BUILDING TECHNOLOGY footing extend to a depth from 1.00 to 1.

50
meter and about half a meter depth for the
wall footing.
LAYOUT AND
EXCAVATION MAJOR EXCAVATION
 Building construction that requires wide
excavation or total extraction of the soil are
 SPIRIT LEVEL - instrument or tool capable of classified into two categories depending upon
vertical and horizontal line check. the condition or location of the site. When the
area of the construction site is big that
there is enough spac to accommodate
 PLUMB BOB - it’s uses for vertical line check.
working activities, storing of materials and
dumping ground for the excavated soil.
 PLASTIC HOSE FILLED W/ WATER – a
method of levelling (horizontal) batterboards
without transit.
FOUNDATION AND
 3-4-5 MULTIPLES W/ THE USE OF STEEL
FOOTING
TAPE MEASURE – a manual method of
squaring the corners of building lines in The function of a foundation is to transfer the
structural loads from a building safely into the ground.
building layout.
All foundations settle to some extent as the soil
 SHEET PILLING – a barrier formed to
around beneath them adjust itself to these loads.
prevent the movement of soil to stabilize
foundation.
Uniform settlement is usually of little
consequences in a building, but a differential
settlement can cause severe structural damage.
LAYOUT AND EXCAVATIONS
3 major parts of a building:
 LAYOUT
o sometimes called “staking out” which
 SUPERSTRUCTURE – which is the above
means the process of relocating the
ground portion of the building.
point of boundaries and property line
of the site where the building is to be
constructed.  SUBSTRUCTURE – which is the habitable
below-ground portion.
o It includes clearing, staking, batter
boards and establishes the exact  FOUNDATION – which are the components of
location of the building foundation the building that transfer its load into the soil.
and wall line on the ground.
3 types of substructures:

 STAKE – are wooden sticks, serve as  Slab on fill

boundaries or supports of the batter boards.
 Crawlspace
 BATTER BOARD – wood stick or board
nailed horizontally at the stake which serve as  Basement
the horizontal plane where the reference point
of the building measurements are established.
2 basic types of foundations:
 STRING – is either plastic chord or
galvanized wire across the batter boards used  SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
to indicate the outline of the building wall and o base of the column or wall of the
foundation. substructure.

 DEEP FOUNDATIONS
EXCAVATION o transfer the load at a point far below the
 categorized into two types: substructure.
o the minor and major excavation
depending upon the size and nature of ----------------------------------------------------------------------
the foundation to be constructed.
o Excavation for a small construction FOUNDATION
with independent wall, or combined  carry or support the superstructure of the
footing is classified under the minor building.
excavation, while the rest which
requires size ables or total extraction
of the earth fall under the category of FOOTING
major construction.  transmit the column load to the underlying soil
or rock
 lower portion of the foundation structure.
MINOR EXCAVATION
 independent footing and hollow block wall FOUNDATION BED
footing where the digging of the soil for the  soil or rock directly beneath the footing.
 o Square stepped footing
PILE FOUNDATION
 foundation bed is too weak to support a b) COMBINED FOOTING
raft footing, need to provide a material where  two or more columns are spaced
to transfer the excess load to a greater depth closely to each other that their footing
wherein piles is the answer. will almost or completely merge.

PILE o Rectangular
 small cross-sectional area with reasonable
length driven down the ground o Trapezoidal
 distinguished from a caisson by being driven
into place rather than driled & poured.
 clusters containing from two to twenty-five
piles.

PILE CAP
 distributes the load of the column or wall
equally among the piles.

CAISSONS
 similar to a column footing in that it spreads
the load from a column over a large enough
area of soil.

FOUNDATION WALL c) CONTINUOUS FOOTING

 part of building foundation, forms the  support several columns in a row. It’s
permanent retaining wall of the structure either:
below grade.
o Inverted slab footing
GRADE BEAM
 part of a foundation system w/c supports the o Inverted tee footing
exterior wall of the superstructure and bears
directly on the column footing. d) RAFT OR MAT FOOTING
 beneath the structure and carry
RETAINING WALL the wall and the column loads.
 a wall or laterally braced, that bears against an
earth or other fill surface and resists lateral o Uniform slab
and other forces.
o Thickened slab
CANTILEVER WALL
o Beam & girder
 resist overturning by the use of cantilever
footing.

GRAVITY WALL CONCRETE

 massive concrete wall, overturning by virtue
of it’s own weight. Concrete
 artificial stone made out from the mixture of
BEARING WALL cement, sand, gravel and water.
 supporting an imposed load.  known as solid mass or plain concrete.
 two materials act together in resisting forces
is called REINFORCED CONCRETE.

FOOTING ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES:  SLUMP TEST

o determining the consistency of freshly
1. WALL FOOTING OR STRIP FOOTING mixed concrete.
 is a strip of reinforced concrete wider than the
wall  Designing of concrete mixture is based on the
 A steel percentage equals to 0.2 to 0.3% of the water-cement ratio.
cross sectional area of concrete is said to be  0.68 lb. Of water / lb. Of cement will produce
adequate except on unusual cases. concrete capable of developing 2,500 psi in 28
days.
 Less water produces stronger concrete.
2. COLUMN FOOTING – is classified into the  More water produces lesser strength.
following types:  Admixture – accelerates or retards concrete
setting.
 Sizes of measuring box for:
a) ISOLATED OR INDEPENDENT FOOTING o 40 kg. Cement – 300mm x 300mm x 300mm
 footing represents the simplest and
most economical type, in the form of: o 50 kg. Cement - 320mm x 320mm x 330mm
o Square block footing

o Square slope footing

CONCRETE MIXTURE:
 METAL
REINFORCEMENT

The different kinds of stresses that may act on the

structure are:

a. Compression stress
b. Tension stress
c. Shear stress
d. Torsion stress
reinforcement need to provide on beam to response to
positive and negative bending which may cause failure
or collapse of the structure.

 MORTAR MIXTURE:  Reinforced concrete

o combination of concrete and steel.

 concrete
o supporting compression load but weak
POST AND COLUMN in resisting tension forces.

POST – refers to a piece of timber of either cylindrical,  steel

square or other geometrical cross section placed vertically o strength to resist both compression and
to support a building. tension.

COLUMN – refers to vertical structure use to support  balance beam

a building made of stone, concrete, steel or combination o concrete and steel are enough to carry
of the above materials. the compression and tension forces
simultaneously.
STOREY – is the space in a building between floor
levels or between a floor and a roof above.  inflection points
o portion of a beam where bending
Reinforced concrete column are classified as:
moment changes from positive to
negative.
 SHORT COLUMN
o unsupported height is not greater than
 no bent bars
ten times the shortest lateral dimension o when bars are not bent, reinforcing bars
of the cross section.
are placed on the top of the beam across
the supports extended to the required
 LONG COLUMN length.
o unsupported height is more than ten
times the shortest lateral dimension of  bent reinforcing bars
the cross section. o are bent up on or near the inflection
point and are extended at the top of the
Types of columns are: beam
 tied column –  4cm.
o consisting of vertical or longitudinal o allowance protective covering of steel
bars held in position by lateral bars from the outside
reinforcement called lateral ties.
Three factors for spacing of the lateral ties:
 spiral column
o circular concrete core in enclosed by  Not more than 16 times the dia. longitudinal or
spirals with vertical or longitudinal bars. main reinforcing bars.
 Not be more than 48 times the dia. Lateral ties
 composite column  Not more than the shortest dimension of the
o structural steel column is embedded into column.
the concrete core of a spiral column. WOOD CONSTRUCTION
 combined column
o with structural steel encased in concrete  scab
of at least 7 cm thk. Reinforced with o short flat piece of lumber, screwed to
wire mess surrounding the column at a two butting pieces
distance of 3 cm.
 fish plate
 lally column o used to fasten together the ends of two
o flat steel bars or plate which hold a members with nails or bolts.
girder, girts or beam.
o The steel pipe is sometimes filled with  splice plate
grout or concrete for corrosion. o a metal plate used for fastening two or
more member together.
  cogged joint –  pertains to the distances between the
o carpentry joint, two uneven timbers, posts, columns or supporting walls.
each of which is notched

 notching The platform - floor framing structure is classified into

o joining of timbers, usually meeting or the following types:
crossing at right angles
 The plank and beam floor type
 crosslap joint  The panelized-floor system
o a joint connecting two wood members  The conventional floor framing system
which cross each other,

 Square splice
o half lapped used to resist tension. The different parts of a platform floor system are:

 bridle joint  Girder

o joint, two tongues project from the o beam extending from wall to wall of a
tenoned member, fit into building supporting the floor
corresponding mortised member.
 Sill
 Tenon o part of the side of a house that rests
o reduced in cross section, inserted in horizontally upon the foundation.
a corresponding cavity in another piece
in order to form a secure joint.  floor joists
o placed on the girders where the floor
 Yacal boards are fastened.
o lumber when in contact with concrete.
 Header and Trimmer
 Board foot o support the end of the cut-off joist at a
o Thick, one foot wide and one foot long. stair well hole. Trimmer is a
supporting joist which carries an end
 Boliden salt portion of a header.
o treatment in wolmanized lumber.
 Flooring
o known as t&g is generally specified
 Dap
for wood flooring.
o notch in timber, receiving another timber.
 Tail beam or Tail piece
 Dado
o short beam, supported by a header
o a rectangular groove cut across the full
joist at one end
width of a piece of wood
 Ledger strip
 Solignum
o nailed to the side of the beam, forming
o anti-termite surface application on
a seat for the joists.
wood.
 Draftstop Plate
FLOOR STRUCTURE o uses to dress up the edge of the joists.

Wood floor system  Sole plate

 building suspended by posts, columns, walls o horizontal timber, base for the studs in
and beams. a stud partition.

The design of a platform floor system depends upon the

following considerations:
 Sill plate
1. LIVE LOAD o horizontal timber, at the bottom of the
 movable loads imposed on the floor. frame of a wood structure, rest on the
foundation.
2. DEAD LOAD
 static load such as the weight of the  Top plate
construction materials which generally o horizontal timber, upper portion of the
carry the live load. studs in a stud partition.

3. TYPES OF MATERIALS TO BE USED –  Cripple stud

 various construction materials such as o building frame, a structural element
lumber, concrete, and steel. that is shorter than usual, as a stud
above and below opening.
4. THE SIZING AND SPACING OF THE
STRUCTURAL MEMBERs  block or solid bridging
 depends upon its strength and capability o short members, fixed vertically
to carry the load at a certain spacing. between floor joists to stiffen joists.

5. SPAN OF THE SUPPORTS  Cross bridging

 o diagonal bracing in pairs, between 3. Length of the span
adjacent floor joists to prevent the 4. The cost of the construction
joists from twisting.
ONE WAY SLAB
 hanger or stirrup  reinforcements run only in one direction.
o metal seat, attached to a girder to  Solid slab supported by two parallel beams.
receive and support a joist.  economical for a medium and heavy live load
on short spans ranging from 2.00 to 3.50
 Balloon framing meters long.
o construction has studs continuous to
roof supporting second floor joists. TWO WAY SLAB
 supported on four sides where the floor panel
 Western framing is nearly square
o extended to the outer edge of the  two directions of reinforcing bars placed at
frame and provide a flat work surface right angle with each other.
at each floor.  slab shall not be less than 4 inches or 10 cm.
Nor less than the perimeter of the slab divided
by 180.
Reinforced concrete floor system  spacing of the reinforcement shall not be more
than 3 times the slab thickness.
BEAM
RIBBED FLOOR SLAB
 supports the transverse load which usually rest
 economical type of floor construction but only
on supports at its end.
to medium span length with light or medium
load.
GIRDER
 ribbed floor slab consists of small adjacent t-
 applied to a beam that supports one or more
beam wherein the open spaces between the
smaller beam.
ribs are filled by clay tiles, gypsum tiles or
steel forms. The tiles are generally 30 x 90
Beam are classified as :
cm. With depth of 10 to 40cm.
 Simple beam
 Continuous beam FLAT SLAB
 Semi – continuous  rectangular slab directly supported by columns
without beams or girders. The slab is either
SIMPLE BEAM uniform in thickness or provided with square
 single span supported at its end without a symmetrical area directly above the column
restrain at the support. reinforced with bars running in two directions.
 Also called as simply supported beam. The increased area directly above the column
called drop panel or simply drop. On the
Restraint means a rigid connection or other hand, a flared head is employed in the
anchorage at the support. construction of a flat-slab floor making a
capital of the column.
CONTINUOUS BEAM
 beam that rest on more than two supports. When the column design is not provided with capitas, a
straight flat underneath is provided in the slab
SEMI-CONTINUOUS BEAM throughout the system, which is called flat plate
 spans with or without restraint at the two construction.
extreme ends.
This floor system is economical in terms of
materials and labor.

 construction joint – a joint where two

successive placements of concrete meet.
Web reinforcement
 as their stirrups used in the beam to hold the  contraction joint or expansion joint – a
reinforcement in its designed position. joint between adjacent parts of a structure
 not only intended to hold the reinforcement which permits movement between them.
and provide lateral support but also serves to
resist diagonal tension and counteract the  control joints – employed to reduce
shear action on the structure. restraint by accomodating movement of
masonry wall.
Reinforced concrete slab:
classified into the following types:  block out – in concrete structures under
1. One-way solid slab and beam. construction, a space where concrete is not to
2. Two-way solid slab beam. be placed.
3. Ribbed floors.
4. Flat slab or girderless floors solid or
 cold joint – a joint formed when a concrete
ribbed.
surface harden before the next batch of
concrete is placed against.
Each type of the floor system has its own advantages
in application depending upon the following factors:
 Creep – permanent deformation of a material
1. Spacing of the columns.
under a sustain load.
2. The magnitude of the loads to be
supported
 Camber – convex curvature in beam or truss.
 point.

LAYING OUT OF STAIRS  GAMBREL ROOF

o gable roof with each side having two
Type of stringers slopes.
There are several forms of stringer classified
according to the method of attach in the risers and the  BUTTERFLY ROOF
treads. o two shed roofs where the slope meet at
the center of the building.
1. Cut
2. Cleated  MANSARD ROOF
3. Built-up o where the sides of the roof slope steeply
4. Rabbeted (house) from each side of the building towards
the center forming a flat deck on top.
BALUSTER
 short vertical members often circular in section,  FRENCH OR CONCAVE MANSARD
used to support a stair handrail. ROOF
o manzard roof where the sides are
BALUSTRATE concave.
 railing system including a top rail, vertical
members and bottom rail.  DOME
o hemispherical form of roof usually used
BULL-NOSED STEP on observatories.
 step usually lowest in aflight, having one or
both ends rounded to a semi-circle and  CONICAL ROOF OR SPHIRE
projection beyond the face of the stair string/s. o steep roof of circular section that tapers
uniformly from the circular base to a
BANISTER central point.
 handrail for a staircase.

RISER
 vertical face of astair. Types of roof frame
KICKER PLATE The three types of roof frame commonly used are:
 stair anchor to concrete.
1. Rafters type
2. Truss type
Types of roof 3. Laminated type

 SHED OR LEAN-TO ROOF

o simplest form of roof consisting of one
single slope.

 GABLE OR PITCH ROOF The various kinds of rafters for roof constructions are:
o most common type and economical
form of roof made of triangular sections  COMMON RAFTERS
consisting of two slopes meeting at the o extended at right angles from the plate
center of the ridge forming a gable. or girts t the ridge.

 SAW TOOTH ROOF  HIP RAFTERS

o development of the shed made into a o diagonally from the corner of a plate or
series to lean-to roof covering one girts to the ridge.
building.
 DOUBLE GABLE ROOF  VALLEY RAFTERS
o diagonally from the plate or girts at the
o modification of a gable or a hip and intersection of gable extension with the
valley roof. main roof.

 HIP ROOF  OCTAGONAL RAFTERS

o placed on an octagonal shaped plate at
o used in modern houses having straight
the central apex or ridge pole.
sides all sloping toward the center of the
building terminating at the ridge.
 JACK RAFTERS
o does not extend from the plate or girts
 HIP AND VALLEY ROOF to the ridge.
o combination of the hip roof and an
interesting gable roof forming at or l Jack rafters are classified into:
shaped building. 1. Hit jacks
2. Valley jacks
 PYRAMID ROOF 3. Criple jacks
o modification of the hip roof wherein
the four straight sides are sloping TRUSS
towards the center terminating at a
 built-up frame, long span roof unsupported by
 intermediate columns or partitions. it’s side.
 series of triangles used to distribute load,
stiffen the structure and flexibility for the  mission tile
interior spacing as well as strength and o clay roofing tile, approx. Semi-
rigidity. cylindrical in shape laid in courses with
the unit having their convex side
alternately up and down.
The different types of trusses are:
 Roman tile
A. Light trusses: o channel shaped, tapered, single lap
 Pitched - Howe howe rooping tile.
 Scissors Chord – Raised raised  Galvanized
 Sawtooth frame – 1 ½ Story o zinc coated materials.
 Flat Ity - Util  a frame
 Bowstring o 3-piece rigid structural frame in the
shape of the upright capital “a”.
B. Heavy trusses:  Chord
 Howe Truss - Belgian o principal member of a truss.
 Fink - Pratt pratt  Batten
 Scissors Fink - Cambered -camber o wood strips to support roof tiles.
 Warren – Flat Howe flat howe  Split ring
 Saw tooth – Flat Pratt o chord splice connectors for trusses.

PURLINS
 top of a rafter or top chord of a truss that FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND
supports the roof sheating. STAGING

FORM
 temporary boarding, sheating or pans used to
produce the desired shape and size of
concrete.
 used in concrete construction.
 Structural members of a building are built-up
into its specified dimensions by the use of
forms that serves as mould for the mixed
concrete.
 should be watertight, rigid and strong enough
to sustain the weight of concrete.
 simple and economically designed to be
ROOF AND ROOFING remove easily and reassembled without
damage to themselves or to the concrete.
MATERIALS
Factors considered in the selection of forms are:
 Cost of materials
The term roof used here means the top covering of a
building that serves as a protective covering from the  The construction and assembling cost
weather.  The number of times it could be used
 Strength and resistance to pressure and the tear &
Roofing classification according to the wear
materials used:
 Fiber WOOD BOARD AND PLYWOOD FORMS
 Wood
Wood form
 Metal
 most common and widely used forms in minor
 Slate
or major construction.
 Tiles
 Reinforced concrete
o plywood as form is generally economical
 Plastics
both in labor and materials.
 Fiberglass o Plywood has plain even surface with uniform
thickness.
METAL ROOFING o it offers fitted joints, eliminate dressing,
 most common materials in building planing of the surface which is normal to
construction, this are classified as follows: wooden boards forms.
o Galvanized iron o Plywood is light-weight, handy and fast to
o Aluminum work on.
o Tin
o Titanium copper zinc
o Copper Metal form
o Stainless steel  seldom used in building construction because
o Lead of the varied designs and shapes of the
structures.
 Extensively used on road construction.
Pantile – a roofing tile which has the shape of “s” laid on
  Inverted tee beam
Two types of framing:  L –shaped beam
 Longitudinal rib type  aashto bridge girder – american association of
 Perpendicular rib type state highway and transportation officials.

Types of column forms:

 Square Roof and floor members
 Rectangular  Solid flat slab – wide ranges from 0.60m. To
 Circular 2.4m.

BEAM FORMS  Hollow core slab – wide ranges from 0.60m. To

 consist of one bottom form and a pair of side 2.4m.
forms.
 Double tee – wide ranges from 2.4 to 3.0m.
Types of wall forms:
 Continuous  Single tee – wide ranges from 2.4 to 3.0m.
 Full unit
 Layer unit

Greasing of forms Prestressing of concrete

The purpose of greasing the form is to make the wood There are several methods employed in applying
water proof, thus preventing absorption of water in the prestressed force to a concrete beam:
concrete which causes swelling and warping. It’s also
prevents adherence of concrete to the pores of the  Pre-compressing method
wood. o using jacks reacting against abutment.

YOKE  Self-contained method

 horizontal framework around the formwork for a o tying the jack base together with wires
column. or cables located on each side of
the beam.
SCAFFOLDING
 worker’s platform  Bond friction
o stretched between massive abutment
prior to casting of concrete in the
TYPES OF PRECAST STRUCTURE beam forms.

Wall panels The self-contained and the bond and friction methods
 this type of precast structure has numerous can generally be classified as pre-tensioning or
designs depending upon the architectural post-tensioning system. These methods can be applied to
requirements. mass production of casting several meters long of
The different types of wall panels are: structure and cutting the individual beam or post to the
 Flat type desired length out from the long casting.
 Double tee type
 Ribbed type  thermal prestressing
o the steel is preheated by means of
 Window or mullion type
electric power which are anchored
To improve the thermal insulation of the panel, against the opposite end of the concrete
foam glass, glass fiber or expanded plastic is inserted beam.
between two layers of lightweight concrete adequately
bonded interconnecting the two layers to act as one The causes of prestress losses are:
unit. Stresses in handling and erection of the member
is more than that of the finished filled structure, hence,  Slip at anchorage
control of cracking is of great importance.  Elastic shortening of concrete
 Creep of concrete
 Shrinkage of concrete
 Relaxation of steel stress
Precast column
 Precast column sizes are from .30 x .30m.
To .60 x .60m. In a multi- storey construction,
the columns are made continuous up to four WOOD MATERIALS
stories wherein corbels are used to provide
bearing for the beam. Tee column is WOOD
sometimes used to support directly double tee  has durability and beauty
floor members without the use of intermediate  great ability to absorb shocks from sudden
members. load and light in weight which adaptable in a
countless variety of purposes.

Two major classification of wood:

Precast beams 1. Softwood – these are used for general
The shape of precast beams depends upon construction.
the manner of framing. The various shapes are: 2. hardwood – these are used for flooring,
stairs, panelling, furnitures and interior trim.
 Rectangular beam Properties of wood:
  Hardness – measured by the compression,
which a piece undergoes when a weight is
applied. Seasoning of lumber:
 Flexibility – the amount a piece will bend before
breaking.  air drying
 Strength – to the grain. o lumber is strip-piled at aslope on asolid
 Durability – the relative value / lifespan of wood. foundation. This allows air to circulate
around every piece while the sloping
aloows water to run off quickly.
DEFECTS OF LUMBER:
 kiln-drying
 Decay – caused by the attacked of fungi. o more expensive lumber which is
 Checks – cracks or length wise separation required for more refined uses so as
across the annual rings of growth. wood will not move. It must be dried to
 Knots – irregular growths in the body which a moisture content of not more than 5 to
interrups smooth curve. 10 percent.
 Pitch pockets – well refined openings
between annual rings containing solid or liquid
pitch. MANUFACTURE BOARDS:
 Wane – is the lack of wood on the edge or corner Manufactured boards are made of wood but does
of a piece. not appear in their natural state. This type of
building materials can be classified as a type of
lumber as they are the by-product in the
TYPES OF WARPING: manufacture of lumber. The complete utilization
of wood has lead to an expanded field of
 CUPPING
manufactured boards.
o distortion of the board in which the
face is convex/concave across the
Types of boards:
board.
 plywood – is made of an odd number veneer
 BOWING
sheets glued together with the grains running at
o distortion of the board in which the
right angle to each other. It is light in weight
face is convex/concave longitudinally. and strong that screw or nail can be driven close
 TWISTING to the edges without danger of splitting.
o distortion of the board in which one
corner is raised. The diff. Types of plywood:

Definition of terms: o SOFT PLYWOOD - the most common

 Strips – pieces less than 2” thick and less than 8” for structural use
wide. o HARDWOOD PLYWOOD – are used
 Boards – pieces less than 2” thick and at least 8” for panelling and finshing where usually
wide. on one face is hard finished.
 Dimension lumber – pieces more than 2”
thick and less than 5” in any dimension.  EXTERIOR OR MARINE PLYWOOD – is
 Timber – pieces 4” or more on the smallest made for external use
dimension.
o HARDBOARD – is made from wood
 Log – pieces 12” or more on the smallest
chips which are exploded into fibers
dimension.
under stream of high pressure
Three categories of lumber:
o PARTICLE BOARD – is
1. yard lumber – used for ordinary light manufactures from wood chips, curls,
construction and finishing work. Commonly fibers, flakes, strands, shaving, slivers
used for flooring, plank siding, trim and etc. Bound together and pressed into
moulding. sheets and other molded shaped.

2. shop lumber – it is intended for use in shops or

in mills making sash, doors, and cabinets. MASONRY
 man-made units which are formed and hardened
3. structural lumber – is intended for use in into modular building units.
heavy construction for load-bearing purposes
and is cut into timbers of larger size.
Basic brickwork terminology:
Wood grain:
 COURSE – is a horizontal layer of bricks or
 edge grain other masonry units.
o annual rings run approx. At right angle  BED JOINT – is the horizontal mortar in every
to the face. course.
 HEAD JOINT – is the vertical mortar in every
 flat grain masonry unit.
o annual rings run more or less parallel to  STRETCHER is a brick laid with its face
the surface. parallel to the wall and its long dimension
horizontal.
 angle grain  HEADER – is a brick laid so as to bond two
o annual rings are at about 45 deg. To the wythes together.
face.  WYTHE – is a vertical layer of masonry units,
 one unit thick. then sent to a compression testing laboratory,
 SOLDIER – is a brick laid on its end with its face by making the cylinder while still wet. Some
parallel to the wall. compressive stresses are 2,000 psi, 2,500 psi,
 ROWLOCK – is a brick laid on its face with 3,000 psi.
its end visible in the wall face.

Structural bonds for brickwork: Brands of portland cement

 Running bond consists entirely of stretchers.  Island cement

 Common bond has a header course every sixth  Continental cement
course  Hi- cement
 English bond alternates courses of headers and  Union cement
stretchers.  Rizal cement
 Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in  Filipinas cement
each course.  Pacific cement
 Fortune cement
 Republic cement
REINFORCED BRICK MASONRY
 Northern cement
 constructing two wythes of brick 50 –100mm
apart, placing the reinforcing steel in the cavity,
Brands of white cement
and filling cavity with grout.
 Prime white cement
 Grout is a mixture of cement, aggregates, and
 Keene
water.
 Trinity
Brick bounds  Snowcrete
 to form some distinctive pattern or design is  Mortar – cement, sand & water.
referred to as the pattern bond.  Grout – cement and water mixture.
 Concrete – cement, sand, gravel & water.
 tyrolean finish – rough plaster finish obtained
by flinging plaster on a wall w/ a hand operated
o are tied together either by overlapping machine.
or by metal ties is known as the  Efflorescence – an encrustation of soluble salts
structural bond. caused by free alkalies leached from mortar or
adjacent concrete as moisture move through it.
o the adhesion of mortar to bricks or to  ADIABATIC CURING - the curing of
steel reinforcement used in conjunction concrete or mortar w/o the gain or loss of heat
with them is called the mortar bond. during the curing period.
 WHEATHERED – most waterproofed type of
mortar joints for walls.
Concrete hollow blocks:  ADOBE BRICK – large roughly moulded sun
Concrete hollow blocks are classified as dried clay bricks of varying sizes.
bearing and non-bearing blocks. Load bearing blocks  ASHLAR BRICK – a brick whose face has
are those whose thickness ranges from 15 cm. To 20 been hacked to resemble roughly hacked stone.
cm. And are used to carry load aside from its own  RETARDER – an admixture which delay the
weight. Non- bearing blocks on the other hand, are setting of cement paste or mixtures/
blocks which are intended for walls, partitions, fences  STEAM CURING - curing of concrete or
or dividers carrying its own weight whose thickness mortar in water vapor at an elevated temperature
ranges from 7.5 cm. To 10 cm. at either atmospheric or high pressure.
 QUOIN / COIN – in masonry, a hard stone or
Concrete hollow blocks has three cells and two one brick used to reinforce an external corner of a
half cells at both ends having a total of four. wall.
 Concrete  ZOCALO – low wall around a chalet-type house.
 Cements  FORTIFICATION – tha wall of intramuros.
 Portland  SCRATCH COAT – initial scored layer of
plaster work.
--------------------------------------------------------------------  CINDER BLOCK – a light weight masonry
unit made of cinder concrete.
SLUMP TEST  Mortar for block laying is 0.0125 m.
 when freshly mixed concrete is checked to  Plastering thickness is 0.016 m.
ensure that the specified slump is being
attained consistently. A standard slump cone
is 12 inches high (0.30) and 8 inches (o.20) in
diameter at the bottom and 4 inches (o.10) on FERROUS AND NONFERROUS METALS
top which is open on both ends.
FERROUS
 metal in which iron is the principal element.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
 common quality-control test of concrete, NONFERROUS
based on 7 and 28 days curing periods.  containing no, or very little iron.
Specimens are usually cylindrical with a
lenght equal to twice the diameter. Standard
size is 12 inch. High and 6 inch. Diameter. FERROUS METAL:
Filling is done the same way as the slump test
but taken out from the mold in 24 hours. It is
1. STEEL
  malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced wire, fences.
by melting and refining pig iron and/ or scrap
steel, graded according to the carbon content.  BOLTS AND NUTS
o For bolts, wire is fed into an automatic
2. COLD-ROLLED SHEETS ARE bolt-making machine which cuts to
GALVANIZED (given a zinc coating). length heads, trims, points, and in many
 used to make cast iron which is high in rolls the thread.
compressive strength but low in tensile
strength, and has little use for construction.  STEEL STRAPPING
o Used for banding column forms to keep
3. WROUGHT IRON them from bulging under the pressure
Remove all carbon and other impurities. of freshly poured concrete.
worked and is tough and ductile.
uses are for wire and metal ornaments.  OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS
o lightweight warren-type trusses made in
4. STAINLESS STEELS several different styles.
 chromium or a combination of nickel and
chromium used in buildings of exterior  SHEET STEEL
walls panels, frames for doors expansion o black and galvanized, can be used to
joints, flashing, copings, fascia and gravel manufacture corrugated roofing and
stops. siding and formed steel decking.
 STEEL STUDS
5. COPPER o lightweight, requiring minimum storage
high resistance to corrosion and is used for space and does not warp or shrink.
making sheet steel and metal lath.
 INSTALLATION
o Available in 1 5/8, 2 ½ and 3 5/8
STEEL PRODUCTS inches. Plumbing stack and electrical
components fit easily into a steel-
 Rolled structural shapes framewall.
 SHEET PILING- sections are made to
interlock and are available in several shape.  PANS AND DONES
o use in forming one-way and two-way
 STEEL PIPE- seamless or welded
small diameter pipe and electrically welded ribbed concrete floor systems.
large diameter pipe.
 REINFORCING STEEL- made from new
steel or from discarded railway- car axles or
NONFERROUS METALS:
rails.
 Reinforcing steel comes in plain or deformed
1. ALUMINUM
bars, that is, bars which have lugs or
 requires 10 kilowatt hours for each
deformations rolled on the surface to provide
pound of metal aluminum extracted.
archorage in concrete.
The reddish-brown ore is washed and
treated in a soda solution to yield a
chalky-white powder called alumna,
Sizes-start with no.2 or ¼ in. (divide a number
containing a high concentration of
of bar by 8 to get the equivalent in inch diameter)
aluminum.

2. ALUMINUM FOIL
No. 2= ¼“ = 6 mm.
 walls and ceilings and as reflective
insulation.
No. 3= 3/8” = 10 mm.
3. COPPER
No. 4= ½” = 12mm.
 a lustrous reddish metal, highly ductile
and malleable; has high tensile strength,
No. 5= 5/8” = 16mm. is an excellent electrical and thermal
conductor, is available in a wide variety
No. 6= ¾” = 20mm. of shapes; widely used for downspouts,
electrical conductors, flashings gutters,
No. 7= 7/8” = 22mm. roofing, etc.

No. 8= 1” = 25mm. 4. ALLOYS

 are brasses, and bronzes which contain
No. 9= 1 1/8 = 30mm. primarily zinc and tin, respectively, and
the alloys containing nickel.
 WELDED WIRE FABRIC
5. BRASSES
o consists of parallel, longitudinal wires  hardware applications. Bronzes are used
welded to transverse wires at regular in the production of springs.
intervals.
6. LEAD
 STEEL WIRE  a soft, malleable, heavy metal; has low
o over 150,000 uses for wire including melting point and a high coefficient of
pins, needles, nails, bolts, cables, piano thermal expansion. Very easy to cut and
 work, enabling it to be fitted over
uneven surfaces. Used for roofing, EXTRUSION
flashing and spandrel wall panels.  metal shapes of a constant cross section by
forcing the hot metal through an office in a die
7. TIN by means of a pressure ram.
 lustrous white, soft and malleable metal
having a low melting point; relatively RED OXIDE
unaffected by exposure to air; used for  protective coat for iron.
making alloys and solder and in coating
sheet metal. LAP SEAM
 metal sheet or plates and joining them by
STRUCTURAL SHAPES riveting or soldering or bracing.
The most common shapes of structural steel
used in building construction are the American
standard forms such as:

1. Square bars JOINING STEEL MEMBERS

2. Round bars Steel shapes can be joined into a building
3. Tee Beam frame with any of three fastening techniques.
4. Plate Bars
5. Angle Bars
6. I-Beam
RIVETS
7. H-Column  consisting of a cylindrical body and a formed
8. Wide Flangers head which is brought to a white heat
9. Zee
10. Channel
BOLTS
STANDARD CHANNEL  commonly used in steel frame construction
 shape of unsymmetrical balance consisting of fall into two general categories:
two flanges on one side.
 lateral support to prevent its tendency to 1. CARBON STEEL BOLTS
buckle.  common bolts are similar to the
 used as elements of built-up sections for ordinary machine bolts that can be
columns and are also suitable for framing purchased in hardware stores.
around floor openings, spandrels, and lintels
attributed to the absence of flange on the other 2. HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS
side.  heat treated during manufacture to
WIDE FLANGE develop the necessary strength.

 Wide flange sections are designated as w 12 x

24 which means that the flange has a depth of
Several way to achieved proper tightening:
24 cm. And it weighs 12 kg.

STANDARD I-BEAM  Turn-of-nut method

 uneconomical, because the whirl or revolving  Load indicator washer
action of the structure about an axis through the  Tension control bolts
centroid parallel to the wab of the i-beam is
comparatively small.
SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS
H-BEARING PILES
 H-bearing piles although suitable for pile FIELD WELD
driving on deep excavations is much more  this weld be done in the field during erection
suitable than the I-beam for columns.
WELD ALL AROUND
ZEE SECTIONS  fully around the perimeter of the joining
 structural form in a letter z pieces.
 not frequently used in building construction
exept on the fabrication of steel windows and BACKUP BAR
other frames.  backup bar to support the first pass of the weld
must be placed on the side of the joint
opposite the arrow.
WROUGHT IRON
 corrosion resistance and ductility. SPACER
 small metal spacers are used to maintain a gap
CAST IRON between the piecs to be joined, prior to
welding.
 has high compressive strength but low tensile
strength.
GLASS
WELDING  The major ingredient of glass is sand (silicon
 two metals are so joint that there is an actual dioxide). A hard brittle inorganic substance,
union of the interatomic bonds. ordinarily transparent or translucent; produced
by melting a mixture of silica, a flux and a
 stabilizer; while molten maybe blown, drawn, sheets cuts this rate of heat loss in half.
rolled, pressed or cast to a variety of shapes. Two kinds of edges seals are fused glass
edges and a metal spline and organic
THICKNESSES OF GLASS sealant.
Glass is typically manufactured in a series of
thicknesses ranging from approximately 2.5mm,
through 3mm, is called single-strength, or 6mm Glass products
to 22mm, is called double-strength, and on  Comparable in many ways to unit masonry but
special order, 25mm is available. have the added feature of transmitting light.

Types of clear glass Two types:

1. TEMPERED GLASS 1. FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS

 Tempered glass is produced by cutting  direct or diffuse the daylight
annealed glass to the required sizes for which passes through them to
use improve the illumination of the
building interior.
2. HEAT-STRENGTHENED GLASS
 The heat strengthened process is similar Three styles of functional blocks:
to tempering, but its, about one-third as
high as tempered glass in terms of 1. a light directing block – directs
bending and strength. incoming light upward toward the ceiling.
Used always above eye level.
3. LAMINATED GLASS
 Its made by sandwiching a transparent 2. a light diffusing block – diffuses
vinyl interlayer between sheets of glass incoming light evenly throughout the
and bonding the three layers together interior of the room.
under heat and pressure.
3. General purposes block
4. PATTERNED OR ROLLED AND ROUGH
CAST GLASS
 Hot glass can be rolled into sheets with
many different surface patterns for use 2. DECORATIVELY OR
where light transmission is desired but ARCHITECTURAL GLASS
vision must be obscured for privacy.  available in a wide range of styles
and patterns.
5. SPANDREL GLASS
 Special opaque glasses are produced for
covering the spandrel area (the bands of PAINT FINISHES
wall around the edges of floors) in glass
curtain. It is usually tempered or heat- Paints may be classified according to:
strengthened to resist the thermal
stresses that can caused by  Material to which it is applied
accumulations of solar heat behind the
spandrel. o Wood, metal masonry, concrete, plastic,
etc.,
6. WIRED GLASS
 Surface finish texture
 Simply a rolled glass into which wire
mesh is inserted during the process of
o Gloss, semi-gloss, egg shell, satin, flat,&
manufacture. The wire greatly increases
varnish.
the resistance to shattering through
impact. Its use for safety glazing, when
its breaks from thermal stress, the wires
hold the sheet of glass together.
Considerations in the selection and use of a paint

TINTED GLASS include: surface preparation

 adding small amounts of selected chemical the foundation of any paint system must be
elements to the molten glass mixture to produce properly prepared to ensure proper adhesion of the
the desired hue and intensity of color in grays, paint film to its surface.
bronzes, blues, green, and golds.
Type of paint
1. REFLECTIVE COATED GLASS
 Reflective coated glass appears as
 Paint must be compatible with the material to
mirror from the outside on a bright day
which it is applied.
and at night, with lights on inside the
building, they appear as dark but  specifications include the paint vehicle, finish
transparent glass. color, exposure, and manufacturer and/or trade
name.
2. INSULATING GLASS
 A second sheet of glass applied to a Method
window with an airspace between the  depending on the type of paint and the material
 to which it is being applied. Coatings may be o Zinc-pigmented coatings
brushed, rolled or sprayed on. o Zinc, silicons, alkyd, or asphalt or base
coating
ASPHALT
 used for waterproofing at firewall and roof
Drying decking.
 necessary for a paint to dry must be checked.  coatings with a vehicle of both petroleum and
natural asphalts are used to protect wood,
masonry, concrete and as roof coating.
Film thickness  Have good water resistances but thermoplastic in
 the dry film thickness (dft) is more important nature.
than the number of coats.  Addition of aluminum glakes helps to reflect the
sun’s rays.
 multiple thin coats are generally more effective  addition of epoxy resins minimizes the cold
than a single thick coat. flow and maximizes the chemical-resistance
of asphalt.
 A minimum of 2 coats is required to produce 5
mil dft.

Coverage CHLORINATED RUBBER –

 a paint’s coverage can be estimated by its  used for industrial flooring.
percentage of volume solids:  used in coatings highly resistant to alkalies,
 Ie. Paint with 100% volume solids: acids, chemicals, and water
 May be removed by coal tar solvents
(no thinner)  Has limited resistance to prolonged heat
exposure
 Used in swimming pools, water treatment plants

EPOXY CATALYZED
 used for duco finish.
 two component coatings consisting of a
pigmented primer or enamel and an activator or
catalyst.
 Mixed just prior to use – has limited “pot life”
 produces by chemical action a dense, hard film
similar to baked enamel.
 has excellent resistant to solvents, chemicals,
physical abrasion, traffic wear, a cleaning
materials
 has good adhesion properties, color retention
and stain resistance.
 Has good durability for exterior exposure but may
chalk.
PAINT GENERALLY CONSIST OF:
HARDWARE
PIGMENT  metal products used in construction, such as
 provide the paints coverings or hiding power bolts, hinges, locks, tools, etc. They are classified
or its color. as:

VEHICLE FINISHING HARDWARE

 hardware, such as hinges locks, catches, etc.
 liquid medium to carry the pigment in That has a finished appearance as well as
suspension during application function, esp. That used with doors, windows,
and cabinets, maybe considered part of the
Color decorative treatment of a room or building.
 Depends on the type of paint and the
manufacturer. ROUGH HARDWARE
 building construction, hardware meant to be
Exposure concealed, such as bolts, nails, screws, spikes,
rods, and other metal fittings.
 Exterior or interior
Some finishing hardware brands:

Characteristics:  Sargent Rabbit

 Stanley Universal
 PIGMENTED COATING  Yale Eagle
o Lacquer and enamel paints  Corbin Master
 Schlage Alpha
 CLEAR COATINGS  Kwikset Yeti
o Varnishes, lacquers, sheelac, sealers

 RUST INHIBITIVE COATINGS

DOORS FINISHING HARDWARES:
 an entrance way
A. TO HUNG A DOOR
Types of door:  Hinge
o attach support and turn a door about a
 flush pivot, consists of two plates joined
o smooth-surfaced door having faces together by a pin which support the
which are plane which conceal its door
rails and stiles
Types of hinges:
 panel door
o door having stiles, rails and 1. BUTT HINGE –
sometimes muntins, which form one  two rectangular metal plates, joined with a
or more frames around recessed pin, in large hinge, the pin is removable, in
thinner panels. small hinges, it is fixed.

KINDS OF DOORS: o fast pin hinge

 pin is fastened permanently in place.
 SWINGING DOOR
o full surface hinge
 OVERHEAD SWING-UP GARAGE DOOR  attachment on the surface of the door
o a rigid overhead door which opens as an and jamb without mortising.
entire unit.
o loose joint hinge
 OVERHEAD ROLL-UP GARAGE DOOR  having two knuckles, one of which
o horizontal position above the door has vertical pin that fits in a
opening, made of several leaves. corresponding hole in the other, by
lifting the door up, off the vertical pin,
the door may be removed with
 ROLL-UP DOOR
unscrewing the hinged.
o made up of small horizontal
interlocking metal slats which are
o loose pin hinge
guided in a track: the configuration coils
 removable pin which permits its two
about an overhead drum which is
parts to be separated.
housed at the head of the opening, either
manual or motor - driven.
o paumelle hinged
 single joint of the pivot type, usually
 ACCORDION DOOR
of modern design.
o a hinged door consisting of a system of
panels which are hung from an
o olive knuckle hinge
overhead track.
 paumelle hinge with knuckles
forming an oval shape.
 BI-FOLDING DOOR
o one of two or more doors which are
hinged together so that they can open
and fold in a confined space. 2. SPRING HINGES –
 containing one or more springs, when a door
 REVOLVING DOOR
is opened, the hinge returns it to open position
o an exterior door consisting of four automatically, may act in one direction only,
leaves (at 900 to each other) which or in both directions.
pivot about a common vertical axis
within a o double action - excellent for use in
restaurants, hospitals, kitchens, the
 SLIDING DOOR
door opens by just pushing it with the
o a door mounted on track which slides in
shoulder or feet.
a horizontal direction usually parallel to o Single action
one wall.

 BY-PASSING SLIDING DOOR

o sliding door which slides to cover a 3. PIVOT HINGE
fixed door of the same width or another  the axle or pin about which a window or door
sliding door. rotates.
 SLIDING POCKET DOOR o vertical spring pivot hinge- door
o slides inside a hollow of the wall. which is mortised into the heel of the
door, the door is fastened to the floor
 DUTCH DOOR and door head with pivots.
o a hinged door which is divided to two.
The upper part can be opened while the B. TO FIX ONE SASH
lower portion is closed
Types of bolt and fastener:
 FRENCH DOOR  Chain head and foot bolt
 Door or barrel bolt
 Flush bolt
  Chain door fastener ROLLER LATCH
 a roller under spring tension instead of a
beveled spring bolt, the roller engages a strike
C. TO LOCK THE DOOR plate, having a recess formed to receive.

 LOCKSET SCREEN DOOR LATCH

o basic locking mechanisms and all the  small locking or latching device used on
accessories, such as knobs screen doors and generated by a knob or
escutcheons, plates, etc. lever handle, sometimes equipped with a
dead bolt.
o BUTTON
o used to fasten the frame of a door or HASP
window.  fastening device consisting of a loop or staple
and a slotted hinge plate normally secured
o KNOB with a padlock.
o more or less spherical usually for
operating a lock. KEY-PADLOCK
 device which fastens in position maybe operated
o ESCUTCHEON by a key.
o protective plate surrounding the
keyhole of a door. MAGNETIC PADLOCK
 opens by using the corresponding magnet
o PLATES which goes with it.
o a thin flat sheet of material.
HASPLOCK
o STRIKES  built-in locking device which can be opened
only with a key.
o a metal plate or box which is set in a
doorjamb and is either placed
BORED LOCK
 lock intended for installation in a circular hole
o LIP STRIKE
in a door.
o the projection from the side of a trike
CREMONE BOLT
plate which the bolt of a lock strikes
 used to fasten upper and lower door.
first

USE A DIFFERENT LOCKSET FOR EACH DEAD BOLT

ROOM:  square in section is operated by the door key or
a turn piece.
 entrance lockset – with a key and universal
button which when pushed stays put and locks
the door. Types of automatic door closer:
 Pneumatic type
 bedroom lockset – same as the entrance lockset  Semi-concealed overhead type
but simpler in design.  Concealed type
 Overhead liquid type
 toilet lockset – without a key has a button that
is pushed to lock inside. Types of cabinet hinged door:
 Flush
KIND OF LOCKSET:  Overlapping
 Offset
 integral lock – a type of mortise lock having
its cylinder in the knob. Types of cabinet hinges:
 Butt hinges
 cylinder lock – a bored lock which has a  Common butt
cylindrical case into which a separate latch case  Loose pin
fits.  T-hinge
 Piano hinge
 Decorative hinge
LATCH  Offset hinges – used for hanging lipped or
 simple fastening devise having a latch bolt, overlapping doors, available in semi-concealed
but not a dead bolt contains no provisions for and surface-mounted styles.
locking with a key.  Pivot hinges – made for both flush and
overlapping doors.
NIGHT LATCH  invisible hinges – don’t show from the front
 key operated latch with safety pin. and is expensive. They can be used for both
flush and overlapping door.
LIFT LATCH  flush counter hinge – for a drop-down door
 fastens a door by means of a pivoted bar that can be lowered to serve as work surfaces
that engages a hook on the door jamb require hinges that lay flush in the surface,
mortise them into both surfaces, they don’t
RABBETED LOCK show when the door is closed. open.
 face is flush with the rabbet on a
rabbeted door jamb.
CATCHES FOR CLOSING OF CABINET DOORS
 IN PLACE  Philipps head
 Sheet-metal screw
KINDS OF CATCHES:  Round head screw
 friction catch  Lag screw
o engages a strike, is held in the engaged Washers
position by friction.  Flat
 Counter sunk
 magnetic catch  Flush
o uses a magnet to hold the door in a
closed position.
BOLTS
 threaded shafts that receive nuts. To use them,
 bullet catch
a hole is drilled, pushing a bolt through and
o holds a door in place by means of a
adding a nut.
projecting spring arctuated steel hall
which is depressed when the door is Bolts tightened with screw while holding the nut
closed. with a wrench.
Types of knobs: Nut
 Screw-in knob  Flat square nut
 Bolt-on knob  Hex nut
 Flush knob  Square nut
 Flush ring  Acorn nut
 Pull  T – nut
 Knurled nut
Other finishing accessories:
 Wing nut
 grab bar – a hand grip usually installed in
shower, which may be used for steadying are
self. HUNGER BOLTS – for hanging fixtures from walls.

 self-bracket – any overhanging member U-B OLTS – to attach flat surface to round poles and
projecting from a wall or other body to support pipes.
a weight.
Joinery brackets
 Metal bracket – used to support any cabinet or  Mending plate
shelf.  T-plate
 Flat corner plate
 spring door closer – attached above a screen  L-bracket
door to automatically close it. ----------------------------------------------------------------------

 door stopper – to prevent the door with its  AWNING – an architectural projected window.
lockset from harming the wall or tiles.  BAY WINDOW – a window which projects
outside the main line of a building.

Rough hardwares:  HOPPER WINDOW –opens inward and its

hinged at the bottom.
Nails
 Common wire nail with head and for strength.  ORIEL WINDOW – beyond building wall
carried by a corbel.
 Finishing nail without head and for better
appearance  BATTEN DOOR - a door w/out stiles which
is constructed of vertical boards held together
 masonry or concrete nail used for concrete, by horizontal battens.
mortar and brick surface
 STILE – vertical frames of paneled door.
Sizes, 1”, 1 ½”, 2 “, 2 ½”, 3”, 3 ½”,
4”, 6”  TRANSOM – window over a door.
Other common hammer driven fastener
 DOOR JAMB – finished frame surrounding a
Scotch nails door.
 Staples
 tacks  ANCHOR BOLT –fixed in a building
structure with its threaded portion projecting.
SCREWS
Classified by gauge (diameter), length, head  PLATE BOLT –building foundation which
type, and metallic make-up. secures the plate or sill.

 MACHINE BOLT – a straight shank and a

conventional head such as a square, hexagonal,
button or countersank.
TYPES OF SCREW HEAD:
 Flat head screw  CARRIAGE BOLT – a bolt with neck for non-
 Oval head screw ratating mounting.
 fungi, such as sap stain and sryrot
 LAG SCREW – common hardware fastener for
truss braces.  FIREPROOFING – a clear liquid applied
easily on wood, plywood, lumber and other
 KNOB BOLT – a door lock with a spring board that retains the natural beauty, gives
bolt controlled by one or both knobs and dead added strength and protects materials against
bolt controlled by akey. fire, weather, decay, insects and warping. Since
the liquid penetrated into the wood, when there
 BACKSET – the horizontal distance from the is fire. It reacts by dispersing the flame,
face of a lock of latch to the center of the knob preventing progressive burning.
or lock cylinder.
 RATPROOFING – a method of protecting
 GUSSET – a plate attached to side of a joint rooms against the intrusion of rats and other
for increase holding power. small destructive animals from gnawing the
wooden parts of the house, habitating on
 BRAD – a thin nail with small head. ceilings and floors of houses and buildings.

 KERF –suspended acoustical ceiling, a groove  RUSTPROOFING – a method of protecting

cut into the edges of an acoustical tiles to the ferrous materials like steel, iron from rusting
receive splines or supporting members of the or corrosion.
ceiling suspension system.
 FLOOR PROTECTION – when floors are
 PERFORATED TAPE – a type of tape used in subjected to wear and tear, or from chemical
finishing joints between gypsum board. abrasions and heavy use, a special kind of
material should be used to protect the flooring.
 SAHARA – used for waterproofing.
 DESCALERS, paint and chemical strippers –
 PARQUET – inlaid wood flooring usually set when an old house having ole paint is in need of
in simple geometric pattern. repainting, paint remover is applied to the
surface which softens and lifts the paint. For
 VINYL TILE – a floor tile composed principally cleaning of buildings from stains, rust, algae or
of polyvinyl chloride. even cement build up from forms or equipment,
etc. A chemical stripper or descaler is used.
 BEVEL – the angle with one surface of a body
makes with another surface when they are not at  CONTROL, PROTECT AND MANAGE –
right angle. for buildings that need total control of the
incoming and outgoing individuals for the
protection of the building as a whole from
 CHASE – a continous recess built into a wall to
robbers, stealers, etc. There are so many
receive pipes, ducts, etc.
equipments which can be installed.
 GYPSUM BOARD – material used in drywall
construction.
This is applied on the following locations:
 PLOUGH – a groove extended along the edge
 Roof decks
or face of the wood member being cut parallel
 Concrete terraces and balconies
to grain.
 Sheathing for wood shingle and tile roofing
 Water tanks
 Concrete roof gutters
BUILDING PROTECTION  Plant boxes inside
 Kitchen floor
Preventions  Toilets
 Canopies
 WATERPROOFING – a method of protecting  Basement floor and walls
surfaces against the destructive effects of water.  Elevator pits
 Swimming pool
 DAMP-PROOFING – protection from the  Machine rooms, air con & pump rooms
outside is provided by water repellent materials  Refrigeration & cold storage rooms
which turn water aside and force it to return to
the earth. The dampness that sometimes occurs
inside the building can be caused by penetration
of moisture from the outside or by consideration
of water vapor generated on the inside.

 ANAY (termite) proofing by soil poisoning – it Three types of waterproofing:

is important to poison the soil against anay
(white ants) in order to stop the anay from
 INTEGRAL TYPE
infesting the mainposts, walls
 MEMBRANE TYPE
 WOOD PRESERVATIVE (powder post
termites) a chemical liquid painted and applied
 FLUID APPLIED
to lumber to preserve it for years. It protects
wood against powder post beatles (bukbok)
powder poet termite (unos), decay causing  ROOFING FELTS
 aggregate with a binder such as portland cement
or gypsum and perlite aggregate using gypsum
ASBESTOS: as a binder.
asbestos felts – composed primarily of o Asbestos fiber insulation
asbestos fiber, a non-rotting, non-wicking o Corrugated insulation
inorganic mineral fiber.

SOIL TESTING
THERMAL INSULATION Larger than a single family house, it is necessary to
determine the soil and water condition beneath the site.
In cold weather, we are interested in transferring heat
from furnaces, radiators, heating panels, into various Method of soil testing:
rooms of our buildings. At the same time we are
interested in preventing that heat from being 1. DIGGING TEST PITS – are useful when
transferred from the interior of the building to the foundation is not expected to extend deeper that
outside. about 8 feet which is the maximum practical reach
of small excavation machine.
During the summer, it is important that we prevent the
transfer of hot outside temperatures to the working and 2. TEST BORING – boring with standard
living space within our buildings. penetration tests can give an indication of the
bearing capacity of the soil by the number of
All of these are done by the judicious use of materials blows of a standard driving hammer required to
which is best prevent the transfer of heat, this we call advance a sampling tube into the soil by a fixed
thermal insulation. amount.

Kinds of thermal insulation

Types of soils:
 LOOSE FILL – this bulky and divided into:
o ROCK – is a continuous mass of solid mineral
o Fibrous type materials, such as granite or limestone, that can
only be removed by drilling and blasting.
o Granular insulation
o Fibrous loose fill
o SOIL – is a general term referring to earth
o Granule
material.
 BLANKET INSULATION- is made from o BOULDER – if the particle of soil is too large to
some fibrous material lift by hand.
o Batts
o Structural insulation board o COBBLE – if the particle of soil takes the whole
o Strawboard hand to lift.
o Corkboard
o GRAVEL – if the particle can be lifted easily
 BLOCK OR RIGID SLAB INSULATION
with thumb and forefinger.
o block or rigid because the units are
relatively stiff and inelastic. o SAND – if the particle seen but are too small to
o Foamed plastic insulation
be picked up.
o Cellular glass insulation
o Foamed concrete o FINE GRAINED SOIL – if the particles are too
o Cellular hard rubber small to be seen.
o Shredded wood or wood fiber o Silt
o Rigid slab insulation o Clay Pile Driving

 RIGID INSULATION
o which are impervous to moisture Material used in pile foundation are:
penetration resulting from continuous o Timber
contact with the earth o Concrete
o Reflective insulation o Steel
o Aluminum foil
o Copper- foil insulations
o Reflective insulation
o Sheet foil

 FOAMED-IN PLACE INSULATION

polyurethane product made by combining a TIMBER – cannot resist high stresses due to hard
polyisocyanate and a polyester resin. driving that is required to penetrate hihly resistant
o Application by pouring layer of soil. The tip of the timber pile which could
o Application by spraying be easily damaged is protected by the use of steel
shoes, on the otherhand the butt is also provided with
 SPRAYED-ON-INSULATIONS – materials an ample protection by the use of cushion block.
used are polyurethane foam asbestos fiber
mixed with inorganic binders, vermiculite
Concrete piles are classified into two types:

1. CAST-IN-PLACE

a. CASED – is cast inside a metal shell

form which are left in the ground.

b. UNCASED – eliminate the metal casing.

2. PRECAST PILES – are reinforced to resist

high stress caused by the hammer in driving.

METAL PILE – is an excellent amterial for pile

because of its strength characteristics to withstand
hard driving and rapid penetration into the ground,
relatively with small material displacements.
Different metal piles:

□ H-bearing piles

□ Bos piles

□ Rail piles