My SQL

Created @May 23, 2022 10:56 AM

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Type

Materials

Reviewed

For Creating a Database

CREATE DATABASE Movie;

If we have a doubt that whether the database was already present or a database with a
same name exists we can use the following command.

CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS Student;

So both of the commands automatically explains what is the intention i.e. these are
going to create a database.

For listing down all the databases

SHOW DATABASES;

To delete a database
DROP DATABASE Student;

My SQL 1
 Whatever database we will pass in the above command that will be removed.

Data types of MySql

Numeric - INT, BIGINT, TINYINT, DECIMAL etc

Data and time - DATE, TIME, YEAR, TIMESTAMP

String - CHAR, VARCHAR, SET, BLOB, ENUM

JSON -

Creating a table in a databse

USE Movie; // This command will select the database on which further ops are going to be p
erformed

CREATE TABLE Actors (FIRSTNAME VARCHAR(20), LASTNAME VARCHAR(20), DoB DATE, GENDER ENUM('M
ale', 'Female', 'Transgender'), MARITIALSTATUS ENUM ('DIVORCES', 'MARRIED', 'SINGLE'), NET
WORTH DECIMAL);

To create a table, we use CREATE TABLE <name> and then inside a pair of parenthesis we
put comma separated column names with their data types.

Listing all the tables in a database

SHOW TABLES;

Detailed properties of the table

DESC Actors;
DESCRIBE Actors;

My SQL 2
 Creating table with default values, null
checks and primary key
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Actors (ID INT AUTO_INCREMENT, FIRSTNAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
LASTNAME VARCHAR(20), DoB DATE, GENDER ENUM('Male', 'Female', 'Transgender') NOT NULL, MA
RITIALSTATUS ENUM ('DIVORCES', 'MARRIED', 'SINGLE', 'UNKNOWN') DEFAULT 'UNKNOWN', NETWORTH
DECIMAL, PRIMARY KEY (ID));

If we want to have a default value for a column, we just need to add default value as a
clause after the column data type. If we want to add extra properties like NOT NULL or
AUTO_INCREMENT then we can just mention them after the data type of the column.

If we want to make any particular column as Primary key then we just add PRIMARY KEY

(column_name) to add it.

Inserting single row in the table

My SQL 3
 For inserting a single we can use the INSERT INTO command.

INSERT INTO Actors (FIRSTNAME, LASTNAME, DoB, GENDER, MaritialStatus, NETWORTH) VALUES ("J
ohnny", "Depp", "1960-10-08", "Male", "Single", 5000);

Here after INSERT INTO we mention the table name and then inside a pair of
parenthesis we mention the order of the columns in which we will give the data and then
we put the keyword Values and then again inside a pair of parenthesis we add the
actual data in the same column order which we defined before. If you want to put
multiple records in single query then you can these records in separate pair of
parenthesis comma separated.
INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> (Col1, Col2, Col3 ..) VALUES (Value1, value2, value3 …);

INSERT INTO Actors (FIRSTNAME, LASTNAME, DoB, GENDER, MaritialStatus, NETWORTH) VALUES ("A
ngelina", "Jolie", "1969-11-02", "Female", "Married", 5000) , ("Chris", "Hemsworth", "1975
-08-10", "Male", "Married", 7000) ;

To insert as key value pair in arbitrary order, we can use SET

INSERT INTO Actors SET DoB="1970-12-03", FIRSTNAME="Robert", LASTNAME="Downey Jr.", NETWOR

TH=10000, GENDER="MALE";

Display data from table

SELECT * FROM Actors;

The select actually displays data for the table you mention. * represents that we want
to get all the columns printed for the table.

SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME>;

Displaying particular Columns

My SQL 4
 SELECT FIRSTNAME, LASTNAME, DoB FROM Actors;

Instead of * we can put specific column names comma separated to get the desired
columns filtered

Displaying particular Rows

So we can filter out rows based on some condition using WHERE clause. After the table
we put the where clause and write our conditions.
SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME> WHERE <CONDITIONS>;

SELECT FIRSTNAME, LASTNAME, DoB, NETWORTH FROM Actors WHERE GENDER = "Male";

SELECT * FROM Actors WHERE GENDER = "FEMALE" AND NETWORTH > 5000;

Substring matching queries

If we want to check all the actors whose firstname start with Ch then we can do

select * from Actors WHERE FIRSTNAME LIKE "Ch%";

Here Ch% represents that we want to have the Firstname starting with Ch and after Ch
anything can be there. So the % represents that we can put any value after Ch
If we want to get all the actors whose firstname end with r then we can do

select * from Actors WHERE FIRSTNAME LIKE "%r";

Here %r represents that string can start with anything but it should end with a r.

If we want to end it with rt we can do

select * from Actors WHERE FIRSTNAME LIKE "%rt";

My SQL 5
 The above cases are for mainly prefix and suffix matching. But what if instead of just
prefix or suffix we want to search for the string anywhere in the data.

select * from Actors WHERE FIRSTNAME LIKE "%r%";

So here %r% represents that string can start with anything end with anything only it
should have r somewhere in the string.

Sorting the data

If we want to sort the data based on any particular column, we can do

SELECT * FROM Actors ORDER BY FIRSTNAME; // This will arrange data in INC order of firstname

Here we are using the ORDER BY clause, Order by clause takes column names and
then rearrange the data for display based on the column name.

If we want to tackle the condition where let’s say we have firstname same, then we
should consider different column, we can use the following query

SELECT * FROM Actors ORDER BY FIRSTNAME, NETWORTH;

So for having multiple column for comparison of data, we can put column comma
separated after order by. So if we have firstname same then we will try networth. And if
we put any more columns, then a case where networth is also same can be handled
too.

But If want to arrange the data in Decreasing order of firstname and increasing order of
networth.

SELECT * FROM Actors ORDER BY FIRSTNAME DESC, NETWORTH ASC;

DESC stands for decreasing, so when we put DESC in front of any column it sorts them
based on the decreasing order. Similarly ASC sorts in ascending order.

My SQL 6
 Mysql ignores case when comparing string in Orderby clause. Which means “chris” and
“Chris” are treated equally. If we want to do ascii comparison for the data, we can use
BINARY Keyword.

SELECT * FROM Actors ORDER BY BINARY FIRSTNAME DESC, NETWORTH ASC;

Limit and offset

If we dont want all the rows to get printed instead we want the first 3 rows we can do
something like

SELECT * FROM Actors ORDER BY CAST(NETWORTH AS CHAR) LIMIT 3;

The LIMIT Clause helps you to put a number that denotes how many entry you want to
fetch. By default the first entry to be fetched starts from the first row. But let’s say we
want 3 rows not from the start but instead from the 2 row

SELECT * FROM Actors ORDER BY CAST(NETWORTH AS CHAR) LIMIT 3 OFFSET 1;

So if we put offset as x we get the data from x+1 th row.

Deleting Data from Table

In order to delete data we can use DELETE FROM <TABLE NAME> WHERE <CONDITION>;

DELETE FROM Actors WHERE GENDER = "FEMALE";

If there are multiple entries satisfying the condition and we want to delete initial 2 of
them then we can use

DELETE FROM Actors WHERE MARITIALSTATUS = "UNKNOWN" LIMIT 2;

My SQL 7
 If we want to delete all the entries we can do

DELETE FROM Actors;

A faster way to delete all the rows is TRUNCATE

TRUNCATE Actors;

This actually drops the whole table and recreates it, so it is a bit faster than manually
deleting every row.

Updating data
We can use UPDATE <TABLE NAME> SET <COLUMN NAME> = <VALUE> WHERE <CONDITION>

UPDATE Actors SET MARITIALSTATUS = "Married", NETWORTH=11000 WHERE LASTNAME = "Evans";

If we want to update all the rows

UPDATE Actors SET MARITIALSTATUS = "Unknown";

If instead of all the rows we just want to update the first 2 based on the condition or
without a condition also, we can LIMIT.

Indexes
Every time we do a where clause based query MySQL has to do a full scan of the tables
to find the matching rows. A linear scan or a linear search is not very efficient. That’s
why we try to add indexes, adding an index to the table can significantly speed up
search for the matching rows. An index’s primary work is to provide an ordered
representation of data. It is similar to book index. If we are looking for a particular word,
we can scan the index and find the page with the corresponding word.

My SQL 8
 SHOW INDEX FROM Actors;

The cardinality shows the number of unique values for the primary key. It’s also
described as an estimate of the number of unique values in the index.
Whenever we do indexing, we try to represent the data in ordered fashion using some
data structure. B Tree and B+ Tree are few of them.

CREATE INDEX networth_index ON Actors (NETWORTH);

Alterations
If we want to some alterations to the table we can use alter table command.

ALTER TABLE Actors CHANGE FIRSTNAME First_Name VARCHAR(255);

for adding a new column

ALTER TABLE Actors ADD Middle_Name VARCHAR(20);

If we want to remove a column from the table

ALTER TABLE Actors DROP Middle_Name;

Let’s say, we dont want the new column to be added at last, we can add it in after any
column using

ALTER TABLE Actors ADD Middle_Name VARCHAR(20) AFTER First_Name;

Alias
Using AS key word we can add alias

My SQL 9
 Distinct Clause
If we want to filter out all the distinct entries from the table we can use this clause

SELECT DISTINCT First_Name From Actors;

If we want multiple columns distinct value we can pass comma separated columns.

Aggregate Functions
In MySQL we can get a lot of aggregate functions that does computation on a bunch of
rows together.

Few of those functions are Count, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ACTORS;

SELECT SUM(NETWORTH) FROM ACTORS;
SELECT MIN(NETWORTH) FROM ACTORS;
SELECT MAX(NETWORTH) FROM ACTORS;

Group by
As the name suggests, it sorts out the rows together into group. The clause returns one
row for each group. Data is organised using a comma separated list of columns as the
grouping criteria.
Syntactically the group by clause must appear after FROM and WHERE clauses but
before ORDER BY or LIMIT.

SELECT COUNT(*) AS COUNT FROM ACTORS GROUP BY FIRST_NAME ORDER BY COUNT DESC;

Having Clause
WHERE clause is used to filter rows whereas HAVING clause is used to filter groups.
We can using having for filtering rows also but that inefficient. And Having clause should

My SQL 10
 be used to decide what rows from the group comes as answer.

Joins
The SQL Join joins two or more tables based on a common column and selects
records that have matching values in these columns.

movieid Name

1 abc

2 def

movieid cinemaid

1 2

2 3

cinemaId Cinama Name

1 a

2 b

3 c

There are different type of joins

Inner Join The common column that we use for joining the tables, in inner join we
will only consider those values which are common in both the tables.

select quantity, email, userId , name from Orders INNER JOIN users ON Orders.userId = user
s.id INNER JOIN Products ON Orders.productId = Products.id;

Left Join If we want all the data which is common in both the tables as well as the
data which is present just in the first table then we use left join.

SELECT NAME, PRODUCTID, PRICE, CATEGORY FROM PRODUCTS INNER JOIN ORDERS ON PRODUCTS.ID = O
RDERS.PRODUCTID;

My SQL 11
 Right Join In right join we get all the data which is common in both the joined tables
and also the data which is just present in the second table but not first.

SELECT NAME, PRODUCTID, PRICE, CATEGORY FROM ORDERS RIGHT JOIN PRODUCTS ON PRODUCTS.ID = O
RDERS.PRODUCTID;

My SQL 12