Gomilitary.

in
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Gursharan Singh Tatla
[email protected]

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 Instruction Set of 8086
 An instruction is a binary pattern designed
inside a microprocessor to perform a specific
function.

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 The entire group of instructions that a
microprocessor supports is called
Instruction Set.
 8086 has more than 20,000 instructions.

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 Classification of Instruction Set
 Data Transfer Instructions
 Arithmetic Instructions
 Bit Manipulation Instructions

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 Program Execution Transfer Instructions
 String Instructions
 Processor Control Instructions

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 These instructions are used to transfer data
from source to destination.
 The operand can be a constant, memory

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location, register or I/O port address.

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 MOV Des, Src:
 Src operand can be register, memory location or immediate
operand.
 Des can be register or memory operand.

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 Both Src and Des cannot be memory location at the same
time.
 E.g.:
 MOV CX, 037A H
 MOV AL, BL
 MOV BX, [0301 H]

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 PUSH Operand:
 It pushes the operand into top of stack.

 E.g.: PUSH BX

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
POP Des:
 It pops the operand from top of stack to Des.

 Des can be a general purpose register, segment register

(except CS) or memory location.
 E.g.: POP AX

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 XCHG Des, Src:
 This instruction exchanges Src with Des.

 It cannot exchange two memory locations directly.

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 E.g.: XCHG DX, AX

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 IN Accumulator, Port Address:
 It transfers the operand from specified port to accumulator
register.

 E.g.: IN AX, 0028 H

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 OUT Port Address, Accumulator:
 It transfers the operand from accumulator to specified port.

 E.g.: OUT 0028 H, AX

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 LEA Register, Src:
 It loads a 16-bit register with the offset
address of the data specified by the Src.

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 E.g.: LEA BX, [DI]
 This instruction loads the contents of DI
(offset) into the BX register.

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 LDS Des, Src:
 It loads 32-bit pointer from memory source to
destination register and DS.
 The offset is placed in the destination register and the

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segment is placed in DS.
 To use this instruction the word at the lower memory
address must contain the offset and the word at the
higher address must contain the segment.
 E.g.: LDS BX, [0301 H]

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 LES Des, Src:
 It loads 32-bit pointer from memory source to
destination register and ES.

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 The offset is placed in the destination register and the

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segment is placed in ES.
 This instruction is very similar to LDS except that it
initializes ES instead of DS.
 E.g.: LES BX, [0301 H]

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 LAHF:

 It copies the lower byte of flag register to AH.

 SAHF:

 It copies the contents of AH to lower byte of flag register.

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 PUSHF:

 Pushes flag register to top of stack.

 POPF:

 Pops the stack top to flag register.

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 ADD Des, Src:
 It adds a byte to byte or a word to word.

 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.

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E.g.:

 ADD AL, 74H

 ADD DX, AX
 ADD AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 ADC Des, Src:
 It adds the two operands with CF.

 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.

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E.g.:

 ADC AL, 74H

 ADC DX, AX
 ADC AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 SUB Des, Src:
 It subtracts a byte from byte or a word from word.

 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.

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E.g.:
 For subtraction, CF acts as borrow flag.


 SUB AL, 74H
 SUB DX, AX
 SUB AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 SBB Des, Src:
 It subtracts the two operands and also the
borrow from the result.
 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
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E.g.:
 SBB AL, 74H
 SBB DX, AX
 SBB AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 INC Src:
 It increments the byte or word by one.

 The operand can be a register or memory

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location.
It effects AF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.


 CF is not effected.

 E.g.: INC AX

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 DEC Src:
 It decrements the byte or word by one.

 The operand can be a register or memory

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location.
It effects AF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.


 CF is not effected.

 E.g.: DEC AX

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 AAA (ASCII Adjust after Addition):
 The data entered from the terminal is in ASCII format.

 In ASCII, 0 – 9 are represented by 30H – 39H.

 This instruction allows us to add the ASCII codes.

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 This instruction does not have any operand.

 Other ASCII Instructions:

 AAS (ASCII Adjust after Subtraction)

 AAM (ASCII Adjust after Multiplication)

 AAD (ASCII Adjust Before Division)

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 DAA (Decimal Adjust after Addition)
 It is used to make sure that the result of adding two BCD
numbers is adjusted to be a correct BCD number.
 It only works on AL register.

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 DAS (Decimal Adjust after Subtraction)
 It is used to make sure that the result of subtracting two
BCD numbers is adjusted to be a correct BCD number.
 It only works on AL register.

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 NEG Src:
 It creates 2’s complement of a given
number.

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 That means, it changes the sign of a
number.

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 CMP Des, Src:
 It compares two specified bytes or words.

 The Src and Des can be a constant, register or memory

location.

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 Both operands cannot be a memory location at the same
time.
 The comparison is done simply by internally subtracting
the source from destination.
 The value of source and destination does not change, but
the flags are modified to indicate the result.

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 MUL Src:
 It is an unsigned multiplication instruction.

 It multiplies two bytes to produce a word or two words to

produce a double word.

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 AX = AL * Src

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 DX : AX = AX * Src

 This instruction assumes one of the operand in AL or AX.

 Src can be a register or memory location.

 IMUL Src:
 It is a signed multiplication instruction.

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 DIV Src:
 It is an unsigned division instruction.

 It divides word by byte or double word by word.

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 The operand is stored in AX, divisor is Src and the
result is stored as:
 AH = remainder AL = quotient

 IDIV Src:
 It is a signed division instruction.

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 CBW (Convert Byte to Word):
 This instruction converts byte in AL to word in AX.

 The conversion is done by extending the sign bit of AL

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throughout AH.
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 CWD (Convert Word to Double Word):
 This instruction converts word in AX to double word in
DX : AX.
 The conversion is done by extending the sign bit of AX
throughout DX.
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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 These instructions are used at the bit level.

 These instructions can be used for:

 Testing a zero bit

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 Set or reset a bit

 Shift bits across registers

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 NOT Src:
 It complements each bit of Src to produce 1’s
complement of the specified operand.

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 The operand can be a register or memory location.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 AND Des, Src:
 It performs AND operation of Des and Src.

 Src can be immediate number, register or memory

location.

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 Des can be register or memory location.

 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same

time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.

 PF, SF and ZF are updated.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 OR Des, Src:
 It performs OR operation of Des and Src.

 Src can be immediate number, register or memory

location.

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 Des can be register or memory location.

 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same

time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.

 PF, SF and ZF are updated.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 XOR Des, Src:
 It performs XOR operation of Des and Src.

 Src can be immediate number, register or memory

location.

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 Des can be register or memory location.

 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same

time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.

 PF, SF and ZF are updated.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 SHL Des, Count:
 It shift bits of byte or word left, by count.

 It puts zero(s) in LSBs.

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 MSB is shifted into carry flag.

 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the

immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 SHR Des, Count:
 It shift bits of byte or word right, by count.

 It puts zero(s) in MSBs.

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 LSB is shifted into carry flag.

 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the

immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 ROL Des, Count:
 It rotates bits of byte or word left, by count.

 MSB is transferred to LSB and also to CF.

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 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 ROR Des, Count:
 It rotates bits of byte or word right, by count.

 LSB is transferred to MSB and also to CF.

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 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register.

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 Program Execution Transfer Instructions
 These instructions cause change in the sequence of the
execution of instruction.
 This change can be through a condition or sometimes
unconditional.

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 The conditions are represented by flags.

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 Program Execution Transfer Instructions
 CALL Des:
 This instruction is used to call a subroutine or function
or procedure.
 The address of next instruction after CALL is saved onto

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 RET:
stack.

 It returns the control from procedure to calling program.

 Every CALL instruction should have a RET.

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 Program Execution Transfer Instructions
 JMP Des:
 This instruction is used for unconditional jump from
one place to another.

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 Jxx Des (Conditional Jump):
 All the conditional jumps follow some conditional
statements or any instruction that affects the flag.

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 Conditional Jump Table
Mnemonic Meaning Jump Condition
JA Jump if Above CF = 0 and ZF = 0
JAE Jump if Above or Equal CF = 0
JB Jump if Below CF = 1
JBE Jump if Below or Equal CF = 1 or ZF = 1

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JC Jump if Carry CF = 1
JE Jump if Equal ZF = 1
JNC Jump if Not Carry CF = 0
JNE Jump if Not Equal ZF = 0
JNZ Jump if Not Zero ZF = 0
JPE Jump if Parity Even PF = 1
JPO Jump if Parity Odd PF = 0
JZ Jump if Zero ZF = 1
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 Program Execution Transfer Instructions
 Loop Des:
 This is a looping instruction.

 The number of times looping is required is placed in the

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CX register.

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 With each iteration, the contents of CX are
decremented.
 ZF is checked whether to loop again or not.

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 String Instructions
 String in assembly language is just a sequentially
stored bytes or words.
 There are very strong set of string instructions in 8086.

 By using these string instructions, the size of the

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program is considerably reduced.

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 String Instructions
 CMPS Des, Src:
 It compares the string bytes or words.

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 SCAS String:
 It scans a string.

 It compares the String with byte in AL or with word in

AX.

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 String Instructions
 MOVS / MOVSB / MOVSW:
 It causes moving of byte or word from one string to
another.
 In this instruction, the source string is in Data Segment

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and destination string is in Extra Segment.
 SI and DI store the offset values for source and
destination index.

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 String Instructions
 REP (Repeat):
 This is an instruction prefix.

 It causes the repetition of the instruction until CX

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becomes zero.

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 E.g.: REP MOVSB STR1, STR2

 It copies byte by byte contents.

 REP repeats the operation MOVSB until CX becomes zero.

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 Processor Control Instructions
 These instructions control the processor itself.

 8086 allows to control certain control flags that:

 causes the processing in a certain direction

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 processor synchronization if more than one
microprocessor attached.

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 Processor Control Instructions
 STC:
 It sets the carry flag to 1.

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 CLC:
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 It clears the carry flag to 0.

 CMC:
 It complements the carry flag.

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 Processor Control Instructions
 STD:
 It sets the direction flag to 1.

 If it is set, string bytes are accessed from higher memory

address to lower memory address.

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 CLD:
 It clears the direction flag to 0.

 If it is reset, the string bytes are accessed from lower

memory address to higher memory address.
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