NATIONAL THERMAL POWER

CORP, UNCHAHAR,
(SUBMITTED ON COMPLETION OF VOACATIONAL
TRAINING AT NTPC,UNCHAHAR)

GUIDED BY SUBMITTE BY

VISHNU MURTI VIKAS SHARMA

. VI SEM)
I am very grateful and thankful to all those
who were a part of this project helped me
towards its smooth and efficient
completion. i feel special thankful to
Mr.Bholendra Gupta(DGM).I am very much
thankful to ,Mr.Praveen Kumar(AGM –
EMD),Mr.Rajeev meenu(DGM-EMD),K
Vishnu Murthy(HOD-EMD) to a name a few
for their helpful contribution and
knowledge without which my project would
not be a reality.

Vikas sharma
B.Tech(3rd year)
ElectricalEngineering
Vbspu,jaunpur
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES
OPERATION
MAIN DEPARTMENTS
COAL HANDLING PLANT
BOILER
TURBINE
TURBO GENERATOR
GENERATOR CIRCUIT BREAKER
CONDNSER
COOLING TOWER
ELECROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
SWITCHYARD
POWER TRANSFORMER
EQUIPMENT IN SWITCHYARD
ASH HANDLING PLANT &ASH UTILISATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
 NTPC was founded in 1975 to accelerate
power development in the county NTPC has
installed capacity of (51635MW).it has
o 20 coal based (38755MW)
o 7gas/liquid fuel
Based(4017MW).
o 1 Hydropower plant (800MW)9power in joint
ventures (7,216MW).
o 11 Solar based(845MW)

o 1Wind power station(2MW) In May

2010,Government of India granted NTPC
status of ‘Maharatna’.
It was under taken by NTPC in 1992 from Utter
Pradesh State Electricity Board
It has energy generating capacity of 1550MW
It has 4 stages consisting 6 units of coal based
thermal plant.
Stage 1 unit 1 and 2(2× 210MW )
Stage 2 unit 3 and unit 4(2×210MW)
Stage 3 unit 5 (210MW).
Stage 4 unit 6 (500MW).
COAL SOUCES
North karanpura coal field(Ranchi)
Owned by Central coalfields Limited
Coal type:- Lignite

WATER SOURCE
Sharda sahayak canal(main source Dalmua
pimp canal(auxiliary source)
 Coal handling plant
 Boiler
 Superheater
 Turbine
 Generator
 Condenser
 Cooling Tower
 Switchyard
 Ash handling plant
 Electrostatic precipitator
The function of coal handling
Plant is automatic feeding of coal
To the boiler furnace.A thermal power
plant burns Enormous amount of coal
A 200MW plant may require around 2000
tons of coal daily following are the
process of plant
1.Bunkering process
2.Unloading process
3.Feeding process
4.Crushing process
A Boiler or steam generator Is a closed
vessel to which water under pressure ,is
converted into steam.It is one of the
major Components of a thermal.Power
plant Always designed to absorb
Maximum amount of heat Released in the
process of Combustion
 A device which moves last
traces of moisture.
 lt increases efficiency of
plant.
 Steam being dry reduces the
 mechanical resistance of
turbine.
 No corrosion at the Turbine
blades.
A steam turbine that extracts
thermal energy from pressurized
steam and drives the generator.
•Turbines used are .
1. High pressure turbine
2. Intermediate pressure
turbine
3. Low pressure turbine
Combined working of turbines
increases efficiency of plant.
The Turbo Generator is used to
generate power by connecting the shaft
of the Turbine to the shaft of the
generator which create the magnetic
flux producing Emf. The generated
voltage will generally 11 kV to 33 kV
max. In 500 MW plant generated
voltage is 21kV.
The generated Voltage is stepped up by
connecting Generator Transformer and
is also used for auxiliary purpose.
 Generator Circuit Breakers
are very expensive andcritical
components of all power
plants which ensure protection
of turbo generator.
 This is a SF, GCB used in
500 MW plant.
Remove heat from the water discharged
from the condenser so that the water can
be discharged to the river or re circulated
and reused. Air can be circulated in the
cooling towers through natural
draft and mechanical draft.
 It removes suspended particulate
matter(dust particles) from smoke
which evolved.Electric field is applied
in between its electrodes. As dust
particles are charged get deposited on
electrodes making smoke free of dust.
A switchyard is a part of an electrical
generation,
 transmission system.
 Engineering
 lt is used to transmit or receive high voltage
power.
 Switchyard transform voltage from high to
low' or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions

 .
 “The apparatus used for Switching, Controlling
and Protecting the Electrical Circuits and
equipment”.

Need of Switchgear
Switching during normal operating conditions for
the purpose of Operation and Maintenance.

Switching during Faults and Abnormal conditions

and interrupting the fault currents.

Historical background :
 up to 1875 : knife switches
 1885 : Bulk Oil circuit breaker
1900 : Arc extinction devices, MOCB
1930’s : ABCB
1950’s : SF6
 1960’s : Vacuum CB
 PARTS OF SWITCHGEAR
* Switching device
*Power circuit
*Control circuit
*Measurement and display
*Protection
Switching devices :
Circuit breakers / contactors
Isolators
Earthing switch
Control Circuit :
service / test /isolated position selectors
Tripping and closing circuit
Spring charging, anti pumping arrangement
Supply monitoring , space heaters , indications
Measurement :
Ammeter, voltmeter, energy meter
Protection :
Relays, CT, PT
Transformers are used in NTPC
are:
*Generator Transformer-It is
combination of three different
transformer 200MVA each.It
converts 21kV to 400kV.It is of
600MVA.
 Station Transformer-It converts
400kV to 11kV,50MVA,
 Unit Auxiliary Transformers-It
converts 11kV to 3.5kV,16MVA.
 Unit Transformers -Converts
11kV to 440v.
 Neutral Grounding
Transformers-Used for neutral of
grounding turbo generator
Main Tank
Conservator
Buchholz Relay
Breather
Breathing Pipe
Tap Changer
Radiator
Bushings
Magnetic oil Gauge
Connection between turbo
generator and transformers in plant
is done using bus ducts.Different
types of bus ducts are:
•Isolated Phase Bus Duct
• Segregated Phase Bus Duct
•Non-Segregated Phase Bus Duct
Generator or Alternator is the electrical end of
a turbo-generator set .it is generally known as
the piece of equipment that converts the
mechanical energy of turbine into electricity
.The generation of electricity is based on the
principle of electromagnetic induction
The rotor or the field coils in a generator
produce the magnetic flux that is essential to
the production of the electric power. The rotor
is a rotating electromagnet that requires a DC
electric power source to excite the magnetic
field. This power comes from an exciter.
 *DC Exciter
In the past, the exciter was small DC
generator coupled to the same shaft as
the rotor .Therefore, when the rotor
rotates this exciter produces the power
for the electromagnet .Control of the
exciter output is done by varying the field
current of the exciter.this output from the
exciter then controls the magnetic field of
the rotor to produce a constant voltage
output by the generator. This DC current
feeds to the rotor through slip rings.
*Static Exciter
In modern generators the exciters are
static, The DC power for the
electromagnet is from the main generator
output itself. A number of high power
thyristors rectify the AC current to
produce a DC current which feeds to the
rotor through slip rings. This eliminates
the operation and maintenance problems
associated with having another rotating
machine Static exciters offer a better
control of the output than an
electromechanical control.

Another method is the brushless

system, in this system the armature of
the exciter is on the rotor shaft itself.
The DC output
Of this armature, after rectification by
solid-state devices, goes to the rotor
coils. Since the armature and rotor
are on the same rotating shaft, this
eliminates the need for slip rings.
Hence it reduces maintenance and
operational requirements and thus
improving reliability.

A static electrical machine used for

transforming power from one circuit to
another circuit without changing
frequency is termed as Power
transformer. The transformers are
generally used to step down or step
up the voltage levels of a system for
transmission and generation purpose.
These transformers are classified into
different types based on their design,
utilization purpose, installation
methods, and so on
 The current and voltage transformers
are together. called as the Instrument
transformer

Current transformer is used for the

measurement of the alternating current by
taking samples of the higher Currents of
the system. These reduced samples are
in accurate proportions with the actual
high currents of the system. These are
used for installation and maintenance of
the current relays in substations for
protection purpose which are normally
have low-current ratings for their
operation.
Potential transformer is quite similar to the
current transformer, but it is used for taking
samples of high voltages of a system for
providing low-voltage to the relays of
protection system and also to the low-rating
meters for voltage measurement. From this
low voltage measurement. the actual
system's high voltage can be calculated
without measuring high voltages directly to
avoid the cost of the measurement system.

Isolator is a manually operated

mechanical switch that isolates the faulty
section or the section of a conductor or a
part of a circuit of substation meant for
repair from a healthy section in order to
avoid occurrence of more severe faults.
Hence, it is also called as a disconnector
or disconnecting switch. There are
different types of isolators used for
different applications such as single-break
isolator, double-break isolator, bus
isolator, line isolator,etc

The metal which does not allow free

movement of electrons or electric charge
is called as an insulator. Hence.
insulators resist electricity with their high
resisting property. There are different
types of insulators such as suspension
type, strain type, stray type, shackle, pin
type and so on.
•OUTDOOR EQUIPMENTS
1. BUS BAR
2.LIGHTENING ARRESTER
3.WAVE TRAP
4. CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER
5. CURRENT TRANSFORMER
6. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
•INDOOR EQUIPMENTS
1. RELAYS
2. CONTROL PANNEL
3. CIRCUIT BREAKERS
The conductor carrying current and
having multiple numbers of incoming and
outgoing line connections can be called
as bus bar, which is commonly used in
substations. These are classified into
different types like single bus, double bus
and ring bus
For the protection of substation and its
components from the over currents or
over load due to short circuit or any
other fault the faulty section is
disconnected from the healthy section
either manually or automatically. If once
the fault is rectified, then again the
original circuit can be rebuilt by manually
or automatically Different types of circuit
breakers are designed based on different
criteria and usage.
Bus coupler is a device which is used
to couple one bus to the other without
any interruption in power supply and
without creating hazardous arcs. Bus
coupler is a breaker used to couple
two busbars in order to perform
maintenance on other circuit breakers
associated with that busbar
 :Relays are used for disconnecting
the circuits by manual or automatic
operation. Relay consists of the coil
which is excited or energized and such
that makinig the contacts of relay closed
activates the relay to break or make
the circuit connection. There are different
types of relays such as over current
relays, definite time over current relays,
voltage relays, auxiliary relays, reclosing
relays, solid state relays, directional
relays, inverse time over current relays,
microcontroller relays, etc. The above
figure shows some basic relays and their
operation.

CT CB
Source Load

RELAY
It is a plant that deals with the storage
of ash. Manufacture of cement(by ACC
Ltd. Amethi & Reliance Cement Factory
Raebareli, Manufacture of bricks/blocks
Agriculture as soil amendment/source
of essential plant nutrients
These arc provided to combat the effect of
over voltages and surges caused due to
lighting strokes on the transmission lines.
These are generally provided at the end near
the instrument, which we want to protect.
The lightning arrestors provide an easy path
to the surge current to the ground thereby
not Letting the equipment to fail. The arrestor
comes generally in two types i.e.,dry and oil
filled type. The dry type consists of zinc.
Oxide filled insulator relays while the oil filled
arrestor is similar to a high tension bushing.
 The switchyard control room or the
MCC as it is common known here at
FGUTPP, Unchahar. The control room
contains an array of relays and circuit
breaker that are use for the protection
of man and machinery leading.
The fuel used is quite cheap.
Less initial cost as compared to other
generating plants.
lt can be installed at any place
irrespective of the existence of coal.
The coal can be easily transported to
the site
lt require less space as compared to
Hydro power plants.
Cost of generation is less than that of
diesel power plants.
 It pollutes the atmosphere
due to production of large
amount of smoke and fumes
 It is costlier in running cost
as compared to hydro electric
plants
 Maintenance cost is more
The summer training program at NTPC Unchahar
was a valuable experience for me. I learned a lot
about the workings of a thermal power plant, and
I gained valuable skills in areas such as
instrumentation, control systems, and safety. I
also had the opportunity to network with
experienced engineers and learn from their
expertise. One of the most important things I
learned during internship was the importance of
safety. NTPC Unchahar is a large and complex
facility, and there are many potential hazards
associated with working in a power plant. I
learned about the various safety procedures in
place at the plant, and I was made aware of the
importance of following these procedures at all
times. Overall, I am very grateful for the
opportunity to have completed my summer
training at NTPC Unchahar.I learned a great deal
about the power industry, and I gained valuable
skills and experience that will be helpful in my
future career.