PO9 (INDIVIDUAL & TEAMWORK)

CODE/COURSE : DENE3153 CONTROL PRINCIPLES

SESSION/SEMESTER : 2/2
TITLE OF ASSIGNMENT : FIRST AND SECOND ORDER SYSTEM TIME RESPONSE
ASSIGNMENT GROUP NO. : - DATE : 17/6/2022

NO. STUDENT NAME MATRIX NO.

S1 STACARLSONLAUS PEHUS D022010132
S2 NORMAN HAQIM BIN ROSDI D022010117
S3 AQASHA DANIEL IRWAN D022010133
S4 AG MUHAMAD NAZMI ZAKWAN BIN AG MARJOKI D022010036
S5 IRSYAD KHAFIYYAN BIN AZMI D022010021

MARKS
CRITERIA 1- NOVICE 2 - APPRENTICE 3 - PROFICIENT 4 - EXEMPLARY
S1 S2 S3 S4

Active discussion occurs All group members

1. Communication Interaction hardly occurs All group members
among the same 2 or 3 participate actively in
& Participation between group members. participate actively.
group members. harmonious way.

Understand their own roles,

Rarely understand their own Understand their own roles Understand their own roles able to perform the roles
2. Members Role roles and unable to perform and but unable to perform and able to perform the appropriately, and
the roles appropriately. the roles appropriately. roles appropriately. complementing roles of
others effectively.
Always very diplomatic,
Rarely listens to, shares Often listens to, shares with, Always listens to, shares
listens to, shares with, and
with, or supports the efforts and supports the efforts of with, and supports the
3. Interaction supports the efforts of
of others. Often is others, but sometimes is not efforts of others, and a good
others; effective and
not a good team player. a good team member. team member.
dynamic as a team member.
Rarely participates in the Sometimes participates in Routinely participates in the
Participates in all decision
4. Decision decision making and does the decision making but decision making and
making and understands the
Making not understand well on the does not understand very understands the decision
decision process.
decision process. well the decision process. process.

TOTAL MARKS

DEN - Revised: October 2020

 Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Computer Engineering
DENE3153 Control Principles
2 DEN S2

First Order and Second Order System Time

Response
Stacarlsonlaus Pehus,Ag Muhamad Nazmi Zakwan Bin Ag Marjoki, Aqsha Daniel Irwan, Irsyad Khafiyyan Bin Azmi and
Norman Haqim Bin Rosdi
[email protected]

Abstract
This assignment covers on how to analyze how First Order Systems and Second Order
Systems function for Time Response in Control Principle. To answer that question, we
compared the calculation of the two systems by display and evaluate the effect of each
criteria given. By calculation, we mean proper calculation and experimental works of
transient response using MATLAB. The results of our experiment shows that both of
the First Order systems and Second Order Systems are representative of many physical
system where the First Order Systems defined as the first derivative with respect to time
and Second Order Systems is derivative with respect to time. From our perspective, this
assignment emphasizes the importance of First Order Systems and Second Order
Systems in engineering since it can find major applications in every field of engineering
where something is being measured and controlled.

I. INTRODUCTION

The First Order can defined

as a type of control system whose input-output relationship (also known as a transfer function) is a first-order differential
equation. A first-order differential equation contains a first-order derivative, but no derivative higher than the first order. The
order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative present in the equation. A first-order system is a
system that has one integrator. As the number of orders increases, the number of integrators in a system also increases.
Mathematically, it is the first derivative of a given function with respect to time.
A second-order system is one where there are two poles. For second-order systems consisting of resistors and capacitors
(without any inductors or dependent sources), the poles lie on the real axis. For this special case, there is no possibility of
overshoot or ringing in the step response. The second-order system is the lowest-order system capable of an oscillatory
response to a step input. Typical examples are the spring-mass-damper system and the electronic RLC circuit

II. EFFECT OF POLES LOCATION OF FIRST AND SECOND ORDER SYSTEM

First Order:
The input pole at the origin generated a force response,

Second Order:
For the second order system, both poles can be real-valued and on the negative real axis, they can create a double-pole on the
negative real axis, or they can form a complex conjugate pole pair, according to the transfer function of the generic second-
order system. The significance of the pole position can be shown in examples below:

1
Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Computer Engineering

The roots of the characteristic equation determine the unit step response. When both roots are real, the second-order system
behaves like a chain of two first-order systems, with two exponential components in the step response. The step response is a
harmonic oscillation with an exponentially declining amplitude if the roots are complex.

IV. EFFECT OF ADDITIONAL POLES AND ZEROS IN SECOND ORDER SYSTEM

This is one way to approximate a high order system by a lower orders system (such as a first or second order system). Since
each additional pole contributes an additional exponential term that must die out before the system reaches its final value each
additional pole increase the rise time of the system. The importance of the second order system in the study of “dynamic
systems”, in particular in the study of “control system”, is due to the fact that many practical systems of order higher than two
are quite well approximated by a second order system involving only the two dominant poles (the two poles with the lowest
magnitude among all the system poles). But this is an approximation, and there are high order systems where it is not a good
one.

CONCLUSION

Finally, students may distinguish between the First Order and Second Order Systems of Transfer Function in terms of time
response. Students have previously learned how to add a pole and zeros to a transfer function. Students can obtain the time
response of a transfer function in both First and Second Order using MATLAB.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to say thanks for out lecturer, Dr. Amat for giving out lessons throughout the semester and giving opportunity
to conduct this assignment.

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 Manuscript Title

APPENDIX

First order system

Location of poles:

A: a= -1, A: a= -2, A: a= -5, A: a= -20,

The MATLAB Program:

As=tf([1],[1 1]);

Bs=tf([1],[1 2]);

Cs=tf([1],[1 5]);

Ds=tf([1],[1 20]);
subplot(2,2,1);
step(As);
subplot(2,2,2);
step(Bs);
subplot(2,2,3);
step(Cs);
subplot(2,2,4);
step(Ds);

ISSN: 2180 – 1843 e-ISSN: 2289-8131 Vol. X No. X 3

Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Computer Engineering

Table: evaluate

First Order Calculate Matlab

System Time rise time setting time rise setting
constant time time
As= 1 τ=1s Tr = 2.2/1 = 2.2 s Ts ≈ 4/a = 4 2.2 s 3.91 s
𝑠+1

Bs= 1 τ = 1/2 s Tr = 2.2/2 = 1.1 s Ts ≈ 4/a = 2 1.1 s 1.96 s

𝑠+2

Cs= 1 τ = 1/5 s Tr = 2.2/5 = 0.439 s Ts ≈ 4/a = 0.8 0.439 s 0.782 s

𝑠+5

Ds= 1 τ = 1/20 s Tr = 2.2/20 = 0.11 s Ts ≈ 4/a = 0.2 0.11 s 0.196 s

𝑠+20

SECOND ORDER SYSTEM

General second-order transfer function

𝑏 𝑊𝑛2
𝐶(𝑠) = 2 𝑇(𝑠) =
𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 𝑠 + 2𝜁𝑊𝑛 + 𝑊𝑛2

The reference system:

25 52
𝐶(𝑠) = 2 , 𝑠 = −3 ± 𝑗4 𝐶(𝑠) =
𝑠 + 6𝑠 + 25 𝑠 + 2(0.6)(5) + 52

𝑊𝑛2 = 25, 𝑊𝑛 = 5
6
2𝜁𝑊𝑛 = 6 , 𝜁= = 0.6
2×5

Wn ζ Settling Peak Time Rising Time Overshoot

Time percentage
5 0.6 1.3333 0.7854 0.3707 9.478

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 Manuscript Title

Table 2.1: Imaginary part of the poles changing

Poles Wn ζ Settling Peak Rising Overshoot

Time(s) Time(s) Time(s) percentage(%)
-3±j1.333 3.2830 0.9138 1.3333 2.3560 0.8968 0.0852

-3±j√(8) 4.1231 0.7276 1.3333 1.1107 0.5368 3.5716

-3±j5 5.8310 0.5145 1.3333 0.6283 0.2854 15.1836

-3±j10 10.4403 0.2873 1.3333 0.3142 0.1251 38.9661

1.33<2.828<5<10* later sort by imagery value

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 REFERENCES

[1]E. (2021, January 24). First Order Control System: What is it? (Rise Time, Settling Time & Transfer Function). Electrical4U.

https://www.electrical4u.com/first-order-control-system/#:%7E:text=A%20pole%20on%20the%20real,and%20get%20the%20desired%20output.

[2]Libretexts. (2021, March 5). 2.1: System Poles and Zeros. Engineering LibreTexts.

https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Industrial_and_Systems_Engineering/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Control_Systems_(Iqbal)/02%3A_Transf

er_Function_Models/2.01%3A_System_Poles_and_Zeros#:%7E:text=Second%2DOrder%20System%20with%20Real%20Poles,-

A%20second%2Dorder&text=Then%2C%20system%20poles%20are%20located,time%20constants%20of%20the%20motor.&text=The%20trans

fer%20function%20poles%20are,Jb%3D100ms.