OPINION ESSAY TEMPLATE

I. Partly Agree/ Disagree

Introduction:

Sentence 1: Suggested structures

1. Many people argue that ....

2. It is true that ...

3. It is sometimes argued that ...

4. People have different views about…

5. Opinions differ as to why…

Sentence 2: Suggested structures

1. While there are some benefits to..., I maintain/ am of the opinion that ...

2. Many people believe that ..., whereas I believe/ am of the opinion that ...

3. While I agree that S1+V1 in a few aspects, I would argue that S2+V2.

4. While I accept that S1+V1, I would contend that S2+V2.

5. Although there are good arguments in favour of…, I personally believe that…

Example:

a. Many people argue that children should enjoy a range of outdoor games. While there are some benefits for
children to play these games, I maintain that we should not support that idea.

b. It is true that many people encourage their offspring to enjoy a range of outdoor games. While there might
be some reasons to support that idea, I believe children should rather spend time doing something else.

Body 1:

Topic sentence: Suggested structures

1. On the one hand, the option to ... is attractive for several reasons.

2. On the one hand, the idea of ... is beneficial to some extent.

3. The argument that ... is reasonable to some extent.

4. There are a few/ several reasons why I believe that S1+V1.

5. There are several reasons why some believe that/ hold the view that S+V

6. The idea that S+V is attractive/ reasonable for several reasons.

Point 1 introduction:

Firstly, ....

Point 2 introduction:
 Secondly, ...

Example:

a. On the one hand, the option to integrate outdoor activities into a child’s life is

attractive for several reasons. Firstly, ... Secondly, ...

b. On the one hand, the argument that children should be motivated to engage in

outdoor activities is reasonable to some extent. Firstly, ... Secondly, ...

Body 2:

Topic sentence: Suggested structures

1. Nevertheless, I believe that ....

2. On the other hand, there are a variety of reasons why I believe ...

3. Despite the aforementioned ideas, I believe that ...

4. However, I am firmly convinced that S2+V2.

5. On the other hand, I believe that it is more beneficial/ advantageous for somebody to do something.

6. However, I am firmly convinced that S+V.

Point 1 introduction

The main one is ...

The first reason relates to ...

Point 2 introduction

Furthermore, ...

The second reason relates to ...

Example:

a. Nevertheless, I believe that indoors activities appear to be a better option. The first reason is that ...
Furthermore, ...

b. On the other hand, there are a variety of reasons why ... The first reason relates

to ... The second one is that ...

Conclusion: Suggested structures

1. In conclusion, while some maintain that ..., I believe it is better to ... It is

predicted that...

2. In conclusion, it seems evident that both ... and ... have its own unique

advantages, but I maintain that ... Therefore, it is advisable that...

Example:
a. In conclusion, while some maintain that playing outdoors helps children to enhance their physical strength, I
believe it is better not to play outdoor games because of the risk of injury. Therefore, parents should consider
suitable indoor activities such as board games for their children.

b. In conclusion, it seems evident that both sides of the idea have its own unique advantages, but I maintain
that outdoor recreation is an ideal option for children. In the future, it is predicted that more parents will
understand the importance of outdoor games and ask their children to participate in.

II. Completely Agree/ Disagree

Introduction:

Sentence 1: Suggested structures

1. Many people argue that ....

2. It is true that many people prefer ...

3. It is sometimes argued that ...

Sentence 2: Suggested structures

1. Personally, I completely agree with this view.

2. In my opinion, it would be wrong/ right to ...

3. I strongly/ firmly/ completely agree with this opinion/ policy/ action/ solution (because hint 1 and
hint 2)

Example:

a. Many people argue that children should enjoy a range of outdoor games. Personally, I completely agree
with this view.

b. It is true that many people encourage their offspring to enjoy a range of outdoor games. In my opinion, it
would be wrong for children to play outside.

Body 1:

Topic sentence: Point 1 introduction

1. The primary reason why I believe S+V is that…

2. From the personal/ economic/ social/ environmental perspective, I think that…

Body 2:

Topic sentence: Point 2 introduction

1. Another reason for my belief is that…

2. From the personal/ economic/ social/ environmental perspective, I believe that …

Body 3: (optional)

Topic sentence: Point 3 introduction

Conclusion:

Suggested structures
 1. In conclusion, it seems to me that ... It is predicted that ...

2. In conclusion, for the reasons I have mentioned above, I maintain that ... It is advisable that ...

Example:

a. In conclusion, it seems to me that outdoor games play an irreplaceable role in child development.
Therefore, parents should actively encourage their children to spend time outdoors.

b. In conclusion, for the reasons I have mentioned above, I maintain that outdoor games play an irreplaceable
role in child development. Therefore, it is advisable that parents should actively encourage their children to
spend time outdoors.

DISCUSSION ESSAY TEMPLATE

(Similar to Partly agree/disagree)

ADVANTAGE/DISADVANTAGE ESSAY TEMPLATE

advantages - disadvantages

pros - cons

upsides - downsides

benefits - drawbacks

merits - demerits

positives - negatives

favorable aspects - unfavorable aspects

desirable consequences - undesirable consequences

Không có OUTWEIGH Có OUTWEIGH

_What are the advantages and disadvantages ? _ Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

Many people buy cars to go to work. _ Is it a positive or negative development?

Introduction: 1 đoạn Introduction: 1 đoạn

Body: 2 đoạn Body: 2 đoạn

Body 1: Advantage Body 1: Cái nào chiếm ưu thế ít

Body 2: Disadvantage Body 2: Cái chiếm ưu thế nhiều hơn (điểm nhấn)

Conclusion: 1 đoạn Conclusion: 1 đoạn

Background: 1 idea: Background: 1 idea:

+There is a trend that (synonym/word form / +There is a trend that (synonym/word form / passive)
passive)
+People argue that (synonym/word form / passive)
+People argue that (synonym/word form /
Background: 2 ideas:
passive)
People hold conflicting views regarding whether … or… .
Background: 2 ideas:

People hold conflicting views regarding whether

… or… .

Introduction Introduction

Câu 1: Background information (paraphrase đề Câu 1: Background information (paraphrase đề bài)

bài)
Câu 2: THESIS
Câu 2: THESIS
+In my opinion, the benefits/drawbacks of ….
+This essay will discuss the benefits and outweigh/eclipse its drawbacks/benefits.
drawbacks of this trend
+While this development/trend may bring about some
+Although this trend would create certain benefits/drawbacks, I would argue they are eclipsed by
benefits, there will also be some drawbacks. the more significant drawbacks/benefits.

+Despite its obvious benefits, there are certain

inherent drawbacks that must be considered.

Body 1 Body 1

1. On the one hand, there are several reasons 1. On the one hand, there are several reasons
(justifications) why this trend is beneficial/ (justifications) why N is/are beneficial/undesirable
detrimental.
2. Firstly, ….
2. Firstly, …
3. Specifically, Giải thích
3. Specifically, Giải thích
4. Secondly, …
4. Secondly, …
5. In other words, Giải thích
5. In fact, Giải thích
6. For example,

Body 2 Body 2

1. Chọn 1 trong 2 câu:

 1. On the other hand, there are a number of + On the other hand, I am of the opinion that the
disadvantages of N that people should take into aforementioned benefits/drawbacks are at the expense
consideration. of greater drawbacks/benefits.

2. The principal one is that …. + In spite of the drawbacks/benefits mentioned above,

I believe that ………. is mostly a positive/negative
3. Giải thích
measure/ trend/ development.
4. In addition, ….
2. The principal one is that ….
5. Giải thích
3. To be more specific, Giải thích

4. In addition, ….

5. In fact, Giải thích

Conclusion: Conclusion:

+In conclusion, … could bring about certain +In conclusion, while………may have some
benefits, but its drawbacks should not be positive/negative aspects, I believe they are
overlooked. outweighed by the more significant positive/negative
ones.
+ In conclusion, … could bring about certain
benefits, namely ….., but its negative +In conclusion, it seems to me that the
consequences such as …. should not be advantages/disadvantages of ……… are more
overlooked considerable than its advantages/disadvantages.

CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS ESSAY TEMPLATE

Synonyms for Causes

 the factors/issues responsible for …

 the reasons behind/for …

 the factors/issues which have contributed to …

 the causes of …

 the issues which have resulted in/led to…

Synonyms for Effect

Real consequences
 consequences/effects/impacts

 the issues it has resulted in/ which have resulted from …

 the problems which follow/ have followed

Possible consequences
  the problems/issues that could/ may/ might/ be likely to result in/ lead to

 the problems/issues which could/ may/ might/ be likely to result from/ follow

 …’s possible/ potential/ probable/ prospective consequences/ effects/ impacts

Synonyms for Solutions

 solutions for …

 means/ways to solve …

 means/ways to resolve/ deal with/ tackle/ improve

Causes & effects

Introduction:

Background sentence: It is true/clear/undeniable that …

Thesis statement:

This essay will examine the causes and effects of …

Body paragraphs

Topic sentences: State the causes/effects

The main causes/effects of the problem include

… brings about severe effects on …

The foremost causes/effects of … are

Supporting sentences: List the causes/effects + give explanation/ examples/ alternative

Firstly/Secondly,…

The first/second one is …

One of the main causes/effects is …

For example/ For instance/ Take A as an example

Consequently/ As a result / As a consequence

Conclusion: Restate the ideas

In conclusion/ To conclude, … is an existing problem that affects a lot of people nowadays. It is

mainly caused by … and results in …

Causes/Effects and Solutions

Introduction:

Background sentence: It is true/clear/undeniable that …

Thesis statement:

The essay will discuss … and the measures that governments and individuals can take to address these
problems.

As far as I am concerned, this phenomenon can result in serious problems, which can be tackled using
appropriate measures.

Body paragraphs

Body 1: State the causes/effects

Topic sentence:

The main causes/effects of the problem include

… brings about severe effects on …

The foremost causes/effects of … are

Supporting sentences: List the causes/effects + give explanation/ examples/ consequence/ alternative

Firstly/Secondly,…

The first/second one is …

One of the main causes/effects is …

For example/ For instance/ Take A as an example

Consequently/ As a result / As a consequence

This is because + S + have/ has the propensity for + V-ING (xu hướng chung của hành động)

Which led to (the fact that + S+ V) + N/ N phrase

Henceforth, S + be + considered as the chief culprit behind +N/ N phrase

Another factor leading to this situation is + N.

S + exert such detrimental impacts upon + N

Body 2: State the solutions

Topic sentence:

However, there are various steps that governments and individuals could take to solve the problems.

In truth, some imperative measures ought to be taken to resolve these prospective issues.

Supporting sentences: List the solutions + give explanation/ examples/ consequence/ alternative

Firstly/Secondly,…

The first/second one is …

 One of the most effective solutions is …

For example/ For instance/ Take A as an example

Consequently/ As a result / As a consequence

V-ing (hướng giải quyết) + be + highly + recommended/ complemented/ suggested.

…………. , which prevent + O + from V-ing/ N

It is/ was N phrase’s responsibility /liability + to V

In addition, S + be + encouraged to + turn to + V1-ing/ N as the alternative to + V2-ing/ N2 + to + V

Conclusion: Restate the ideas

In conclusion/ To conclude, governments and individuals could certainly implement a range of

measures to enhance …

In conclusion, there are indeed various repercussions regarding (topic), yet, they can be solved
once according measures are enlisted imperatively.

2-part Question
I. Essay structure

1. Introduction (1 paragraph - 2-3 sentences)

 Background sentence

State a common fact or a truth, not personal opinion. Paraphrase the question by replacing the vocabularies in
the question with their synonym.

 Thesis statement

Introduce the specific topics that you plan to discuss in your main body paragraphs or outline the main ideas
of your essay.

Useful structures

a. Cohesive devices for beginning an essay

 Nowadays, many people believe that …

 Over the last decades, …

 Most people are aware that …

 Many people advocate the view that …

 It is a common belief that …

 … is clearly something which is often discussed in today’s world.

 … have multiple benefits

 … is an issue that generates heated debates

 … offer a variety of arguments

 It is often believed/thought that …

b. Illustrating opinions of two sides

 Many people advocate the view that … On the other hand, opponents claim/argue that…

 There exist strong arguments in support of both sides of this debate, which implies that it is worth
examining both points of view before reaching any conclusions.

c. Thesis statement

Type 1: Cause/Positive and Negative

 I firmly believe that the origin of that problem comes from some existing harmful factors … and this
problem may have negative/positive effects on …

 There are two major causes behind this, and this tends to have more negative/positive effects on…

Type 2: Opinion/Solution

 I would argue against this as I think there alternative and better solutions to this issue.

 I am of the opinion of/side with the advocates of this and I believe there are some relevant prompt actions
that the whole society should realize in order to at least address that issue

 I personally support the idea of…, and I think there are some possible ways that can be taken in order to
tackle the problem of….

Type 3: 2 specific questions

 This essay will explore why there is the case of… and that …

 This essay will first discuss … and it will then address the question of …

2. Body paragraphs (2 paragraphs - 5-6 sentences/paragraph)

With this kind of essay, one possible way is to follow the structure below:

 Topic sentence (Introduce general statement/personal opinion to answer the question)

 Explanation (Provide reasons and details for your opinion)

 Result (Logically sum up or conclude your ideas based on the above explanation)

 Example (Give a supporting example or personal example)

Useful structures

 People argue a lot nowadays about whether …

 Furthermore, …
 Nevertheless, …

 On the whole, I believe that …

 From an economic standpoint …

 In addition, many people …

 It is often argued that … is necessary

 In contrast, opponents of … point out …

 Furthermore, it is generally felt that …

 An additional advantage of … is that …

 One convincing argument in favor of … is that

a. Giving ideas and discussing

b. Giving opinions

 It is my opinion that …

 In my opinion, …

 I firmly believe that …

 I do not agree that …

 I am inclined to believe that …

 As far as I am concerned …

c. Suggesting solutions

 One way to deal with the situation would be to ensure …

 Steps should also be taken to …

 A clear solution to this problem is for the government to make sure …

 One final suggestion would be to …

 Measures should be taken in order to deal with …

 An alternative way to solve this problem would be …

 People should focus their attention to improve the situation by …

 The situation could be improved, if they ...

d. Showing the result

 A result of … is that …

 Something is …, therefore …

 The outcome of those measures might be …

 The effect of this would be …

 As a result, …

 Consequently, …

3. Conclusion (1 paragraph - 2-3 sentences)

 Use a concluding phrase

 Restate or summarize the thesis statement in different words

 Give personal opinions, predictions or recommendations about the future

Useful structures

a. Concluding

 In conclusion, it can be said that …

 Taking everything into consideration, it can be concluded that …

 To sum up, it is clear that …

 All things considered, the obvious conclusion to be drawn is that …

 To conclude, it is my belief that …

 To sum up, I am convinced that …

 Taking everything into account, I therefore conclude that …

b. Prediction

 One possibility is…

 It is possible that…

 It is likely that…

 … [be] likely to V

 … [have] the potential to V

c. Recommendation

 My recommendation is that …

 I think that … is justified

 … should be given more support/opposed

 It is strongly recommended that …

 The issue can be resolved by …

 Should I be …, I would …
 Dynamic charts/Trends

Dynamic charts hay time charts là biểu đồ có các mốc thời gian (có ít nhất 2 năm trở lên), và có xu hướng. Các
loại biểu đồ thường gặp bao gồm: line, bar, pie, table

Đối với writing task 1, chúng ta có thể viết theo cấu trúc bài “1-2-3-4”, tức 1 câu introduction, 2 câu overview, 3-
4 câu trong 1 đoạn body.

Introduction: 1 câu  paraphrase lại đề bài

The chart/bar chart/graph … shows/illustrates/reveals/represents/indicates/gives information about … +

what? + where? + when?

What

Nếu đối tượng đang nói tới là danh từ đếm được:

 the number of + danh từ đếm được (students, tourists, mobile phones …)

 how many + S + V + O
Nếu đối tượng đang nói tới là danh từ không đếm được:

 the amount of + danh từ không đếm được (food/money/time …)

 how much + S + V + O
Dùng chung cho cả đối tượng là danh từ không đếm được hoặc đếm được

 The figure(s)/data/statistics for …

Đối tượng có đơn vị tính là phần trăm

 The percentage/proportion of …
Sau các cụm trên, nếu đối tượng chưa rõ nghĩa cần phải dùng mệnh đề quan hệ which/who … hoặc mệnh đề
quan hệ rút gọn (V-ing/V-ed) để bổ sung ý nghĩa.

Ví dụ:

 The amount of food which was imported in Vietnam …

 The amount of money spent on different sectors …
 The number of tourists visiting UK in 2015 …
Where

In three different countries/areas/regions/places/cities …

When

 Between (năm đầu) to (năm cuối)

 From (năm đầu) to (năm cuối)
 During/over a period of (số năm) years starting from (năm đầu)
 In three respective/separate years, năm 1, năm 2 and năm 3.
 In the years năm 1, năm 2 and năm 3.
Overview: 1-2 câu  mô tả key features, cụ thể trong dạng này sẽ miêu tả về xu hướng

Câu 1: miêu tả xu hướng

Nhìn vào năm đầu và năm cuối để xác định xu hướng (tăng, giảm, dao động). Có 2 trường hợp có thể xảy ra:

+ Cùng xu hướng

+ Khác xu hướng

Câu 2: miêu tả độ lớn

Nhìn và xác định cái nào to nhất hoặc bé nhất. (nên viết về cái to nhất hơn)

Template viết overview:

Overall, it is clear/evident that + xu hướng chung during the research period. In addition, /Moreover, viết về cái
lớn nhất

Ví dụ: Overall, it is clear that there was a significant increase in the consumption of chicken, whereas fish and
the other types of meat experienced a downward trend. In addition, chicken was the most consumed food over
the period shown.

Language miêu tả xu hướng

Tăng To increase, to go up, to rise, to grow, to An increase, a rise, a growth, an

climb, to jump, to soar, to rocket upward trend
Giảm To decline, to decrease, to drop, to fall, to A decline, a decrease, a drop, a fall,
go down, to plummet (fall suddenly), to downward trend
plunge (fall suddenly)
Dao động To fluctuate, to oscillate A fluctuation, an oscillation
Không thay đổi Remain/stay unchanged Reach a plateau
Remain/stay/stand stable
Language miêu tả mức độ thay đổi
 Rất mạnh Sharp Sharply
Rapid Rapidly
Quick Quickly
Steep Steeply
Dramatic Dramatically
Mạnh Considerable Considerably
Significant Significantly
Substantial Substantially
Vừa vừa Moderate Moderately
Đều đều Steady Steadily
Gradual Gradually
Nhẹ Slight Slightly
Slow Slowly
Minimal Minimally

Cấu trúc miêu tả xu hướng:

Hãy biến đổi chủ ngữ để có thể diễn đạt được nhiều cấu trúc đa dạng:

 S + V+ Adv
Ví dụ: The number of students increased significantly.

 There was a/an Adj + N

Ví dụ: There was a significant increase in the number of students.

 S + experienced/witness/saw/showed a/an Adj + N

Ví dụ: The number of students experienced an upward trend.

 A/an + adj + N was seen/witnessed in …

Ví dụ: A significant increase was seen in the number of students.

 The period from năm 1 to năm 2 saw/witnessed a/an + adj + N

Ví dụ: The period from 2012 to 2015 saw a significant increase in the number of students.

Note: Nếu các đối tượng có xu hướng khác nhau sử dụng cấu trúc với while hoặc whereas

 It is clear that while xu hướng 1, those of/that of … xu hướng 2 hoặc saw an opposite trend.
 It is evident that xu hướng 1, whereas those of/that of … xu hướng 2 hoặc saw an opposite trend.
Body: 3-4 câu  mô tả chi tiết xu hướng cùng với các số liệu

Cách chia body: chia theo các nhóm đối tượng (đường). Trong mỗi đối tượng nhặt ra các số liệu:

 Năm đầu/năm cuối

 Điểm đỉnh/đáy nếu có
– Reach a peak/plateau
– Fall to/hit its lowest point
 Xu hướng chi tiết (chỉ viết về 2-3 xu hướng/đường)
Ngoài các câu trúc miêu tả xu hướng trong mục overview có thể áp dụng để miêu tả trong body, có thể sử
dụng các cấu trúc ghép nhiều xu hướng trong 1 câu như sau:

 As for + đối tượng, it started at + số liệu + in + năm đầu, then V-ed (xu hướng 1), but later + Ved + to/by + số
lượng + in + năm cuối (xu hướng 2)
 S + V + O (số liệu năm đầu) after which the figure + Ved (xu hướng 1), followed by a/an + adj + noun (xu
hướng 2)
 Starting at + số liệu + in + năm đầu, S + Ved (xu hướng 1) before V-ing + to/by + số liệu in năm cuối (xu
hướng 2)
 S + stood at + số liệu + in + năm đầu. This figure, which + Ved (xu hướng 1), Ved (xu hướng 2)

Static chart
Introduction: 1 câu paraphrase lại đề bài

Cách paraphrase đề bài: similar to Dynamic chart

Overview: 1-2 câu mô tả key features

Overall, it is clear/evident that + cái lớn nhất và bé nhất during the research period. In addition, /Moreover, cái
chênh lệch lớn nhất.

Body: 3-4 câu   mô tả chi tiết và so sánh số liệu

Có 2 cách chia body: chia theo đối tượng hoặc chia theo tiêu chí.

Nếu có 2 đối tượng, có thể chia:

● Body 1: đối tượng 1

● Body 2: đối tượng 2

Và so sánh các tiêu chí trong một đối tượng

Nếu nhiều hơn 2 đối tượng, có thể chia theo tiêu chí và nhóm các tiêu chí với nhau để viết. Ở mỗi tiêu chí, hãy
chọn các số liệu sau theo thứ tự ưu tiên:

● Số liệu to nhất

● Số liệu bé nhất

● Các số liệu ở giữa nếu chúng bằng nhau hoặc xấp xỉ bằng nhau

● Số liệu lớn thứ 2 nếu có sự chênh lệch nhiều với các số liệu còn lại

Các cách diễn tả phần tram

 Đổi phần trăm thành phân số hoặc tỷ số

 Nếu tỷ lệ phần trăm không chính xác như trên, thì có thể sử dụng qualifier để đảm bảo mô tả của bạn
vẫn chính xác (approximately, around, about, nearly, more or less, under, over, relatively, roughly…)

Percentage Qualifier

77% just over three quarters

77% approximately three quarters

49% just under a half

49% nearly a half

32% almost a third

 Thay đổi tỷ lệ phần trăm thành các cụm từ khác

Percentage proportion / number / amount / majority / minority

75% - 85% a very large majority

65% - 75% a significant proportion

10% - 15% a minority

5% a very small number

Các cấu trúc dùng để so sánh

● The amount of … was/stood at số liệu 1, which was noticeably higher than that of … with số liệu 2

Ví dụ: The amount of money spent on food stood at $200, which was noticeably higher than that of electricity
with only $140.

● Số liệu 1 + be + V-ed, as compared to/compared with/ in comparison with số liệu 2 + bổ nghĩa cho số liệu.

Ví dụ: $200 was spent on food, as compared to approximately $140 on electricity.

● Mệnh đề về số liệu 1 (có thể sử dụng chủ động hoặc bị động tùy chủ ngữ), while/whereas the figure for …. +
so sánh hơn, at số liệu 2.

● Ví dụ: People in UK spent $200 on food while the figure for electricity was much lower than that, at only
$140.

● Mệnh đề về số liệu 1 (có thể sử dụng chủ động hoặc bị động tùy chủ ngữ), while/whereas the respective
figures for A, B, C … were X, Y, Z …

Ví dụ: People in UK spent $200 on food while the respective figures for education, electricity, and leisure
activities were $100, $140, $90.

● The figure for A, which stood at số liệu 1, was + so sánh hơn than that of…

Ví dụ: The figure for food, which stood at $200, was nearly 2 times higher than that of electricity.

Language dùng để so sánh

Danh từ: Difference, disparity, discrepancy, gap

Sự khác nhau
Ví dụ: There is a significant difference between girl’s and boy’s performance in class.

In contrast / by contrast, …
Sự đối lập
A contrary trend was found/ witnessed/ recorded/ seen for/in …

Similarly, …

A similar trend/pattern was seen for …

Sự giống nhau Relatively similar to …

There was a similarity in the figures for … between A and B

Be almost exactly the same as …

 So sánh bằng tính từ The figure/number/amount of X is Adv + Adj so sánh hơn than the
figure/number/amount/that of Y

Ví dụ: The number of girls is slightly higher than that of boys.

So sánh bằng phân số ● X is just/only/merely + phân số (tử số là số đếm,mẫu số là số

thứ tự) of Y

So sánh hơn Ví dụ: The number of girls is just one fifth that of boys.

● X is a half of Y(1 nửa)

● X is a quarter of Y (1/4)

So sánh gấp X is số lần gấp (two times/fold, three times/fold …) + tính từ so

sánh hơn + than y

Ví dụ: The number of girls is two times higher than that of boys.

● A is the + so sánh hơn nhất + N

Ví dụ: Canada is the largest natural gas producer.

● A + V + the + so sánh hơn nhất + N

So sánh hơn Ví dụ: Canada produces the largest amount of natural gas.

nhất ● The + so sánh hơn nhất of X could be seen/recorded in …

Ví dụ: The largest amount of natural gas produced could be seen in Canada.

● Sử dụng most, least

Ví dụ: The most/least popular form of entertainment in the UK was going to the cinema.

Sử dụng động Outnumber, outstrip, double, treble/triple, quadruple, outshine, outgrow, outweigh …
từ

Diagram – Object/Natural/Man-made Process

I. Natural/Man-made Process

Criteria Natural process Man-made process

 Tense Present simple tense

Passive or Active
Active voice Passive voice
voice? (Mostly)

To begin with, In the third stage, Over a period of time, In the first step,
Sequencers
Next, After that, then

Introduction – 1 sentence - Paraphrase the question

 The diagram shows each stage of/in + danh từ/ cụm danh từ
 The diagram shows + danh từ/ cụm danh từ
 The diagram gives/provides information about …
 The diagram demonstrates/shows the procedures/the various stages/steps in + danh từ/ cụm danh từ
 The diagram shows how to + động từ
 The diagram shows how sth is + động từ V2/V-ed
Overview – 2 sentences
 Number of stages/steps
 The starting/ending step
 There are a total of … steps in the process, beginning with … and ending with ….
 It can be seen that there are … steps in this process, beginning with … and ending with ….
Body paragraphs – 3-4 sentences
Divided by:
 The first half of the process
 The other half
Bước đầu tiên trong Process

 Firstly, … + S-V-O
 To start with/ To begin with, + S – V – O
 Initially, …+ S – V – O
 To begin with, …+ S – V – O
 At the first stage of the process, …+ S – V – O
 First of all, …+ S – V – O
 The first step/stage is/involves + danh từ/ cụm danh từ
 The process commences/begins with + danh từ/ cụm danh từ
 The first step is when + S – V – O
Các bước tiếp theo trong Process

 Next, + S – V – O
 Then, + S – V – O
  Afterwards, + S – V – O
 Subsequently + + S – V – O
 After that, + S – V – O
 At the next stage + + S – V – O
 Following this, + S – V – O
 S + tobe + followed by + danh từ/ cụm danh từ
Bước cuối cùng trong Process

 Finally/Lastly, + S – V – O
 At the last stage of the process, …+ S – V – O
 The process ends with + danh từ/ cụm danh từ
 The last step is when + S – V – O
II. Object

Map
1. Cardinal Directions
The 8 points of the compass as these are often used to describe position. The 8 points are:
 north  northeast
 south  northwest
 east  southeast
 west  southwest

There are some ways you might hear them used:

 to the north / to the south…: relative to another location
 in the northeast / in the southwest…: relative to the area which contains
2. How to describe change in Map1
To illustrate changes, you may need to use some vocabularies/phrases according to the object of the
sentence.
2.1. Buildings

Vocabulary Definition Example

Demolish Phá huỷ The industrial estate was demolished and developed into a sports ground
by the local community.

Flatten San bằng The factory in the city center was flattened and relocated to the north of
the city.

Convert Chuyển đổi The factory was converted into apartments.

Renovate Cải tạo, làm mới The old buildings were completely renovated.

Modernize Hiện đại hoá The infrastructure was modernized by converting the dirt roads into
concrete streets.

Expand Mở rộng The residential area expanded south-east by constructing 3 more homes.

Relocate Di dời The factory in the city center was flattened and relocated to the north of
the city.

Reconstruct Tái xây dựng The school was completely reconstructed after the passing of the
hurricane.

Replace Thay thế The old warehouses were replaced with new hotels.

Knock-down Phá huỷ The shops were knocked-down and replaced with a skyscraper.

Build Xây dựng A new factory was built north of the residential area.

Construct Xây dựng A harbor was constructed at the edge of the river.

Develop Phát triển The industrial estate was demolished and developed into a sports ground
by the local community.

Extend Mở rộng, kéo dài The school was extended by adding 2 more buildings.

2.2. Trees and Forests

 Vocabulary Definition Example

Clear Dọn dẹp The trees were cleared to make way for a new residential area.

Cut-down Chặt, đốn, hạ The forest was cut-down and made space for a shopping center.

Chop-down Chặt, đốn, hạ The forest was entirely chopped-down to make way for a new highway.

Remove Loại bỏ Some of the trees were removed to build a new playground.

Plant Trồng (cây) A new forest was planted west of the factory.

2.3. Roads, Bridges and Railway Lines

Vocabulary Definition Example

Construct Xây dựng A new railroad was constructed next to the village.

Build Xây dựng A new bridge was built to replace the old one.

Extend Mở rộng, kéo dài The main road was extended and a new bridge built over the river.

Expand Mở rộng The main road was expanded to the north to connect to the other town.

Remove Loại bỏ The railway lines were removed and replaced by a metro line.

2.4. Leisure facilities

Vocabulary Definition Example

Open Mở A brand-new sports center opened just north of the school.

Set up Thành lập A brand-new skate park was set up close to the swimming pool.

Develop Phát triển A playground was developed next to the school.

2.5. Length

Sentence Meaning Example

 S + has a length of + (…). Cái gì đó có độ dài là (…). The building has a length of 6 km.

S ’s total length is + (…). Tổng độ dài của cái gì đó là (…). The building’s total length is 6 km.

S + is + (…) + long. Cái gì đó dài (…). The building is 6 km long.

2.6. Population

Sentence Meaning Example

Place + has a Chỗ nào đó có dân số là (…) người. In 2020, San Francisco had a population of
population of + number 873,965 people.
+ people.

Place + has + number + Chỗ nào đó có (…) người ở. In 2020, San Francisco had 873,965
inhabitants. inhabitants.

The population of + Dân số của chỗ nào đó là (…) In 2020, the population of San Francisco
Place + is + number. was 873,965.

Template
1. The map(s) compare/show/illustrate(s) how ____ has changed/developed over the ____-year
Introduction period from (year 1) to (year 2).
OR
The map(s) compare/show/illustrate(s) the changes / development of ____ over the ____-
year period from (year 1) to (year 2).
2. Overview Overall, ____ record(s)/witness(es) radical changes/improvements/developments with the
most noticeable features being the ____, ____, and ____.
OR
Overall, there have been several changes/improvements/developments, the most noticeable
being the ____, ____, and ____.
 Mixed graph

I. General structures

Introduction – 1 sentence
Paraphrase the question

Overview – 1-2 sentences

“1-2-3-4”
Outstanding features/similarities/differences
1 sentence for each graph.

Body paragraphs – 3-4 sentences

Body 1: Describe the 1st chart
Body 2: Describe the 2nd chart

II. Useful structures

Introduction:
 The line graph and the bar chart show the number of … and … respectively.
 The line graph shows … while the bar chart illustrates …
 … and … are illustrated in the line graph and bar chart respectively.
 The charts compare …

Overview: It is noticeable that/Overall/It is clear that …

Body paragraphs:
Body 1: Regarding/Concerning the line graph, According to/With regard to the line graph
Body 2: Turning to the second set of data, As can be seen from the line graph