CHAPTER I : DEVELOPMENT

Page No. 4
TABLE 1.1 DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF PERSONS

Category of Person Developmental Goals / Aspirations

Landless rural labourers More days of work and better wages; local school is able to
provide quality education for their children; there is no
social discrimination and they too can become leaders in
the village.

Prosperous farmers from Punjab Assured a high family income through higher support prices
for their crops and through hardworking and cheap
labourers they should be able to settle their children
abroad.

Farmers who depend only on rain Tubewells to be dug and canals to be made for irrigation;
for growing crops higher support prices for crops; availability of cheap labour.

A rural woman from a land owning Education of her children in English medium schools; more
family earning from the land by giving it on rent.

Urban unemployed youth More opportunity for higher education; better job
opportunities.

A boy from a rich urban family Pursue higher studies abroad; have his own car and house
to live in.

A girl from a rich urban family She gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to
decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue
her studies abroad.

An Adivasi from Narmada valley No social discrimination; school education for children;
PDS ration shop in village.
LET’S WORK THESE OUT (Page no. 6)
Q1. Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the
following explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.
Ans. (b) Different persons have different notions of development because life situations
of persons are different.
For example: Development goals of a girl from a rich urban family will be surely different
from a farmer in Rajasthan. It is because their situations, lifestyle and status are very
different from each other. A goal which a person has entirely depends on his or her
present life situation. Over a period of time if the situation changes, automatically goals
of a person will also change.

Q2. Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.
(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
Ans. No, the above two statements do not mean the same.
(a) When we say that people have different developmental goals it means they seek
different things. They seek things that are most important for them, i.e. which can fulfill
their aspirations or desires.

(b) At times, two persons may seek things which are conflicting. For example, a girl
expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also shares in the
household work. Her brother may not like this.

Q3. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects
of our lives.
Ans. Though income is one of the most important aspects of our lives, there are other
important things, such as
(a) People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect.
(b) Women need a safe and secure environment to take up a variety of jobs or run a
business.
(c) People also need political rights.
(d) People seek a pollution-free environment.

LET’S WORK THESE OUT (Page no. 7)

Discuss the following situations:
Q1. Look at the picture on the right. What should be the developmental goals for
such an area?
Ans. The developmental goals of this area should include
a. Availability of loans for making pucca houses.
b. Ownership of land on which they live.
c. Availability of services like electricity, water and sanitation.
d. Regular employment.
e. Medical facilities in the locality.
Q2. Read this newspaper report and answer the questions that follow:
A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps in a city and in
the surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in
Africa. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting,
diarrhea etc. After a month seven persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty six
thousand treated for symptoms of poisoning. A multinational company dealing in
petroleum and metals had contracted a local company of the Ivory Coast to dispose of
the toxic waste from its ship.

(i) Who are the people who benefited and who did not?
Ans. The local company owner and the multinational company benefited while a large
number of innocent local people of Abidjan in Ivory Coast suffered from this act.

(ii) What should be the developmental goal for this country?

Ans.
a. The developmental goals for this country should be to frame and have proper,
strict rules and laws regarding the pollution and safer-environment etc.
b. People or any organization violating these laws, causing environmental hazards
should be punished by the government according to these laws.
c. Also the country should create arrangements for proper disposal of industrial
wastes and better healthcare for the people.

TABLE 1.2 COMPARISON OF TWO COUNTRIES (Page No. 9)

Country Monthly Income of Citizens (in Rupees)

I II III IV V Averag
e

Country A 9500 10500 9800 10000 10200 10000

Country B 500 500 500 500 48000 10000

LET’S WORK THESE OUT (Page No. 9)
Q1. Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations.
Ans.
a. Average income of two countries.
b. Height of students in a class.
c. forest cover in a country.

Q2. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development?
Explain.
Ans.
a. It is an important criterion because it tells us what an average person is likely to
earn and also gives some idea about the rising standard of living.
b. Prosperity of a country depends not only on its national income but also on the
number of people who would share it. In case the number of people is large, the
average income will be less. This is the case in India.

Q3. Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important
in comparing two or more societies?
Ans. Purchasing power parity is another important property of income; while comparing
two or more societies. Purchasing power parity shows the ability of people to purchase
some items which are taken for comparison.

Q4. Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been
increasing over a period of time. From this, can we conclude that all sections of
the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.
Ans. All sections of the economy have become better cannot be concluded because
different sections of the economy may have become better or worse. An example is the
current situation in India, where the average income has increased every year; the
services sector has increased very much, but agriculture is having virtually no growth.

Q5. From the text, find out the per capita income level of about 10-15 low-income
countries as per World Development Reports.
Ans. Per capita income level of low income countries as per World Development Reports
2022 was $1,035 Or Less per annum.

Q6. Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do, or achieve, to
become a developed country.
Ans. To become a developed sovereign state, India should achieve the following -
a. A highly developed economy.
b. Have advanced infrastructure facilities like better roads, better telecom networks,
better transportation facilities, etc.
c. Higher per capita income, matching that of other developed countries.
d. A higher general standard of living with enough food to feed the poorest people
adequately.
e. The service sector should provide more wealth/income than the industrial or
agricultural sector.
LET’S WORK THESE OUT (Page NO. 12)
Q1. Look at data in Tables 1.3 and 1.4. Is Haryana ahead of Kerala in literacy rate
etc., as it is in terms of per capita income?
Ans. No, Haryana is not ahead of Kerala in literacy rate. Haryana’s literacy rate is 82%
while Kerala’s literacy rate is 94% as per 2017-18 data. However, Haryana has a higher
per capita income which is 2,36,147 rupees while Kerala’s per capita income is 2,04,105
rupees as per 2018-19 data.

Q2. Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and services is
cheaper than individual provision.
Ans. In factories/industries, manufacturing, agriculture etc. we find collective provision of
goods and services cheaper than individual provision.

Q3. Does the availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on
the amount of money. spent by the government on these facilities? What other
factors could be relevant?
Ans. No. It does not depend only on the amount of money spent. Although it is a major
factor, other factors also play an important role in it. These factors include -
a. In case of Healthcare: availability of required number of doctors, quality of
medicines etc.
b. In case of Education: a good number of qualified and dedicated teachers,
well-constructed school buildings, etc.

Q4. In Tamil Nadu, 90 percent of the people living in rural areas use a ration shop,
whereas in West Bengal only 35 percent of rural people do so. Where would
people be better off and why?
Ans. People would be better off in Tamil Nadu because in this state the Public
Distribution System (PDS) functions well which enables more and more people to use
ration shops to get things like foodgrains, sugar, kerosene oil etc. at a reasonable rate.
Their easy availability ensures better health and nutritional status of people in that state
(Tamil Nadu).

Study Table 1.5 carefully and fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs. For
this, you may need to make calculations based on the table. (Page No. 12)

(a) The literacy rate for all age groups, including young and old, is 76% for rural males
and 54% for rural females. However, it is not just that these many adults could not attend
schools but that there are 15% males and 18% females who are currently not in school.
(b) It is clear from the table that 18% of rural girls and 15% of rural boys are not
attending schools. Therefore, illiteracy among children in the age group 10-14 is as high
as 13% for rural females and 10% for rural males.

(c) This high level of illiteracy among the 10 to 14 years age group, even after more than
60 years of our independence, is most disturbing. In many other states also we are
nowhere near realization of the constitutional goal of free and compulsory education for
all children up to the age of 14, which was expected to be achieved by 1960.

TABLE 1.7 CRUDE OIL RESERVES (Page No. 15)

Region/Country Reserves (2017) Number of Years Reserves will last
(Thousand Million Barrels)

Middle East 808 70

USA 50 10.5

World 1697 50.2

The table gives an estimate of reserves of crude oil (column1). More importantly, it also
tells us for how many years the stock of crude oil will last if people continue to extract it
at the present rate. The reserves would last only 50 years more. This is for the world as
a whole. However, different countries face different situations. Countries like India
depend on importing oil from abroad because they do not have enough stocks of their
own. If prices of oil increase this becomes a burden for everyone. There are countries
like the USA which have low reserves and hence want to secure oil through military or
economic power. The question of sustainability of development raises many
fundamentally new issues about the nature and process of development.

(a) Is crude oil essential for the development process in a country? Discuss.
Ans. Yes, crude oil plays an important role in the development process in a country. It
can generate heat, drive machinery and fuel vehicles and airplanes. Its components are
used to manufacture almost all chemical products, such as plastics, detergents, paints
and even medicines.

(b) India has to import crude oil. What problems do you anticipate for the country
looking at the above situation?
Ans. The problems related to import of crude oil in India are as follows:
i. The value of the rupee plays a very important role in the world market.
ii. Imports are more expensive than exports (India exports petroleum to other countries).
iii. Rising crude oil prices.
EXERCISES (Page No. 16 to 17)

1. Development of a country can generally be determined by

(i) its per capita income
(ii) its average literacy level
(iii) health status of its people
(iv) all the above

2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of

human development than India?
(i) Bangladesh
(ii) Sri Lanka
(iii) Nepal
(iv) Pakistan

3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these
families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000
respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(i) Rs 7500
(ii) Rs 3000
(iii) Rs 2000
(iv) Rs 6000

Solution: (4000+7000+3000+x) ÷ 4 = 5000

14000+x = 5000 × 4
x = 20000 - 14000
x = 6000
4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Ans. The World Bank uses the per capita income of the country as the principal criterion
for classifying the countries as rich or poor. Per capita income is the average income of
the people of a country in a given year.
This criterion of classification has a number of limitations. They are -
a. The World Bank does not give equal importance to other factors such as literacy
rates and general health standards of the people which plays an important role in
defining the quality of life.
b. The per capita income does not reflect information about the unequal distribution
of income among the people.
c. Classification by income does not necessarily display the development status
because economies in one group do not experience a similar level of
development.
5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development
different from the one used by the World Bank?
Ans. The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the
one used by the World Bank in following ways:
a. UNDP measures development on the parameters of education, health and per
capita income whereas World Bank measures the same only on the basis of per
capita income.
b. UNDP ranks the countries on the basis of development whereas the World Bank
classifies them into three categories: rich countries, middle income countries and
poor countries.
c. UNDP has a broader framework to measure development whereas World Bank
has a narrow framework to measure the same.

6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with
your own examples related to development.
Ans. Different countries have different populations, so calculating the average helps in
getting an estimated answer which can be used to compare different things at different
levels.

There are limitations in calculating averages because we cannot know the difference in
the income of the people and the unfair distribution of income in a country or state.

For Example:
Country Citizen A Citizen B Citizen C Citizen D Average
(Monthly (Monthly (Monthly (Monthly Income
income in income in income in income in
Rs) Rs) Rs) Rs)

X 20,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 Rs. 6,000

Y 2,000 3,000 3500 3500 Rs. 3000

In the above example, the average income of country X and Y is Rs 6000 and Rs 3,000
respectively. But we can see that while the average income of country X is double of
country Y, there is more disparity of income in country X than in country Y.

7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking
than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should
not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Ans. One cannot completely conclude that comparing states based on Per Capita
Income is wrong, but one can definitely say that the comparison of states based on only
Per Capita Income is highly inadequate, as it does not clearly portray a right picture of
the well-being of people living in that state.
Kerala with a low per capita income has a better human development ranking than
Haryana because Kerala has a high Literacy rate, infant mortality rate, health facilities,
etc. Hence, Per capita income is not the only indicator to measure state development,
other indicators are also a must for the development of a state as a whole.

8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India.
What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Ans. The present sources of energy used by people in India include firewood, coal,
petroleum, crude oil and natural gas. The other possibilities fifty years from now can be
using solar energy and wind energy as sources of various energy forms. This is because
the current usage of energy sources may result in the loss of natural resources for future
generations.

9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Ans. Sustainable development means the judicious use of natural resources in such a
way that they not only fulfill the needs of the present generation but also of the future
generations. Sustainable development is required for the future growth and development
of the countries. Development in an uncontrolled manner will not only lead to fast
depletion of resources but will also result in stagnation of economies of the world.
Sustainable development ensures stable and regular development of a country’s
economy.

10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to
satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the
discussion of development? Discuss.
Ans.
a. Earth has enough resources for every need and those resources have to be used
judiciously.
b. Over exploitation of resources will lead to environmental degradation and
eventually affect the current generation and the future generations.
c. The development should be sustainable in nature and not exhaustive and over
exploitative.
d. The time for replenishment of resources should be allowed for 'green economic
development' to practice.

11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed
around you.
Ans.
a. Pollution caused by vehicles and the excess use of fuels in vehicles
b. Industrial waste collected in residential areas and discarded into water bodies
c. Deforestation
d. Mining
e. Soil erosion
12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top
and which is at the bottom.

Ans.
a. Per Capita Income in US $: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Nepal
b. Life Expectancy at birth: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Myanmar
c. Literacy Rate: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Myanmar, Nepal
d. HDI Rank in the world: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Pakistan

13. The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose
BMI is below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in India. It is based on a survey of various
states for the year 2015-16. Look at the table and answer the following questions.

(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
Ans. The nutritional level of people in Kerala is higher than the nutritional level of people
in Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are
undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country?
Describe in your own words.
Ans. Around 40% of the population in India is undernourished though it is argued that
there is enough food in the country. It is because of the following reasons:
a. Corrupt practices in the distribution of food grains through Public Distribution
System (PDS).
b. Lack of proper supply chains for distributing food grains among the poor people.
c. Rotting of food grains in the store houses owned by the government.