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MOD1MCES

This document discusses the evolution of computers from mainframe computers to microcontrollers. It explains that microprocessors are integrated circuits that process data but do not have memory, while microcontrollers include a processor, memory and I/O ports on a single chip. The document then discusses ARM embedded systems, which use reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture. It outlines the design rules of RISC, including simple instructions that execute in one cycle, pipelining, general-purpose registers, and separate load and store instructions. The ARM design philosophy aims for portability, low power consumption, high code density and price sensitivity for embedded applications.

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anandita chalamalasetti
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19 views4 pages

MOD1MCES

This document discusses the evolution of computers from mainframe computers to microcontrollers. It explains that microprocessors are integrated circuits that process data but do not have memory, while microcontrollers include a processor, memory and I/O ports on a single chip. The document then discusses ARM embedded systems, which use reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture. It outlines the design rules of RISC, including simple instructions that execute in one cycle, pipelining, general-purpose registers, and separate load and store instructions. The ARM design philosophy aims for portability, low power consumption, high code density and price sensitivity for embedded applications.

Uploaded by

anandita chalamalasetti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Evolution

main frame computers(servers)-> laptop -> supercomputers -> microcomputers ->


microprocessor -> microcontoller
* all these dumb hardware devices require programming to bring them into
functioning
* these hardware devices can understand only machine language (0 or 1)
* but we understand assembly language and high level language through which we
communicate to the above hardwares
* a translator converts assembly level language and high level language to machine
level language.
* in specific a compiler for HLL to ML and a assebler for ASL to ML

MICROPROCESSOR:- electronic component used by computer to work.


* it is a copy on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small
components including
transistors,resistors,diodes etc that work together.
*note - it has no memory it is just a device to process data given by user. it does
not have any RAM or ROM.
- if microprocessor is placed in a container along with
RAM,ROM,MEMORY input output ports it is termed as
microcomputer .
*applications:- computer applications,control application(microcontroller and
embedded systems),communication

MICRO-CONTROLLER:- it is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a


specific task in the embedded system.
*- it includes a processor, memory, i/o peripherals on a single chip.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROPROCESSOR VS MICROCONTROLLER:-


DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROPROCESSOR AND
MICROCONTROLLER:-

ARM EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:-


ARM stands for (acorn risc machine)-kind of microcontroller used in many daily
hand-held machines (laptop,mobile,calculator) etc.
The ARM core uses reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture.

RISC:-
* a design philosophy
*delivering simple but powerful instructions, that execute within a single cycle at
high clock speed.
*reducing the complexity of instructions performed by the hardware - it is easier to
provide greater flexibility and intelligence in software rather than hardware
*places greater demands on the compiler.
*wheras in cisc machine(complex instruction set computer) - relies more on the
hardware for instruction functionallity and hese instructions are more complicated.
RISC DESIGN RULES:- (Instructons,Pipeline,Registers,Load-Store Architecture)
1.Instructions:-
*reduced number of instruction classes
*simple operations
* each instruction can execute in a single clock cycle.
* compiler programmer synthesizes complicated operations
* each instruction is having fixed length - allows pipeline to fetch future
instructions
*in cisc processors,the instructions are often of variable sizes and take many cycles
to execute
2.Pipelines:- (pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series,
where the output of one data processing element is input to a new element. )
*processing of instructions is broken down into smaller units
*instuctions are executed in parallel by pipelines.
*pipeline advances by one step on each cycle for maximum throughput.
*there is no need for an instruction to be executed by a mini-program called
microcode as on CISC processors.
3.Registers:-(data storing units)
*large general-purpose register set
* any register can contain either data or an address.
*registers act as the fast local memory store for all data processing
operations.
*cisc processors have dedicated registers for specific purposes.
4.Load-Store Architecture:-
*processor operates on data held in registers
*seperate load and store instructions transfer data between the register bank
and external memory
*seperating memory accesses from data processing provides an advantage
because ypu can use data items held in the
reisters bank multiple times without needing multiple memory accesses.
* in a cisc design the data processing can act on memory directly.
Design rules allow a Risc processor to be simpler, and the core can operate at
higher clock frequencies.
In contrast, traditional Cisc processors are more complex and operate at lower
frequencies.

ARC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY:-


Physical features that have driven the ARM processor design are
· portable embedded system require battery power, arm processor has been
specially designed to be small , reduce power consumption . (essention for
application such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants).
· high code density is a requirment as embedded systems have limited
memory due to cost, physical size restrictions (used in applications such as
mobile phones and mass storage devices).
· embedded systems are price sensitive as the use slow and low-cost memory
devices (high volume application such as digital camera). and also due to
reduce in area of die taken up by embedded processor.
· has incoperated hardware debug technology that helps software engineers to
view what is happening while processor is executing code .
· is not pure RISC architecture because of constraints of its primary
application i.e embedded systems.

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