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Phase Reversal

When ultrasonic waves travel from a material with lower acoustic impedance to a material with higher acoustic impedance, the reflected wave exhibits a phase reversal. Specifically: - Ultrasonic sound waves sent into a material will form nodal points where the waves cancel each other out due to phase lag. - The intensity is lowest at these nodal points. - If the waves travel from a lower to higher acoustic impedance material, the phase of the reflected wave is reversed compared to the incident wave.

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152 views4 pages

Phase Reversal

When ultrasonic waves travel from a material with lower acoustic impedance to a material with higher acoustic impedance, the reflected wave exhibits a phase reversal. Specifically: - Ultrasonic sound waves sent into a material will form nodal points where the waves cancel each other out due to phase lag. - The intensity is lowest at these nodal points. - If the waves travel from a lower to higher acoustic impedance material, the phase of the reflected wave is reversed compared to the incident wave.

Uploaded by

lram70
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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phase reversal

Each crystal has molecules, each one will vibrate it will send
ultrasonic sound waves in to the material. These waves will
meet each other and cancels each other forming a point called
nodel point due to the phase lag. The intensity at nodal point is
‘0’. Hence intensities with maximaminima will be produced

Note:- When ultrasonic waves are coming from material having


lower acoustic impedance and incident on a material of higher
acoustic impedance (Z2>Z1) the reflected wave exhibits a
phase reversal

A periodic wave is the one whose displacement has a periodic variation with
time or distance or even both. The continuous repeating pattern of this wave
helps to determine its frequency, period, and amplitude. The Phase Angle is
one of the crucial characteristics of a periodic wave. It is similar to the phrase
in many properties. The angular component periodic wave is known as the
Phase Angle. It is a complex quantity measured by angular units like radians
or degrees. A representation of any pure periodic wave is as follows. 
 
A∠θ, where A is the magnitude and θ represents the Phase Angle of the
wave. 
 
How can Phase Angle be measured?
The time delay between two periodic impulses is measured. The phase
difference between two sinusoidal waveforms of the same frequency and
without a dc component can be easily represented as illustrated in the
diagram. As can be seen, the Phase Angle can be thought of as a percentage
of the wave period measure of the temporal delay between two periodic
signals. This fraction is usually stated in angle units, with a full cycle equaling
360 degrees. For example, in the figure, the voltage v1 leads by 360°/8 or 45°
after passing through the zero cycle before a second voltage v2. Because
Phase Angle is often calculated from the fundamental component of each
waveform, distortion of either or both signals can result in mistakes, the
magnitude of which varies depending on the nature of the distortion and the
measuring method.
 
The majority of current phase-measuring devices are based on the usage of
zero-crossing detectors. A squaring-up circuit (for example, an overdriven
amplifier) is used to calculate the time at which each signal crosses the zero-
voltage axis, which is then followed by a high-speed comparator. This
generates a trigger pulse in each channel, which is used to drive a bistable
flip-flop. The bistable produces a rectangular wave with a duty cycle
proportionate to the phase difference between the two input signals. When
this signal is integrated with a proper filter, a dc voltage is produced that
represents the Phase Angle analogously. This voltage is then displayed on a
panel meter (analogue or digital) with degrees or radians scaled appropriately.
This principle-based instrumentation can measure phase deviations to within
0.05° over a wide range of amplitudes and frequencies.
 
Phase Difference
In the case of a sine wave, the phase difference refers to the time interval by
which one wave is behind or ahead of the waveform. Hence, it is a relative
property of more than one waveform. It is represented by a Greek Letter 'ɸ'. In
any waveform, the complete phase is 360 degrees or 2π radians. The leading
phase represents that the wave is ahead of another one having the same
frequency. The definitions of two important terms in this concept are as
follows. 
 
Phase Quadrature: Two waves are said to be in phase quadrature if their
phase difference is 90 degrees (positive or negative).
 
Phase Opposition: If the phase difference between two waves of the same
frequency is 180 degrees (positive or negative), then they are in phase
opposition with each other. 
 
Phase Angle Formula and its relation with Phase Difference
The equation of the phase difference of a sine wave using maximum
amplitude and voltage is
 
A  = A X sin(ωt ɸ) 
(t) max

 
Where A is the amplitude of the sine wave, ωt represents the angular
max

velocity, and ɸ represents the Phase Angle. 


 
If ɸ > 0, then the wave has a positive phase of the Phase Angle. Similarly, if ɸ
< 0, then the wave has a negative phase of the Phase Angle. 
 
Measurement of a Phase Angle
Let's consider a periodic wave. According to the Phase Angle definition, it is
nothing but the angular component of the periodic wave. You can measure its
value by following the below steps. 

 To measure the Phase Angle, we have to measure the number of units


of angular measure between the point on the wave and reference point.
It is important to note that the reference point can be present on the
same waveform or another wave. 
 The projection of a rotating vector of an Argand diagram to the real axis
is the reference point.
 The Phase Angle of a point is the value of the point on the abscissa with
respect to the point on the wave. 
 
Generally, we can plot the wave on any standard coordinate system. There is
also a crucial role of Phase Angle in electronics due to the presence of
different sinusoidal waves and voltage. In electronics, Phase Angle refers to
the lag or lead in the number of electric degrees between voltage and current
waveforms in the circuit. 
 
Voltage and Current Phase Relationships to Resonance Circuit
The resonance circuit is popularly known as the RLC circuit, which consists of
a resistor, inductor and capacitor. The explanation of the voltage and current
behavior of the RLC circuit with respect to phase is as follows.
 
Resistor: The voltage and current in the same phase in a resistor. Hence, the
phase difference between these quantities in a resistor is zero. 
 
Capacitor: The current and voltage in a capacitor are not in the same phase
with each other. In this equipment, the current leads the voltage by 90
degrees. Hence, the phase difference between both of them is 90 degrees in
a capacitor. 
 
Inductor: The voltage and current are not in the same phase with each other
in the inductor too. In this device, the voltage is ahead of the current by 90
degrees. Hence, the phase difference between voltage and current is 90
degrees in an inductor. This nature is the opposite as compared to the
capacitor.
 
(Image will be Updated soon)
 
The above image shows the phase difference between voltage and current in
an inductor. Here, the voltage leads the current, as shown above. 
 
In Phase Sine Waveforms
Two alternating waves are in-phase with each other when their phase
difference is zero. It can be possible if both the waves have the same
frequency and same phase. It is important to note that there can be a
difference in amplitude of two in-phase waveforms.  In these types of
waveforms, the retardation of wavelengths is the whole number like 0, 1, 2,
3…etc
 
(Image will be Updated soon)
 
The above image shows the two different waveforms with the same frequency
but different amplitudes.

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