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271
CHAPTER 4

TABLE 4–4
The complementary error function

​η​ ​erfc (η)​ ​η​ ​erfc (η)​ ​η​ ​erfc (η)​ ​η​ ​erfc (η)​ ​η​ ​erfc (η)​ ​η​ ​erfc (η)​
0.00 1.00000 0.38 0.5910 0.76 0.2825 1.14 0.1069 1.52 0.03159 1.90 0.00721
0.02 0.9774 0.40 0.5716 0.78 0.2700 1.16 0.10090 1.54 0.02941 1.92 0.00662
0.04 0.9549 0.42 0.5525 0.80 0.2579 1.18 0.09516 1.56 0.02737 1.94 0.00608
0.06 0.9324 0.44 0.5338 0.82 0.2462 1.20 0.08969 1.58 0.02545 1.96 0.00557
0.08 0.9099 0.46 0.5153 0.84 0.2349 1.22 0.08447 1.60 0.02365 1.98 0.00511
0.10 0.8875 0.48 0.4973 0.86 0.2239 1.24 0.07950 1.62 0.02196 2.00 0.00468
0.12 0.8652 0.50 0.4795 0.88 0.2133 1.26 0.07476 1.64 0.02038 2.10 0.00298
0.14 0.8431 0.52 0.4621 0.90 0.2031 1.28 0.07027 1.66 0.01890 2.20 0.00186
0.16 0.8210 0.54 0.4451 0.92 0.1932 1.30 0.06599 1.68 0.01751 2.30 0.00114
0.18 0.7991 0.56 0.4284 0.94 0.1837 1.32 0.06194 1.70 0.01612 2.40 0.00069
0.20 0.7773 0.58 0.4121 0.96 0.1746 1.34 0.05809 1.72 0.01500 2.50 0.00041
0.22 0.7557 0.60 0.3961 0.98 0.1658 1.36 0.05444 1.74 0.01387 2.60 0.00024
0.24 0.7343 0.62 0.3806 1.00 0.1573 1.38 0.05098 1.76 0.01281 2.70 0.00013
0.26 0.7131 0.64 0.3654 1.02 0.1492 1.40 0.04772 1.78 0.01183 2.80 7.5E-05
0.28 0.6921 0.66 0.3506 1.04 0.1413 1.42 0.04462 1.80 0.01091 2.90 4.1E-05
0.30 0.6714 0.68 0.3362 1.06 0.1339 1.44 0.04170 1.82 0.01006 3.00 2.2E-05
0.32 0.6509 0.70 0.3222 1.08 0.1267 1.46 0.03895 1.84 0.00926 3.20 6.0E-06
0.34 0.6306 0.72 0.3086 1.10 0.1198 1.48 0.03635 1.86 0.00853 3.40 1.5E-06
0.36 0.6107 0.74 0.2953 1.12 0.1132 1.50 0.03390 1.88 0.00784 3.60 3.6E-07

Knowing the temperature distribution, the heat flux at the surface can be
determined from Fourier’s law to be

∂ T
​​q​​ • ​​s​​  = ​​​−  k___
|
∂ x x = 0
dT ∂ η
​   ​    ​​ ​​​  = ​​​−  k___
|
​   ​ ​  ___ ​   ​​ ​​​  =  −  k​C
dη ∂ x η = 0
2

|
​​ η​​ ___
​ ​1​​​e−​ ​ ___ 1
​​​​​     ​  
​  4αt ​ η = 0
√
k(​T​s​​  − ​T​i​​)
 ​​ ​​​  = ​ ________ ___ ​
​  παt ​ 
√
  
(4–44)
T − Ti
T s − Ti
The solutions in Eqs. 4–42 and 4–44 correspond to the case when the tem- 1.0
perature of the exposed surface of the medium is suddenly raised (or lowered)
to ​Ts​​at t​  = 0​and is maintained at that value at all times. The specified surface 0.8
temperature case is closely approximated in practice when condensation or
0.6
boiling takes place on the surface. Using a similar approach or the Laplace
erfc(η)
transform technique, analytical solutions can be obtained for other boundary 0.4
conditions on the surface, with the following results.
0.2
Case 1: Specified Surface Temperature, ​T​s​ = constant​(Fig. 4–25).
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

=  erfc​​  _
( 2​√ αt ​ )
T(x, t) − ​T​i​​ x k(​T​s​​  − ​T​i​​) x
​   _ ​  ​​  and ​​q​​ • ​​s​​(t) = ​ ________
η=
​​ _________  ​  
  ___ ​​   
(4–45) 4αt
​T​s​​  − ​T​i​​ ​  παt ​ 
√

FIGURE 4–25
Case 2: Specified Surface Heat Flux, ​q​• ​s​ = constant.​ Dimensionless temperature
distribution for transient conduction

​     ​ ​   exp ​​  − ​ _  ​   ​​  −  x erfc​​  _

_ in a semi-infinite solid whose
​​q• ​​​​  ​​
k[ π √( 4αt ) ( 2​√ αt ​ )]
4αt ​x2​​ ​ x
​​T(x, t) − ​T​i​​  = ​ ___s ​​​  ​​​  _ ​   _ ​  ​​​ ​​​​​ (4–46) surface is maintained at a constant
temperature ​T​s​.​

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