0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views

Unit II - Digital Image Fundamentals

This document discusses various image transform and enhancement techniques including Fourier transform, discrete cosine transform (DCT), Haar transform, histogram processing, and frequency domain processing. It provides details on the syntax, properties, and applications of each technique. DCT represents an image as a sum of sinusoids and is often used for image compression. Haar transform performs lossless and lossy image compression via averaging and differencing image values. Histogram equalization uniformly distributes pixel intensities to improve contrast. Frequency domain techniques apply filters to the Fourier transform of an image for enhancement.

Uploaded by

Tridip Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views

Unit II - Digital Image Fundamentals

This document discusses various image transform and enhancement techniques including Fourier transform, discrete cosine transform (DCT), Haar transform, histogram processing, and frequency domain processing. It provides details on the syntax, properties, and applications of each technique. DCT represents an image as a sum of sinusoids and is often used for image compression. Haar transform performs lossless and lossy image compression via averaging and differencing image values. Histogram equalization uniformly distributes pixel intensities to improve contrast. Frequency domain techniques apply filters to the Fourier transform of an image for enhancement.

Uploaded by

Tridip Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

IMAGE TRANSFORM AND IMAGE

ENHANCEMENT
Unit II:

1
Fourier Transform

▪ Revision of Fourier Transform

2
Discrete Cosine Transform

▪ It represents an image as a sum of sinusoids of varying


magnitudes and frequencies.
▪ A function (dct2) computes the two-dimensional discrete
cosine transform (DCT) of an image.
▪ most of the visually significant information about the
image is concentrated in just a few coefficients of the DCT.
▪ DCT is often used in image compression applications.

3
Source: Matlab

4
DCT
▪ Syntax of DCT
▪ B = dct2(A)
Where dct2(A) returns the two-dimensional discrete cosine transform of A. The matrix B contains
the discrete cosine transform coefficients B(k ,k ).
1 2

▪ B = dct2(A,m,n) ........(1)
Here,
A - Input matrix, specified as a 2-D numeric matrix.
m- Number of image rows, specified as a positive integer. dct2 pads image A with 0s or truncates
image A so that it has m rows. By default, m is equal to size(A,1).
n- Number of image columns, specified as a positive integer. dct2 pads image A with 0s or
truncates image A so that it has n columns. By default, n is equal to size(A,2)
▪ B = dct2(A,[m n]) .......(2)
Where (1) and (2) pad the matrix A with 0s to size m-by-n before applying the transformation.
If m or n is smaller than the corresponding dimension of A, then dct2 crops A before the
transformation.
▪ Example: https://www.mathworks.com/help/images/ref/dct2.html

5
Properties of DCT

▪ The cosine transform is real and orthogonal.


▪ The cosine transform is not a real part of the unitary Discrete
Fourier Transform DFT.
▪ The cosine transform of a sequence is related to the DFT of its
antisymmetric extension.
▪ The cosine transform is a fast transform.
▪ The basis vectors of the cosine transform are the eigen vectors
of the symmetric tridiagonal of Toeplitz matrix

6
Properties of DCT

▪ The cosine transform is close to the KL transform of first order


Markov sequences. The cosine transform has very good to excellent
energy compaction property of images,
▪ The DCT is a real transform. This property makes it attractive in
comparison to the Fourier transform.
▪ The DCT has excellent energy compaction properties. For that reason
it is widely used in image compression standards (as for example
JPEG standards).
▪ There are fast algorithms to compute the DCT, similar to the FFT for
computing the DFT.
7
Haar Transforms
▪ An efficient way to perform both lossless and lossy image
compression.
▪ Relies on averaging and differencing values in an image
matrix to produce a matrix which is sparse or nearly sparse.

▪ Example:
https://www.mathworks.com/help/wavelet/ug/haar-
transforms-for-time-series-data-and-images.html

8
Properties of Harr transform

▪ The Harr transform is real and orthogonal.


▪ The Harr transform is a fast transform
▪ The basis vectors of the Harr transform are sequency
ordered
▪ The Harr transform is close to the KL transform of first
order Markov sequences.
▪ The Harr transform has poor energy compaction
property for images
9
Images of Haar Transform

Source: haar transform matlab images


10
Image enhancement

▪ Refers to the process of highlighting certain information of


an image, as well as weakening or removing any
unnecessary information according to specific needs.
▪ Example
▪ eliminating noise,
▪ revealing blurred details,
▪ adjusting levels to highlight features of an image.

11
Image enhancement

▪ Image enhancement techniques can be divided into two


broad categories:
▪ Spatial domain — enhancement of the image space that
divides an image into uniform pixels according to the
spatial coordinates with a particular resolution. The spatial
domain methods perform operations on pixels directly.
▪ Frequency domain — enhancement obtained by applying
the Fourier Transform to the spatial domain. In the
frequency domain, pixels are operated in groups as well as
indirectly.
12
▪ Types of spatial domain operator:
▪ Point operation (intensity transformation) - refer to
running the same conversion operation for each pixel in a
grayscale image. The transformation is based on the
original pixel and is independent of its location or
neighboring pixels.
▪ Spatial filter (or mask, kernel) - The output value
depends on the values of f(x,y) and its neighborhood.

13
Application of Image enhancement

▪ Deblur images
▪ Contrast adjustment
▪ Brighten an image
▪ Smooth and sharpen

14
Histogram processing

▪ Digital images are a two-dimensional matrix of intensity


levels ranging from 0 to L-1 with L representing the
number of intensity levels.
▪ The intensity levels of a pixel can range from 0 to L-1,
with zero level intensity denoting complete black or
dark, and L-1 level indicating white or grayscale.

15
Histogram processing

▪ Intensity transformation is a digital image processing


technique where the pixel intensity levels of an image are
transformed to new values using a mathematical
transformation function, s = T(r).
where s is the new pixel intensity level and r is the original pixel
intensity value of the given image and r≥0.

16
Histogram processing

▪ Common Intensity Transformation Functions include


▪ Image negation
▪ Image negation reverses the grayscales of an image.
▪ Log Transform
▪ Log Transform expands the dark pixel values.
▪ Power-law Transform.
▪ Power-law Transform can be used for a variety of purposes by
varying the value of arbitrary constants.

17
▪ The histogram of a digital image with intensity levels
between 0 and (L-1) is a function h(rk) = nk,
▪ where rk is the k-th intensity level and nk is the number of
pixels in the image having that intensity level.
▪ For an N x N image, a normalized histogram function is
p(rk) = nk/N2 which is the probability of the occurrence of
a pixel with the intensity level rk.

18
▪ The histogram of an image consists of the x-axis
representing the intensity levels rk and the y-axis denoting
the h(rk) or the p(rk) functions.
▪ Histogram equalization is the process of uniformly
distributing the image histogram over the entire
intensity axis by choosing a proper intensity
transformation function.

19
MATLAB code

▪ % Histogram Equalization in MATLAB ▪ % Histogram Equalization in MATLAB using


function
▪ % reading image
▪ % histogram equalization
▪ I = imread("GFG.jfif");
▪ J = histeq(I);
▪ figure
▪ figure
▪ subplot(1,3,1)
▪ subplot(1,3,1)
▪ imshow(I)
▪ imshow(J)
▪ subplot(1,3,2:3)
▪ subplot(1,3,2:3)
▪ imhist(I)
▪ imhist(J)

20
21
Frequency domain

▪ Image enhancement in the frequency domain is


straightforward:
▪ compute the Fourier transform of the image to be enhanced,
▪ multiply the result by a filter, and
▪ take the inverse transform to produce the enhanced image.
▪ leads to enhancement techniques that might not have been
thought of by restricting attention to the spatial domain.

22
Frequency domain

▪ Low pass filtering involves eliminating high frequency


components in an image, resulting in blurring
▪ Smoother transitions in the frequency domain filter, such as
the Butterworth filter, achieve better results.

23
Frequency domain

▪ Images normally consist of light reflected from objects.


▪ The basic nature of the image F(x,y) is characterized by
two components:
▪ the amount of source light incident on the scene being viewed,
and
▪ the amount of light reflected by the objects in the scene.
▪ These portions of light are called the illumination and
reflectance components, and are denoted i(x,y) and r(x,y)
respectively.
24
Frequency domain
▪ Fourier transform of the product of two functions is not
separable
▪ Fourier transform of the sum of two images is not separable
▪ resulting illumination component and enhance the
reflectance component.
▪ the process of homomorphic filtering.

25
Thank You

26

You might also like