained my first degree in Electrical Power country, a stable and reliable electric power sup­
Engineering in Debre Markos University ply system is essential for the technology and
and second degree in Electrical Power System economic growth of any society. Integrating dis­
Engineering in Bahir Dar University 2014 and tributed generation with existing grid is one of the
2020 respectively. My teaching experience in methods of reliability improvement that aims at
power system engineering alongside with my increasing power system reliability. The effective­
research background, m research interest is ness of system depends on the placement of
power system reliability. distribution generation and the size distribution
Abraham Hizkiel Nebey is an assistant professor generation. These are considered to obtain opti­
at faculty of electrical and computer engineer­ mal results in terms of system reliability.
ing, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology. He Integrating distribution generation with national
obtained his first degree in Electrical Power grid is used to obtain most reliable power system.
Engineering in Debre Markos University In Ethiopia, electric power interruption is
and second degree in Electrical Power System a common incident. Thus, integrating distribution
Engineering in Bahir Dar University. generation with national grid is a solution to
improve power system reliability.

© 2023 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons
Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.

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interruption frequency index, system average interruption duration index, custo­

mer average interruption duration index respectively. The size of distribution
generation for feeder seven was 3.13 MW to supply 50% of feeder peak load. After
distribution generation placed at feeder seven the system average interruption
frequency index, system average interruption duration index, customer average
interruption duration index, and average service unavailability index indices were
20.0868, 25.109, 1.25, and 99.71%. This shows that the system reliability is
improved as compared to the base case and the reliability standards of the
country were achieved.

Subjects: Electrical & Electronic Engineering; Power & Energy; Technology

Keywords: Adequacy; distributed generation; DIgSILENT; expected energy not supplied;

failure rate; interruptions reliability

1. Introduction
Using electricity is becoming an essential part of our lives. Since electrical energy plays a vital role
in the economic and social development of any country, a stable and reliable electric power supply
system is essential for the technology and economic growth of any society. Electric power utilities
should provide uninterrupted power supply to their customers.

The main problem facing in electric power utilities in the case study is the power interruption.
However, there is no sufficient technical research has been carried out in the distribution network.
This is due to lack of technical know-how in regarding system reliability assessment and improve­
ment in the utility. It is not possible to prevent all component failures in the electric system. Due to
this, reliability is a common problem in the power system. Therefore, the power system needs
reliability assessment and improvement with distribution generation.

In Ethiopia, the economic and social effects of loss of electric service have significant impacts for
both the Ethiopian electric power and the electric utilities supplying electric energy for end users of
electric service. The major power outage cost confined to one state can be on the order of tens of
millions of dollars. If a major power outage affects multiple states, then the cost can exceed
a hundred million dollars. The power system is vulnerable to system abnormalities such as control
failures, protection or communication system failures, and disturbances, such as lightning, and
human operational errors (Tur, 2020; Jamshid & Abrar, 2020; Ostovar et al., 2021; Aruna et al.,
2021; Prajapati & Mahajan, 2021).

The power distribution system was established mainly to provide adequate electricity supply to
its customers as economically as possible with reasonable assurance of reliability. Nowadays, in
Ethiopia, the power distribution networks have grown exponentially in terms of size and technol­
ogy over the past few years. Therefore, the utility company must strive to ensure that the
customer’s reliability requirements are met with optimum strategic planning and the lowest
possible cost. The ability of the system to provide an adequate supply of electric energy deter­
mined by the term reliability (Kumar et al., 2020; Karngala & Singh, 2021; Gaur et al., 2021; Khan et
al., 2019; Ghiasi et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2019).

The reason behind it is the generation and transmission systems are capital intensive and the
inadequacy can have widespread consequences for both society and the environment. However,
a distribution network is slightly cheaper compared to the generation and distribution because its
effects are more localized. As analyzing the customer failure statistics of most utilities shows that the
distribution system makes the greatest individual contribution to the unavailability of electrical supply

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to the customer (Ostovar, 2021; Karngala & Singh, 2021; Puri et al., 2020; Kannan et al., 2021; Ahmad,
2021).

Assessment and evaluation of the reliability of power system networks are the most accurate
and effective way in decision making, especially in planning, operation, and maintenance. The
historical assessment and predictive methods are normally used to evaluate the reliability of
a distribution network. Most of the utilities focus on historical assessment rather than predictive
methods. Therefore, the predictive methods are categorized into analytical and simulation meth­
ods. Reliability assessment method for distribution systems can be divided into two classes:
simulation and analytical method (Prajapati & Mahajan, 2021; Mi et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2012;
Akhtar et al., 2021; de Sousa et al., 2019). The simulation methods is the most flexible but requires
extensive time in computational and uncertainty in precision and analytical method can be fatally
divided into two; network modeling and Markov modeling. This network modeling is the most
popular technique for distribution system reliability analysis due to the simplicity of the method
and the natural similarities between the network model and the distribution topology. The basic
difference between simulation and analytical methods is the way in which the system reliability
indices are evaluated (Karngala & Singh, 2021; Tiwary & Tiwary, 2021 Myhre et al., 2021; Li et al.,
2019; Bae & Kim, 2008; Jirutitijaroen & Singh, 2008). By applying both analytical and simulation
methods, the reliability indices for distribution systems will be determined such as System Average
Interruption Frequency Index and System Average Interruption Duration Index. The probability
distribution of System Average Interruption Frequency Index and System Average Interruption
Duration Index, which give information about the variability of the indices, also needs to obtain to
improve the reliability indices (Jamshid & Abrar, 2020; Tiwary & Tiwary, 2020; Memarzadeh &
Keynia, 2020; Ahmed et al., 2021; Tiwary, 2019; Barzkar et al., 2022).

Monte Carlo methods are a class of computational methods that rely on repeated random
sampling to compute the statistics. More broadly, Monte Carlo methods are useful for modeling
phenomena with significant uncertainty in the systems. They are used for obtaining numerical
solutions to problems which are too complicated to solve analytically. In an analytical method,
unfortunately, assumptions are frequently required to simplify the problems. As complex sys­
tems and complex operating procedures have to be considered, analytical method is not even
capable to achieve the correct solution. Therefore, the simulation techniques are very important
in the reliability evaluation. Monte Carlo simulation is increasingly considered by system
planners due to the capability of modeling system behavior more comprehensively and informa­
tively. Sequential Monte Carlo method is typically applied for solving the uncertainty of a system
in chronological order. If the operating life of the system is sufficiently simulated using Monte
Carlo method, it is possible to conclude the behavior of the system and obtain a clear picture of
the type of failure. Simulation aims to make estimates of unknown parameters which will serve
as real experiments. Monte Carlo simulation methods estimate power system reliability indices
by simulating the actual operations and random events in the system. The method treats the
problem as a series of real experiments. The technique used in this study is sequential simulation
that can comprehensively take into account the chronological behavior of the system. Therefore,
the method treats the Problem as a series of experiments. Monte Carlo simulation requires
a large amount of computing time as compared to analytical methods. A significant advantage
of utilizing sequential Monte Carlo simulation in bulk electric system reliability analysis is its
ability to provide reliability index probability distributions in addition to the expected values of
these indices.

This study contributes to the existing knowledge by providing the integration of distribution
generation with the existing national grid for reliability improvements. Distribution generation is
used to improve the overall power system reliability.

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2. Materials and methods

2.1 Study area and period

Reliability assessment is conducted in Dangila town from 14 January 2020 to 21 January 2021.
Dangila is a town in Awi Zone in Amhara regional state. It is 76 kilometers away from Bahir Dar,
which is the capital city of Amhara region. There is 66kVA substation in the town. Dangila
substation serves to the town and the surrounding community.

Dangila is located in the North-Western parts of Ethiopia between 11.26° North latitude 36.85°
East longitudes. There is electricity access to town and the surrounding community. However,
system reliability is a common problem and the community suffer with this reliability problem.

2.2 Data collection

The data were obtained from Ethiopian Electric Utility and Electric power. The data obtained
included fault statistics, outage consequences, the number of interruptions per year, interruption
duration, and energy not supplied. The data regarding distribution network such as existing
distribution system capacity, the capacity of power supplied to the network was collected. The
data like the number of connected feeders, minimum, maximum demands per year, the distance
from substation to the feeder was collected from Ethiopian Electric.

2.3 System modeling

The distribution generation system components were mathematically modeled with the perspec­
tive of reliability improvement. The system reliability indices were calculated with the following
equations (Equations 1–7).

Total number of customer interruptions ∑λi

SAIFI ¼ ¼ ð=yrÞ (1)
Total number of customer ∑Ni

Ni is Total number of customers interrupted

NT is Total number of customers served

λi is number of interruptions

sum of customer interruption durations ∑ui Ni

SAIDI ¼ ¼ ðhr=yrÞ
Total number of customer served ∑λi Ni (2)

Ui is restoration time, minutes

sum of customer interruption durations ∑ui Ni SAIDI

CAIDI ¼ ¼ ¼ ðhrÞ
Total number of customer interruptions ∑λi Ni SAIFI (3)

customer hours of available service ∑Ni � 8760 ∑ui Ni

ASAI ¼ ¼
Total hours demanded ∑Ni � 8760 (4)

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Duration of outage in hours 8760 SAIDI

ASUI ¼ ¼ (5)
Total hours demanded 8760

ASUI ¼ 1 ASAI

ENS ¼ ∑ðiÞLaUi (6)

Where, La (i) is the average load given by:

Ed
La ðiÞ ¼ Lp ðiÞ � LF ðiÞ ¼ (7)
t

Where, Lp is peak load, Lf is load factor, Ed is average energy and T is time required.

DIgSILENT software was used to model the existing systems, and the collected data was entered
to DIgSILENT software for the existing system reliability assessment. Distribution generation
placement was modeled with DIgSILENT and reliability was analyzed.

2.3 Single line diagram system of substation

The single line of Bahir Dar 400kV substation II is shown (Figure 1). At this substation the 66kV
transmission line is stretched to 76.47 km to dangle substation. Then, the distribution system in
the city has a primary voltage of 15kV and 33 kV. This voltage value was stepped down to 380 V/
220 in three-phase and single phase respectively.

2.4 Sizing of distribution generation

In determining the size of distribution generation, the following were taken into consideration:

(I) Distribution generation is placed at the most outages feeders.

(II) Keeping the power factor of distribution generation constant

(III) Maximum energy not supplied.

Figure 1. Single diagram of

Dangila base case substation.

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In this case study feeder two, feeder five, and feeder seven have more interruption duration
and frequency. The corresponding peak loads are 3.742, 1.326, and 6.25 MW respectively. The
size of the selected distribution generation is based on the peak load of feeder seven which is
6.25 mW. This feeder also have large values of energy not supplied. The size of distribution
generation is 50% peak load of feeder seven. The selection of this 50% is for the reduction of
the annual revenue loss from the substation. Therefore, size distribution generation is
3.25 mW.

2.5 Placement of distribution generation

The placement of distribution generation was contributory factor for reliability improvement.
Average reliability indices of the distribution system were analyzed. Among the seven feeders,
three have more interruption durations: feeder two, feeder five, and feeder seven. Therefore, the
placements of distributed generation were on those three feeders to find optimal locations among
three feeders (Table 1). This assessment indicates that feeder seven has largest value of energy
not supplied.

2.6 Feeder seven reliability indices with distance perspectives

Distribution generation was placed at different points of the radial distribution system. At feeder
seven, five locations were suggested for placing distribution. The following distances from the
substation were considered for feeder reliability assessment.

(I) Distribution generation located at substation

(II) Distribution generation located at 6.6 km distance

(III) Distribution generation located at 8 km distance

(IV) Distribution generation located at 10 km distance

(V) Distribution generation located at 11.33 km distance

(VI) Distribution generation located at 14.6 km distance

Table 1. Placements of distributed generation

Feeder SAIFI SAIDI CAIDI ASAI ASUI ENS (MWh) AENS
name
D-01 693.5 1134.20 1.635 0.8707 0.1293 1113.8978 0.28387
D-02 1113 1315.94 1.155 0.8272 0.1728 2883.3179 0.74504
D-03 680 487.60 0.717 0.9444 0.0556 592.922 0.19446
D-04 786.5 738.53 0.939 0.9103 0.0897 1013.263 0.49427
D-05 918.5 1473.22 2.693 0.7181 0.2819 1758.46 0.63874
D-06 26.5 385.1 14.532 0.9561 0.0439 43.1312 0.64375
D-07 1092 1885.78 1.874 0.7850 0.215 6030.7244 0.89106
Total 774.93 1231.48 1.589 0.8596 0.1404 13435.71634 0.597647

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Figure 2. Simulation of distri­

bution generation locations
14.6km.

In conclusion distribution generation placed at the start of the feeder barely improves the
reliability indices. The placed distribution generation was not mitigated feeder at this distance.
It acts as an additional source to supply bus. However, the distribution generation would be
used to supply loads during grid fails. Thus, reliability indices were slightly increased and
significant improvements as the distribution generation was placed at distance from the supply
point. Therefore, the base reliability indices SAIFI, SAIDI, and ENS were decreased, but ASAI
were increased while distribution generation was further from the substation. In this regard,
distribution generation was placed at 14.6 km (Figure 2) end of customers for more
improvements.

3. Result and discussion

3.1 Result of reliability versus distance at feeder seven

The study proposed five locations for distribution generation placement to find optimal reliability
improvements in power system on feeder seven.

3.1.1 Distribution generation supply point

As distribution generation was placed at supply point, there is no reliability improvement. The
reliability indices were the same as the base case. The result obtained shows that the probability of
interruption and duration occurring in the supply point happens rarely. Therefore, distribution
generation placement at supply point is not mitigating the power system reliability. This distribu­
tion generation is used as an additional source in this regard.

3.1.2 Distribution generation location at line 6.6 km

When distribution generation is placed at 6.6 km from substation, distribution generation barely
improves reliability indices. Therefore reliability improvement indices at 6.6 km of SAIFI, SAIDI, and
ENS were 2.2%, 2.113% and 12.14% respectively with respect the base case.

3.1.3 Distribution generation location at line 8 km

As distribution generation is placed at 8 km, the reliability indices are improved more in the
previous distances. The result obtained shows the reliability improvement indices at 8 km of
SAIFI, SAIDI, and ENS were 40.88%, 39.97%, and 30.33% respectively.

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Figure 3. Distance versus

Reliability indices.

3.1.4 Distribution generation location at line 10 km

As distribution generation is placed at 10 km from substation, the reliability indices are improved to
61.32% of SAIFI, 62.18% SAIDI, and 81.78% ENS.

3.1.5 Distribution generation location at line 11.33 km

As distribution generation is placed at 11.33 km from substation, the reliability indices are
improved to 85% of SAIFI, 83.07% SAIDI, and 82.707% ENS.

3.1.6 Distribution generation location at line 14.6 km

Distributed generation placement at the starting point of the feeder barely improved the reliability
indices. The distributed generation acts as an additional source to the supply bus as the power
grid. As the grid fails to supply the distributed generation supply and reliability indices are slightly
improved. However, placement of distributed generation at far point from supply improves the
reliability significantly. There are different results as the same magnitude of distributed generation
is placed at the end point of the supply due to distance effects.

As distribution generation is placed at line 14.6 km, the reliability indices (Figure 3) results are
improved to 99.99% of SAIFI, 96.998% SAIDI, 92.1% ENS, and 99.71% ASAI.

4. Conclusion
This work introduced the optimal placement and size of distribution generation for reliability improve­
ment. The reliability assessment was conducted on the radial distribution systems of 15 kV and 33 kV.
Feeder seven was selected as the optimal placement of distribution generation. Reliability indices were
improved more as the distribution generation was placed further from the substation. As distribution
generation was placed at feeder seven the average system available index was 99.71%. The average
system availability index of this substation was improved by 13.77%. This is nearly the same as
average system availability index of the standard values of the country. It is concluded that placing
distribution generation at optimal place on national grid is a reasonable choice to improve the power
system reliability. Therefore, using a distribution generation for system reliability improvement is
important to overcome the reliability problem in Ethiopia.

Limitations
The modeling of this distribution system is done by placements of distribution generation in the
system as the type of radial network and other types of distribution systems such as meshed and
ring networks may be considered for reliability evaluation in the future.

Funding Author details

There is no fund. Addisu Mamo1

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E-mail: [email protected] 110(3), 1931–1952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-

Abraham Hizkiel2 021-05019-7
1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, de Sousa, R. S., Martins, C. C., & Sperandio, M. (2019,
Debre Tabour University College of Technology, Debre September). Distribution System Reliability
Tabour, Ethiopia. Assessment Using Sequential Monte Carlo
2
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bahir Simulation. In 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid
Dar Institute of Technology Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Technologies Conference-Latin America (ISGT Latin
America) (pp. 1–6). IEEE.
Abbreviations Gaur, V., Yadav, O. P., Soni, G., & Rathore, A. P. S. (2021). A
AC: Alternative current that depend at time t. literature review on network reliability analysis and
AENS: Average Energy Not Supplied Index. its engineering applications. Proceedings of the
ASAI: Average Service Availability Index. Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of
ASUI: Average Service Unavailability Index. Risk and Reliability, 235(2), 167–181.
CAIDI: Customer Average Interruption Duration Index. Ghiasi, M., Ghadimi, N., and Ahmadinia, E. (2019). An
CAIFI: Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index. analytical methodology for reliability assessment
DG: Distributed generation and failure analysis in distributed power system. SN
Applied Sciences, 1(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/
Disclosure statement s42452-018-0049-0
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the Jamshid, S., & Abrar, M. (2020, March). Evaluation of load
author(s). point and customer point indices of a distribution
generation system. In 2020 International youth con­
ference on radio electronics, electrical and power
Data availability statement engineering (REEPE) (pp. 1–5). IEEE.
The date of this study will not be shared publicly. Jirutitijaroen, P. and Singh, C. (2008). Comparison of
simulation methods for power system reliability
Citation information indexes and their distributions. IEEE Transactions on
Cite this article as: Reliability assessment and enhance­ Power Systems, 23(2), 486–493. https://doi.org/10.
ment of Dangila distribution system with distribution 1109/TPWRS.2008.919425
generation, Addisu Mamo & Abraham Hizkiel, Cogent Kannan, D., Moazzeni, S., Mostafayi Darmian, S., and
Engineering (2023), 10: 2191375. Afrasiabi, A. (2021). A hybrid approach based on
MCDM methods and Monte Carlo simulation for sus­
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