ZANational LINEAR APPLICATIONS HANDBOOK ‘The purpose of this handbock is to provide a fully indexed ‘and cross-referenced collection of linear integrated circut applications using both monolithic and hybrid circults trom National Semiconductor. {Individual application notes are normally written to explain the operation and use of one particular device or to detail various methods of accomplishing a given function. The or sarization of this hanabook takes advantage of this innate ‘coherence by keeping each application note intact, arrang- ing them in numerical order, and providing a detailed Sub- ject Index. 7 Many of the application schematics callout the genevic fam- ily, identified by either the miliary temperature range version (oF commercial temperature range version of the device. Generally, any device in the generic family will work in the ‘circuit. For example, an ampliior indicated as an LM108 Feters to the generic "108" family, and does not imply that ‘only miltary-grade dovices will work in the application. Mil- tary (or industrial) and prime aloctrcal (“A") grade devices need only be considered when their tighter electrical limits ‘or wider temperature range warrants their use. The temperature range of linear devices is indicated by e- ther the first digit inthe part number, oF a later following the base part number. Specified Temperature Grade Ranae Part Number Miltary = 85°C < Tas +125"C LM or LOOM, Exiended* —40°C < Ta < +125 LMOXKE, Industrial’ ~25°C.< Ta < +85°C LM2XK or LMXXX! Commercial OC < Ty s +700 *Some industrial temperature range devices may be rated {for the extended (also known 9s automotive) temperature ‘ange. Other extended temperature range devices may not include a temperature range designation in ther part num- er. Check the device datasheet for the specified tempera- ‘ure range(s). Bocause commercial parts are loss expensive than military of industrial, these points should be kept in mind when try- ing to determine tho most cost-otfective approach to a given design. LLMSXX or LMXXXC yoogpuey suopedyiddy se28ul7‘TRADEMARKS Following is the most current list of National Semiconductor Corporation's trademarks and registered tradomarks. 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Box 58090, Santa Ciara, Caltornia 95052-8090 1-800-272-9969 TWX (910) 999-9240 Nationa does rot assure any resposiiy fr use of any creity dered, no cut patent eorses are imped and Nason rere the sight at any no thou nati, to change ead Oru or spocteakonsZA National Semiconductor Linear Applications Numerical List ‘Application Notes |AN-3 Dai Compensation Techniques fr Intogratod DC Amplifiers. seeeeceees 67 AN-4 Monolithic Op-Amp—The Universal Linear Component ........c+sssesecoeve 4168 ‘ANS13- Application of the LHOO02 Current Ampiifir oe 9768 ‘AN-20 An Application Guide for Op Amps... 8/80 ‘AN-23. The LM105—An Improved Positive Regulator 1769 ‘AN-24 A Simplified Test Set for Op Amp Characterizavon 1186 AN-29 ICOp Amp Beats FETS on Input Curent 12/60 ‘AN-20 Log Convertors Hea : 11768 AN-31 Op Amp Circuit Collection 278 N32 FET Circut Applications 2170 AN-41 Precision IC Comparator Runs from + 5V Logic Supaly 10/70 AN-42 IC Provides On-Card Regulation for Logie Circuits 2m ‘Nias The PrasoLociodL.oop| Cee aConmmtons Stem Bung Block ve 67 AN-48 Applications fora New Ultra-High Speed Butter. ait ‘AN-49 Pin Diode Drivers, 175 ANS6 —1.2V Reference zl wait ‘AN463 M380 Power Aucio Ampitier 12/72 AN-71Micropower Creuits Using tho LM4260 Programmable Op Amp... +... tT ‘The LMSB00—A New CurentDitfeencing Quad + Input Amplifiers... 972 Lar 99/4N299/L 4335 Quad ot ndapontenty Furcionng Caroma 473 IC Pre-Amp Challenges Choppers on Dit ET 2173 LM125/LM126 Precision Dua-Tracking Regulators - 8/80 Comparing tne High Speed Comparators 6/73 AN:88 CMOS Linoar Applications ae aay 773 AN-87 Versatile Timer Operates from Miccoseconds to HOUrS 2... 12/73 AN-103._ LM340 Saris Three Terminal Postive Regulators 8/80 ‘AN-104 Noise Specs Confusing? . 5/74 AAN-110 Fast IC Power Transistor with Thermal Protection 5/74 |AN-116 Use tho LM158/258/958 Dual, Singlo Supply Op Amp... vee 8/80 ‘AN-127 _LM143 Monolithic High Voltage Operation Amplifier APPICALIONS «ss eeescesscecsees 4/76 AN-148 FM Remote Speaker System 6/75 ANS4_1.2V IC Flasher, Oscillator, Triggor o& Alarm 12/75 AN-56 Specttying A/D and D/A Corwertocs 276 AN-161 IC Voltage Reterence Has 1 ppm per Degree Orit. : 676 ‘AN-162__LM2907 Tachometer/Spood Switch Bulding Block Applications «..........sssscsssees 6/76 AN-179 IC Zener Eases Reference Design... .cs.secseseseecseeseeens 11776 |ANI78. Applications for an Adjustable C Power Regulator wr AN-1B1 _3-Terninal Regulatoris Adjustable, Hae snr AAN-182_ Improving Power Supply Reliability with IC Power Regulators... an |AN-184_ Relerences for A/D Convertors : wz AAN-193._ Single Chip Data Accusition System Simpities Analog to Digtal Conversion .... wz ‘AN-200 CMOS A/D Converter Chips Easily Interface to 8080A Microprocessor Systom ... 3/78 ‘AN-202 A Digital Multimeter Using ADD501 7180 M210. Now Pao Locked Lops Have Advantage as Freauneyt to Voltage Convertere (end more) 4079 AN-211_ New Op Amps ideas 12/78 ‘AN-222 Super Matched Bipolar Transistor Par Sets New Standard for Drit and Noise 779 6/86 8/80 6/86 10/80 8/90 3/91 8/30 107 113 119 133 140 146 150 187 168 an 227 235 251 257 272 284 201 302 314 318 933 330 345 362 385, 369 375 378 382 385, 398 389 407 499 78F jeoawNN suoHeoiddy seu]lications Numerical Linear App! inear Applications Numerical List (continued) ‘Application Notes, Date ‘AN-225 IC Temperature Sensor Provides Thermocouple Gold-Junction Compensation... 4/79 ‘AN-227 Applications of Wideband Butters. cess 10/79 ‘AN-283 The A/D Easily Allows Many Unusual Applications ........e.seesreessesessere 1/80 ‘AN-236 An Introduction to Sampling Theorem Poeseeeresesees 1180 AN-237 Convolution: Digtal Signal Processing 7 1/80 ‘AN-240. Wide-Range Gurrent-o-Frequency Convertors 7 <. $180 ‘AN-241 Working with High Impedance Op Amps. i teecrsess 2/80 ‘AN-242. Applying a New Precision Op Amp 4/80 ‘AN-245 Application of the ADC-1210 CMOS A/D Converter, - [AN-267 Using the ADCOBOG/ADCD909 Bit uP Compatible A/D Converters with 6-Channel ‘Analog Multiplexer 9/80 ‘AN-253LH0024 and LH0092 High Speed Op Amp Applications. ........ Fitasebst dost / 00) ‘AN-255 Power Spectrum Estimation . 7 11/80 [AN-258. Crruiry for inexpensive Relative Humidly Measurement... evet 'AN-258._Data Acquisition Using the ADC0816 and ADCDB{7 8-Bit A/D Converter with On-Chip 16 Channel Muttiplexer........-.-- fosteterettenstertiserse 1/81 AN-260 A 20.81(1 ppm) Linear Slope-ntegrating A/D Converter settee V8 ‘AN-261 Low Distortion Wideband Power Op AMP... s..0+scssssenerseneessrsee 7e1 ‘AN-262 Applying Dual and Quad FET Op Amps. eh ee ae 5/81 ‘AN-263 Sine Wave Generation Techniques ... Be eat terete SOT: ‘AN-265 An Electronic Watt-Watt Hour Motor =... 2/86 ‘AN-266 Circuit Applications of Sample-Hold Amplifiors F 1/81 {AN-269 Cult Applications of Mutipying CMOS A/D Converters sae vet ‘AN-271 Applying the New CMOS MICRO-DAG «0. .-.e+s se ee over ‘AN-272 Op Amp Booster Designs. ee - 9/8 [AN-Z7A_ CMOS A/D Converter interfaces Easily wth Many Microprocessors 7181 ‘AN-275 CMOS D/A Converters Match Most Micioprocessors 2... .+-- 7/8 ‘AN-276 A New Low-Cost Sampled Data 10-Bit CMOS A/D Converter 781 ‘AN-277 The New MICRO-DAC Product Line for Microprocessor Systems . 781 AN-278 AN-280 AN-281 AN-204 AN-285 AN-286 AN-208 AN-292 AN-293 AN-294 AN-295, AN-298 AN-299 AN-300 AN-301 ‘AN-307 AN-SIt AN-336, AN-343, AN-344 AN-386 AN-384 AN-386 AN-390 AN-391 Designing with a New Super Fast Dual Norton Amplify. : 9/81 A/D Gorwerters Easily Interface with 70 Series Microprocessors. 1/81 Data Acquistion Using INSBD48 : 11/81 ‘Single-Supply Applications of CMOS MICRO-DACs ....... abet ger ’An Acoust Transformer Powered Super High lolation Ampito. 10/8 Applications of the LMa92 Comparator Op Amp IC 7 - 9/81 ‘System-Oriented DC-DC Conversion Techniques 4/82 Applications of the LM3524 Pulse-Width Modulator e782 Control Applications of CMOS DACS : cee 9/82, ‘Special Sample and Hold Techniques .......-- : 4/82 ‘igh Performance Industrial Weighing Systom ait 3/82 Isolation Techniques for Signal Conditioning Sania 5/82 ‘Audio Applications of Linear Integrated Circuits. : 4/82 ‘Simple Circult Detects Loss of 4 mA~20mA Signal ......0..-eescssceeeseseee 5/82 ‘Signal Conditioning tor Sophisticated Transducers - 1/82 Introducing the MF 10: A Versatile Monolithic Active Filter Building Block eyez ‘Theory and Applications of Logarithmic Amplifiers ........ ae 7182 Understanding Integrated Circuit Package Power Capabilities, San 3/88 LH1605 Switching Regulator. ..... 9/63 LF13006/LF 12007 Precision Digital Gain Set Applications... fee 9/84 High-Performance Audio Applications of the LMB33. 7 7 e765 ‘Audio Noise Reduction and Masking 7 3/85 ‘A Non-Gomplementary Audio Noise Reduction System .......-...- 8/85 DNR® Applications of the LM1894 persis 9005 The LM@29: A High Guaity TV Video LF. Amplttr and Synctvonous Detector for Cable Receivers. 2... . 7 3785 6/86 8/90 6/86 3/91 6/86 6786 6/88 6/96, 6/88 6/86 6/86 6/86 6/86 3/91 6/86 6/86, 6/86, 6/86 6/86 6/85 6/86 6/86 8/30 8/90 aren 6/86 6/86 8/90 501 523 631 547 65 586 500 612 618 627 651 669 664 674 681 605, 800 695 701 709 718 720 724 728 734 738 744 750 754 758 765 770 74 7236 707 02 807 217 822 831 337 807Linear Applications Numerical List continues) Roviston Application Notes Date Date Page AN-402 LM2689.F. Modulator ....... sepattees ees 6/86 872 AN-436 LMCB35 Digital Gontoled Graphic Equalizer. a erefase eo ESOS ECE Ee AAN-446 A 150W IC Op Amp Simpities Design of Power Cicul aiee 4786 — Bt ANS447 Protection Schomes for BIFET Amplfers and Switchos . 4186 8/90 905 ‘AN-460__LM34/LM3S Precision Monolithic Temperature Sensors. 6/6 11/0 908 ‘Understanding the Operation of CRT Monitor i e987 LM628 Programming Guido .... atte fetter 4/90 4/91 928 ‘ADMOS3A, 58 H-Bridge: The LMD18200..........cscssssessse see 6/90 883 LM628/LM629 User Guide 8/90 ~— 82 {LM78840 Switching Voltage Roguiator Applications... aa 11790 = 974 LM985 Feedback Provides Regulator Isolation . 11/90 — 989 Dynamic Speciictions for Sampling A/D Converters fads 5/91 — 990 ‘Specifications and Architectures of Sample-and-Hold Aoi 7192 9/99 896 20W Simple Switcher Forward Converter ......... 6/91 = — — 1002 LM2577 Three Output, Isolated Flyback Reguistor 7 6/91 = — 1006 ‘A Basic Introduction to Fiters—Actve, Passive, and Switched-Capacitor cee 4/91 1008 Topics on Using the LM6181—A New Currant Feedback Ampliior 3/92 =~ 1030 Increasing the High Spood Torque of Bipolar Stepper Motors. + 5193 — 1040 Development of an Extensive SPICE Macrommodelfor "Curent Feedback” Amplifiers ... 11/88 — 1049 [SPICE ConpatbloMaromodel fo CNOS Operational Ampir... see 11/93 1083 Guide to CRT Design veces 193 1067 Designing the Video Section of 1600% 1280-PiKOl CATS ......sescsseeeceseesssssees 12/93 — 1082 ‘Audio Amplifiers Utlizing: SPIKET™ Protection... 10/93 1099 Imoracing te LMT 2454/8 Data Acssiton Sytem host to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers it sense to/eg = — 1902 Multvibrator Timer CAD... .ecceseesssereesenees fetter 9/88 8/80 1192 Fluid Level Control Syston . 1189 1136 High-Eticioncy Fegulator Has Low Drop-Out Voltage . : 9/83 6/86 1136 Wide Adjustable Rango PNP Voltage Regulator zee 1187 Bench Testing LM3900 and L359 Input Paramoters .. 12/85 8/00 1198 ‘AB-25 _Dithering Display Expands Bar Graph's Resolution ....-.-.....-0-+ cee 8/81 = 1140 ‘AB-30 _AS.292 Line Driver Power SUBPIY.....-...es.0.0+0 oe 6/86 = 8/90 1142 LB-1 — instrumontaton Amplifier ..... cette: 9169 1146 18-2 Feodtoward Compensation Speeds Op AMpS ....c..ssssuusseisrsncsieee, O69 1146. LB-4 Fast Compensation Extends Power Bandwidth oa 469 1148 LBS High Q Notch filter ......... abebintaitontaipt 9/69 1149 LB-6 Fest Voltage Comparators with Low input Current. 569 = 1180 LB-8 —_Procision AC/DC Converters. eo 1183. LB-9 Universal Balancing Techniques. .... aula a/eo 1185 LB-11 The LM110—An Improved IC Voltage Follower 370 1187 LB+12 An IC Vottage Comparator for High impedance Circutry co TO = 1160 15-14 Spood Up tho LM108 wih Feelonard Compensation i 1/70 1162 LBS — High Stablity Regulators «....-....-. 04. feet VTE 1166 LB-16 Easily Tunad Sine Wave Osclators 371188 LBA? LM118 Op Amp Siows 70V/us. emt = 1168 LBB +5Vto-18V Converter .......-.. ar : ne 2 1170 LB-19Prodicting Op Amp Slew Rate Limited Response... e720 1472 LS-20 AFutyDierental not Vokage Amptin ...-eseeenseenn sme 174 LB-21—Instrumentational Amplfigr .......c..cseceessseesesseseceeseseteeeesee + 8/73 8/90 1176 LB-22 Low Orit Amplifier 386 1178 UB-23 Precise Tri: Wave Gonoration ...... cee 6/79 = 1179 LB-24 Versatile IC Pre-Amp Makes Thecmocouple Amplir with Cold Junction ‘Compensation 673 1180 Truerms Detector ........ Neeittdallethes cece, 6/79 = 1182 Sect Seated Op Aros end Comowets See sotceresteeenees 10/78 = 1184 Micropower Thermometer be 7 fence WTA 11086 787] eqewNN suoHeoiddy seeUlyLinear Applications Numerical List Linear Applications Numerical List (continues) Appiication Notes: 18-28 General Purpose Power Supply 18-32 Mirovolt Comparator... LB-34 ‘A Micropower Voltage Reference . tee LB-25 _Agjustatie9-Termnal Reguiator or Low-Cost Batiory Charging Systems LB-38 Wide Range Timor ......... LB-39 Circuit Techniques for Avoiding Oscillations in Comparator Applications LB-41 Precision Reference Uses Only Ten Microamperes «.-..-..--. ++ LB-42 Get Fast Stable Response from improved Unity-Gain Followers. LB-44 Get More Power Out of Dual or Quad OP AMPS «ss. ss+ +++ LB4s —_Frequency-o-Vollage Converter Uses Sampie-and-Hold to improve Response and Fipple... Bae Now ection Teco fr Trg Vota Feadtons LB-47 High Vottage Aqlustabie Power Supplies ..... 18-48 Simple Voltmeter Monitors TTL Suppiias LB-49 Programmable Power Rogulators Hop Chock Out Computer System Operating Margins LB-51 Add Kelvin Sensing and Parallel Capit 10 3-Terminal Fendi LB-62 A Low Noise Precision Op Amp .... LB-53 __pP Intrace fora Frew Running A/D Allows Asynchronous Reeds. ‘Appendix A The Monolithic Operational Ample: A Tutorial Study. ‘Appendix V/F Converter I's Handle Frequency-to-Voltage Needs ......- : ‘Appendix Versatile Monolthic V/F's Can Compute as well as Convert wih High Accuracy ‘Appendix H_ Standard Resistance Values. ee Revision Date Date o7% 676 676 e768 — aT ve o78 e738 i am 7179 6/88 3/80 — 2/00 — ves ser — 280 7/81 6/86 128s 6/06 8/80 6/86 8/80 6/86 666 — 1188 1190 1192 1193 1195 1198 1198 1200 1202 1208 1208 1208 1210 1212 rag 1218 1218 1220 1241 1247 1254ZANational Device/Application Literature Cross-Reference ‘Application Literature AN-156 «AN-980, “AN-299, AN-271. AN-274, AN-280, AN-261, AN-284, LB-63 |AN-233, AN-274, AN-260, AN-281, LB-53 AN-233, AN-274, AN-260, AN-281, LB-S3 AN-460 “AN-299, AN-274, AN-278, AN-280, AN-281, AN-201, AN-460,LB-53 -AN-293, AN-274, AN-280, AN-281, LB-53. -AN-247, AN-280, AN-281 i |AN-247, AN-280 “/AN108, AN-247, AN-258, AN-280 ADco8t6. a ‘A000817, LAN-247, AN-258, AN-280 ‘ADC0B20 . 7 vceee tee nereeneesettesceees ANS? ‘ADC0831 |AN-280, AN-281 ‘ADCO892 i : ceiesene cece es eeees esses AN280, AN'281 ADco833 a ae cesccseeseee es sAN-28O, AN-281 ADCOBs4 . 7 /AN-2B0, AN-281 ‘ADCOB38 . 7 + /AN-200, AN-281 ADc1001 7 "AN-276, AN-200, AN-281 ‘ADC10085 .. feet Se chttahieett at -AN-280 ADC10461 .... AN-769 ADC10462 . -AN-769 ADC10464 ADc10662 « Apc10664 ADCI210 «sees ADci2441 ADG12451 AN-769 ADC3501 ...... = AN-200, AN-202 apc3st1 AN-200 ‘A0C3701 ... eee ‘AN-200 apca711 edited teesesceteseseceeessAN2O0 CD4016 see eee a 7 = ABO DACKXXX. . a 7 AN-156 DACoBOD : 7 AN-693 IDALCOD feet deceit et det get att aati teeter a AN-284 DAco831 ce a LAN271,AN-204 Daco8a2 . . AN-271,AN284 DAC1000 LAN-271, AN-275, AN-277, AN-284 DAGHOON ees csesee |AN-271, AN-275, AN-277, AN-204 DACI002 . comparator and lamp driver Figure 3. Voltage comparator circulte oureut ch v 0p Figure 4. High current output butter «er. In addition, the increased dissipation could give rise to troublesome thermal gradients on the chip as wall as exces- sive package heating in high-temperature applications. It is therefore advisable to use an external buffer when large output currents are needed. A simple way of accomplishing this is shown in Figure 4. A pair of complementary transistors aro used on the output of, the LM101 to get the increased current swing. Although this Circuit does have a dead zone, it can be neglected at fr ‘quencies below 100 Hz because of the high gain of the amplifier. F1 is Included to eliminate parasitic oscillations {rom the output transistors. In addition, adequate bypassing ‘should be used on the collectors of the output transistors 10 Ingure thet the output signal is not coupled back into the amplifier. This crcuit does not have current limiting, but it can be added by puting SOM resistors in series with the collectors of O1 and G2. an fet amplifier For ambient temperatures less than about 70°C, junction ‘eld etfect transistors can give exceptionally iow input cur- ‘ents when they aro used on the input stage of an opera ‘ional ampitier. However, monolithic FET amplifiers are not now available since itis no simple matter to diffuse high quality FET's on tho same chip as tho amplifier, Nonethe- lose, itis possible to mako a good FET ampifier using a discrete FET pair in conjunction with a monotthic circu. Such a circuit itustrated in Figure 6. A matched FET pait, connected as sourve followers is putin front of an intagrat- 1 operational ampifier. The composite cicult has roughly the same gain as the integrated circuit by itself and is corm pensated for unity gain with a 20 pF capacitor as shown. Although it works well as a summing ampifier, the cuit faves. somathing to be desired in applications requiring high common mode rection. This happens both because resistors are used for current sources and because the FETs by themself do not have good common mode rejec- 8v oureur oy Figure 6. FET operational amplifier storage circuits ‘A sample-anc-nold citcuit which combines the low input cur- rent of FET's withthe low offset voltage of monolithic ampl= fiers is shown in Figure 6. The circuitis a unity gain amplifier ‘ompioying an operational amplifier and an FET source fol. lower. In operation, when the sample switch, Q2, is tuned ‘on, it closes the feedback loop to make the output equal to ‘the input, diforing only by the offset voltage of tho L101 ‘When the switch is oponod, the charge storad on C2 holds the output at a level equal to the last valuo of the input voltage. ‘Some care must be taken in the selection of the holding capacitor. Certain typas, including paper and mylar, exhibit a polarization phenomenon which causes the sampled volt-eur ch oto Figure 6. Low drift sample and hold ‘age to drop off by about 50 mV, and then stablize, when the ‘capacitor is exercised over a 6V rango during the sample interval. This drop off has a time constant in the order of ‘seconds. The effect, however, can be minimized by using ‘capacitors with tefion, polyethylene, glass or polycarbonate dislectics. Although this circuit does not have a particulary low output resistance, fixed loads do not upset the accuracy since the loading is automatically compensated for during the sample interval. However, if the load is expected to change after ‘sampling, a butfer such as the LM102 must be added be- tween the FET and the output. ‘A second pole is introduced into the loop response of the ‘amplifier by the switch resistance and the holding capacitor, C2, This can cause problems with overshoot or oscilation if itis not compensated for by adding a resistor. Rt, in series with the LM101_ compensation capacitor such that the breakpoint of the FC combination is roughly oqual to that of the switch and the holding capacitor. Its possible to use an MOS transistor for Q1 without wony- ing about the threshold stabil. The threshold voltage is balanced out during every sample intarval so only the shor- ‘orm threshold stability 's important. When MOS transistors ‘are used along with mechanical switches, drit ratos less than 10 m/min can be realized, ‘Additional features of the circuit are that the amplifier acts ‘as a butfor so thet the circult does not ioad the input signal nr ¥ ct aoor runner. Figure 7, Positive peak detector with buttered output a aaa cr if ae *Polemtbonate-dolct epscior runs Further, gain can also be provided by foeding back to tho inverting input of the LM101 through a resistive divider in- stead of directly The peak detector in Figure 7's similar in many respects to the sample-and-hold circuit A diode is used in place of the ‘sampling switch. Connected as shown, it wil conduct when- ‘ever the input is greater than the output, so the output wall 'be equal to the poak vaiue of the input voltage. In this case, ‘an LM102 is used as a bulfer for the storage capacitor, ‘ving fow drift along with a low output resistance. ‘As with the sample and hold, the ditferontial input voltago tange of the LM101 parmits difrences between tho input ‘and output voltages when the circuit is holding non-linear amplifiers When a nonsiineer transfer function is needed from an oper- ational amplifier, many methods of obtaining it present themself, However, they usually require diodes and ara therefore dificult to temperature compensate for accurate breakpoints. One way of getiing around this is to make tha ‘output swing so large that the diode threshold is negigible by comparison, but this is not always practical ‘A mothod of producing very sharp, temperalure-stable breakpoints in the transfer function of an operational amplf- cer Is shown in Figure 8. For small input signals, the gain is determined by R11 and R2. Both Q2 and Q3 are conducting to somo degree, but they do not affect the gain because their current gain is high and they do not fead any approcia- ‘blo current back into tho summing mode. When the output voltage rises to 2V (dotormined by 3, R4 and V~), G3 ‘draws enough current to saturate, connecting RA in paraliel with Fi2. This cuts the gain in half. Simitariy, when the output voltage rises to 4V, Q2 will saturate, again halving the gain. ‘Tomporaturo componsation is achioved in this circuit by in- cluding Q1 and G4. Q4 compensates tho emitor-base volt- ‘age of Q2 and G9 to keep the voltage across the feedback. resistors, Fd and RG, very nearty equal tothe output voltage ‘while O1 compensates for the emitter base voltage of these transistors 2s they go into saturation, making the voltage ‘across R3 and RS oqual to the negative supply voltage. A. dotrimental etfect of G4 is that it causes the output rosist- ‘ance of the amplifier to increase at high output levels. it may therefore be necossary to use an output butfor i tho circu ‘must drive an appreciable load, servo preamplifier In certain servo systems, itis desirable to get tho rato signal required for loop stablity from some sort of electrical, load network. This can, for examplo, be accomplished with reac- tive elements in the foodback network of the serve pream- pilfer. NY