DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS

Unit I:

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 Image concepts

▪ What is an image?
▪ A two-dimensional signal that can be observed by human
visual system
▪ An image is defined as a two-dimensional function.
F(x,y) where x and y are spatial coordinates.
▪ The amplitude of F at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called
the intensity of that image at that point.

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 Image concepts

▪ What is digital image?

▪ Representation of images by sampling in time and space.
▪ When x,y, and amplitude values of F are finite in F(x,y), we
call it a digital image.
▪ Digital image processing –perform digital signal processing
operations on digital images
▪ The field of digital image processing refers to processing
digital images by means of a digital computer.
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 Digital image representation
draw circle

Vector image center 0.5, 0.5

radius 0.4
fill-color yellow
stroke-color black
stroke-width 0.05
draw circle

▪ A way to describe an image using center 0.35, 0.4

radius 0.05
fill-color black

numbers draw circle

center 0.65, 0.4
radius 0.05
fill-color black

▪ The way to declare the contents using draw line

start 0.3, 0.6
end 0.7, 0.6

position and size of geometric forms and stroke-color black

stroke-width 0.1

shapes like lines, curves, rectangles and

circles

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 Coordinate system
▪ It describes an image
▪ Used to place elements in relation to each other
▪ i.e. user space
▪ since this is the coordinates the user uses to define
elements and position them in relation to each other.

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 Bitmap or raster images

▪ are “digital photographs”,

▪ the most common form to represent natural images and
other forms of graphics that are rich in detail.
▪ Bitmap images is how graphics is stored in the video
memory of a computer.
▪ The term bitmap refers to how a given pattern of bits in a
pixel maps to a specific color.

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▪ A bitmap images take the form of an array, where the value
of each element, called a pixel picture element, correspond
to the color of that portion of the image. Each horizontal
line in the image is called a scan line.

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▪ The letter ‘a’ might be
represented in a 12x14
matrix as depicted in in
the Figure, the values in
the matrix depict the
brightness of the pixels
(picture elements). Larger
values correspond to
brighter areas whilst
lower values are darker.
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▪ Pixel values typically represent gray levels, colors, heights,
opacities etc.
▪ Remember, digitization implies that a digital image is an
approximation of a real scene

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▪ Common image formats include:
➢1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
➢3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
➢4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and “Alpha”, a.k.a.
Opacity)

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Fundamental Steps in image processing

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 Image Acquisition

▪ The first fundamental steps in DIP.

▪ Image acquisition could be as simple as being given an
image that is already in digital form.
▪ Generally, the image acquisition stage involves pre-
processing, such as scaling etc.

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 Image Enhancement

▪ The simplest and most appealing areas of DIP.

▪ Subjective in nature.
▪ Idea behind enhancement techniques - to bring out detail
that is obscured, or simply to highlight certain features of
interest in an image such as, changing brightness and
contrast etc.

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 Image Restoration

▪ Deals with improving the appearance of an image.

▪ Image restoration is objective, in the sense that restoration
techniques tend to be based on mathematical or
probabilistic models of image degradation.

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 Color Image Processing
▪ Gaining its importance because of the significant increase
in the use of digital images over the Internet.
▪ This may include color modeling and processing in a
digital domain etc.
Wavelets and Multi-Resolution Processing
▪ Foundation for representing images in various degrees of
resolution.
▪ Subdivided into smaller regions for data compression and
for pyramidal representation.
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 Compression
▪ Deals with techniques for reducing the storage required to
save an image or the bandwidth to transmit it (it is very
much necessary to compress data in the uses of internet).
Morphological Processing
▪ Deals with tools for extracting image components that are
useful in the representation and description of shape.
Segmentation
▪ Procedures partition an image into its constituent parts or
objects.
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 Representation and Description

▪ Follows the output of a segmentation stage, which usually

is raw pixel data, constituting either the boundary of a
region or all the points in the region itself.
▪ Choosing a representation is only part of the solution for
transforming raw data into a form suitable for subsequent
computer processing.
▪ Description deals with extracting attributes that result in
some quantitative information of interest or are basic for
differentiating one class of objects from another.
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 Object recognition

▪Recognition is the process that assigns a label, such

as, “vehicle” to an object based on its descriptors.

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Elements of Digital Image Processing System

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 Types of Image

▪ Vector and Raster images

▪ Low resolution and High resolution

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 Types of Image

▪ JPEG – Joint Photographic Experts ▪ HEIF – High-Efficiency Image

Group Format
▪ PNG – Portable Network Graphics ▪ SVG – Scalar Vector Graphics
▪ GIF – Graphics Interchange ▪ EPS – Encapsulated PostScript
Format
▪ PDF – Portable Document File
▪ TIFF – Tagged Image File
▪ PSD – Photoshop Document
▪ WebP
▪ AI – Adobe Illustrator
▪ BMP – BitMap Image File Document
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 Sampling and Quantization
▪ In DIP, signals captured from the physical world need to be
translated into digital form by “Digitization” Process.
▪ An image function f(x,y) must be digitized both spatially and in
amplitude.
▪ The digitization process involves two main processes
▪ Sampling: Digitizing the co-ordinate value is called sampling.
▪ Quantization: Digitizing the amplitude value is called
quantization
▪ Typically, a frame grabber or digitizer is used to sample and
quantize the analogue video signal.
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▪ In digitizing sampling is done on independent
variable.
▪ In case of equation y = sin(x), it is done on x
variable.
▪ Sampling has a relationship with image pixels. The total number of
pixels in an image can be calculated as
Pixels = total no of rows * total no of columns.
▪ For e.g., for a total of 36 pixels, a square image of 6X 6 will obtained.
▪ more samples eventually result in more pixels. So it means that of our
continuous signal, we have taken 36 samples on x axis. That refers to
36 pixels of this image.
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Fig: an example for image sampling and how it can be represented using a graph

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 Quantization
▪ Opposite to sampling because it is done on “y axis”
▪ A process of transforming a real valued sampled image to one
taking only a finite number of distinct values i.e., dividing a signal
into quanta(partitions)
▪ The amplitude values of the image are digitized

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▪ Most digital IP devices uses quantization into k equal intervals. If b-
bits per pixel are used,
No. of quantization levels = 𝑘 = 2𝑏
▪ The number of quantization levels should be high enough for human
perception of fine shading details in the image. The occurrence of
false contours is the main problem in image which has been
quantized with insufficient brightness levels.

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Thank You

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