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FORMULAS XNXN

This document contains information about thermodynamics concepts including: 1. Key thermodynamic equations such as the first law of thermodynamics, definitions of work, heat, enthalpy, and entropy. 2. Properties of ideal gases including the ideal gas law and definitions of specific weight and specific volume. 3. Details of common thermodynamic processes like isobaric, isometric, isothermal, isentropic, and polytropic processes. 4. Additional concepts like degrees of subcooling and superheating, properties of mixtures, universal gas constant, and the reversible polytropic process equation.

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Raymart Layson
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7K views23 pages

FORMULAS XNXN

This document contains information about thermodynamics concepts including: 1. Key thermodynamic equations such as the first law of thermodynamics, definitions of work, heat, enthalpy, and entropy. 2. Properties of ideal gases including the ideal gas law and definitions of specific weight and specific volume. 3. Details of common thermodynamic processes like isobaric, isometric, isothermal, isentropic, and polytropic processes. 4. Additional concepts like degrees of subcooling and superheating, properties of mixtures, universal gas constant, and the reversible polytropic process equation.

Uploaded by

Raymart Layson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THERMODYNAMICS 1

Energy Wf = work flow


KE = ½ mV2
PE = mgz
Wf = pV
H = U + Pv
Q = TΔS

1
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Ein = Eout
Q = ΔKE + ΔPE + ΔU + ΔpV + W

NON-FLOW WORK
Q = ΔU + Wn
STEADY FLOW WORK
Q = ΔH + Ws
2
IDEAL GAS SPECIFIC WEIGHT
PV = mRT γ = W/V ; γ = ρg
PV = nRT
γwater = 9.81 kN/m 3

3
SPECIFIC VOLUME = 64.4 lbf / ft
v = V/m ; v = 1/ρ
ρwater = 1000 kg/m3 ρair = 1.2kg/m3 = 0.075lbm/ft3
= 1 kg/L =64.4 lbm/ft3
3
PRESSURE
Pabs = Patm + Pgage ; vacuum pressure is just negative of the gage
pressure

Pg = γf h ; γ = specific weight
Pg = γ Δz Δz = change of elevation

CONSERVATION OF MASS
ṁ1 + ṁ2 = ṁ3
ṁ = ρ v̇
4
CONTINUITY EQUATION
ṁin = ṁout
ρ1 V1 A1 = ρ2 V2 A2
V1 A1 = V2 A2 ; if fluid is
incompressible, ρ1 = ρ2

m = nM
Ṝ = RM
5
THERMODYNAMICS 2
n
pV = C
n = 0, Isobaric Process
n = ∞, Isometric Process
n = 1, Isothermal Process
n = k, Isentropic Process
n = n, Polytropic Process
6
ISOBARIC PROCESS; P = C
PVT – RELATION
(Charles Law)

V1 T1
= ; ΔU = mCv(ΔT)
V2 T2
ΔH = mCp(ΔT)
Q = mCp(ΔT)
ΔS = mCp ln (T2/T2)

7
NON-FLOW WORK (Wn)
2
Wn = ∫1 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = P (V2 – V1)
= mP(v2 – v1)

STEADY- FLOW WORK (Ws)


2
Ws = − ∫1 𝑉𝑑𝑃 =0
8
ISOMETRIC PROCES; V=C
PVT – RELATION
(Gay-Lussac’s Law)

P1 T1
= ; ΔU = mCv(ΔT)
P2 T2
ΔH = mCp(ΔT)
Q = mCv(ΔT)
ΔS = mCv ln (T2/T1)

9
NON-FLOW WORK (Wn)
2
Wn = ∫1 𝑃𝑑𝑉 =0

STEADY- FLOW WORK (Ws)


2
Ws = − ∫1 𝑣𝑑𝑝 = V (P1 – P2)

10
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS; T=C
PVT – RELATION
(Boyle’s Law)

V2 P1
= ; ΔU = 0
V1 P2
ΔH = 0
Q = Wn = Ws
ΔS = mR ln (V2/V1)

11
NON-FLOW WORK (Wn)
2
Wn = ∫1 𝑃𝑑𝑉
Wn = P1V1 ln (V2/V1) = mRT ln (V2/V1)
STEADY- FLOW WORK (Ws)
2
Ws = ∫1 𝑣𝑑𝑝
Ws = -P1V1 ln (P2/P1) = -mRT1 ln (P2/P1)
12
k
ISENTROPIC PROCESS; PV = C
(REVERSIBLE ADIABATIC)
k k
P1V1 = P2V2
1-k
T1/T2 = (V2/V1)
k-1/k
T1/T2 = (P1/P2)
ΔU = mCv(ΔT) = -Wn Q=0
ΔH = mCp(ΔT) ΔS = 0
13
NON-FLOW WORK (Wn)
P2 V2 - P1 V1 mR (T2 – T1)
Wn = =
1-k 1-k

STEADY-FLOW WORK (WS)


P2 V2 - P1 V1 kmR (T2 – T1)
Ws = k =
1-k 1-k
Ws = k(Wn)
14
n
POLYTROPIC PROCESS; PV =C
n n
P1V1 = P2V2
1-n
T1/T2 = (V2/V1)
n-1/n
T1/T2 = (P1/P2)
ΔU = mCv(ΔT)
ΔH = mCv(ΔT)
Q = mCn(ΔT) ΔS = mCn ln (T2/T1)
15
NON-FLOW WORK (Wn)
P2 V2 - P1 V1 mR (T2 – T1)
Wn = =
1-n 1-n
STEADY-FLOW WORK (WS)
P2 V2 - P1 V1 nmR (T2 – T1)
Ws = n =
1-n 1-n
Ws = n(Wn)
16
k = C P / CV M = molecular mass

k = ΔH/ ΔU Ṝ = Universal gas constant

Cn = Cv ( k-n / 1-n)
R = Ṝ / MW KEave = 3/2 kT
Ṝ = RM Cp – Cv = R
Ṝ = 8.134 J/mol-K Cv = R / k -1
Cp = kR/k-1 = Ṝ / MW (k-1)
17
THERMODYNAMICS 3
DEGREES SUBCOOLED
◦SC = tsat – tactual
DEGREES SUPERHEAT
◦SH = tactual - tsat
If, Pgiven > Psat - compressed liquid
Tgiven < Tsat - subcooled liquid
Pgiven < Psat - superheated vapor
Tgiven >Tsat - superheated vapor
18
PROPERTIES OF MIXTURE
v = vf + X (vfg) vfg = vg - vf
u = uf + X (ufg) ufg = ug - uf
h = hf + X (hfg) hfg = hg - hf
s = sf + X (sfg) sfg = sg - sf

f - saturated liquid
g – saturated vapor
19
x = mg / mt ; mg = mass of vapor
x = quality
y = mf / mt ; mf = mass of liquid
mt = mass of the mixture
y = moisture

x=1-y

20
GAS MW k
Air 20.97 1.4
Argon 39.95 1.666
CO2 44.01 1.288
He 4.003 1.666
H2 2.016 1.4
Methane 16.043 1.321
Nitrogen 28.06 1.399
Octane 114.23 1.046
Oxygen 32 1.395
Steam, H2O 18.96 1.329
21
CP R
kJ/kg-K Btu/lbm-R kJ/kg-K ft-lbf/lbm-R
1.0047 0.24 0.287 53.34
0.5208 0.1244 0.2081 38.68
0.844 0.2016 0.1889 35.11
5.1954 1.241 2.077 386.04
14.3136 3.419 4.125 766.54
2.1347 0.5099 0.5183 96.33
1.0399 0.2484 0.2968 55.16
1.6568 0.3952 0.0728 13.5
0.9185 0.2194 0.2598 48.29
1.8646 0.4454 0.4615 85.77

22
Reversible Polytropic Process
n-1/n
T2/T1 = (P2/P1)

23

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