INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
TUTORIAL QUESTION BANK

Course Title HEAT TRANSFER

Course Code AME016

Programme B.Tech

Semester VI ME

Course Type Core

Regulation IARE - R16

Theory Practical

Course Structure Lectures Tutorials Credits Laboratory Credits

3 1 4 - -

Chief Coordinator Dr. Ch. Sandeep, Associate Professor, ME

Course Faculty Dr. K Ch Apparao, Associate Professor, ME

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
S.NO Description
Understand the basic modes of heat transfer like conduction, convection and radiation with and
I
without phase change in solid liquids and gases.
Design and analyze thermal fluidic components in engineering systems to energy mechanisms (in
II
the form of heat transfer) for steady and unsteady state.
Conduct experiments in laboratories and analyze the results with theoretical ones to evolve research
III
oriented projects in the field of heat transfer as well as propulsion.
Apply the concepts of heat transfer with convective mode in internal and external flows involved in
IV
engineering components and work in real time problems in Industry.

COURSE OUTCOMES (Cos):

S.NO Description
Understand the mechanisms of heat transfer and applying the laws to convert into mathematical
CO1
model with respect to the modes and steady state process.
Derive and formulate the mathematical models for steady state heat transfer phenomenon and
CO2
understand the applicability to different surfaces and geometries.
Understand the concepts of convective heat transfer and solving problems with various processes
CO3
like free and forced convection.
Explore the concept of boundary layer and obtaining the derivation for empirical relations.
CO4
Understanding the concept of condensation, boiling and radiation heat transfer.
Understand the concepts of different types of heat exchangers and applying LMTD and NTU
CO5
methods for solving heat exchanger in real time problems.
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLOs)
Students, who complete the course, will have demonstrated the ability to do the following:
S. No. Outcomes
AME016.01 Understand basic concepts of heat transfer modes, Fourier Law and First law of thermodynamics.
AME016.02 Remember the basic laws of energy involved in the heat transfer mechanisms.
Understand the physical system to convert into mathematical model depending upon the mode of
AME016.03 Heat Transfer.

AME016.04 Understand the thermal response of engineering systems for application of Heat Transfer
mechanism in both steady and unsteady state problems.
Understand heat transfer process and systems by applying conservation of mass and energy into a
AME016.05
system.
Understand the steady state condition and mathematically correlate different forms of heat
AME016.06
transfer
AME016.07 Analyse finned surfaces, and assess how fins can enhance heat transfer
AME016.08 Remember dimensionless numbers which are used for forced and free convection phenomena.
Understand the applications of Buckingham Pi Theorem in deriving various non dimensional
AME016.09
numbers and their applications in heat transfer
AME016.10 Remember and use the methodology presented in tutorial to solve a convective heat transfer
problems
Understand the various forms of free and forced convection and the application of the same in
AME016.11
day to day problems
AME016.12 Calculate local and global convective heat fluxes using Nusselt’s Theory.
AME013.13 Understand the method to evolve hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers applied
mathematically to vertical plates and Tubes
AME016.14 Understand the physical mechanisms of phase change involving pool, nucleate and film boiling
processes
Understand Nusselt’s theory of condensation for the application in film and dropwise
AME016.15
condensation
Correlate the empirical relations in terms of vertical and horizontal cylinders during film
AME016.16
condensation
AME016.17 Understand the concepts of black and gray body radiation heat transfer.
AME016.18 Understand the concept of shape factor and evolve a mechanism for conducive radiation shields
Understand the various classifications of heat exchangers based on arrangement and correlate the
AME016.19
effects of fouling
Understand the LMTD and NTU methods and apply the same for solving real time problems in
AME016.20
heat exchangers

Blooms Course Course

S.No Question Taxonomy Outcomes Learning
Level (COs) Outcome
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION TO HEAT TRANSFER, CONDUCTION

Part - A (Short Answer Questions)

How does the science of heat transfer differ from the science of
1 Understand CO1 AME016.01
Thermodynamics?
CO1
2 What are the different modes of heat transfer? Remember AME016.02
CO1
3 What is heat flux? How is it related to the heat transfer rate? Remember AME016.02
CO1
4 Define Fourier’s law of heat conduction? Understand AME016.01
 How are heat, internal energy, and thermal energy related to CO1
5 Remember AME016.03
each other?
Define thermal conductivity and explain its significance in heat CO1 AME016.01
6 Understand
transfer?
CO1
7 What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity? Remember AME016.02
CO1
8 How does heat conduction differ from convection? Remember AME016.02
CO1
9 How does forced convection differ from natural convection? Remember AME016.02
Which is a better heat conductor, diamond or silver? Support CO1
10 Remember AME016.01
your answer.
CO1
11 State the laws of heat transfer? Understand AME016.01
CO1
12 What is thermal diffusivity and explain its significance? Understand AME016.01
Define the thermal conductance and thermal resistance of a CO1
13 Remember AME016.02
given system?
Define thermal conductivity. How can it be determined CO1
14 Remember AME016.01
experimentally?
Why are metals good thermal conductors, while non metals are CO1
15 Understand AME016.01
poor conductors of heat?
CO1
16 Explain the initial and boundary conditions? Remember AME016.02
Write the three dimensional heat conduction equations in CO1
17 Understand AME016.01
Cartesian coordinates?
CO1
18 What is Newton’s law of cooling? Remember AME016.02
CO1
19 Define Stefan Boltzmann Law? Remember AME016.02
CO1
20 What is meant by one dimensional heat conduction? Remember AME016.02

Part - B (Long Answer Questions)

Describe different types of boundary conditions applied to heat CO1
1 Understand AME016.03
conduction problem?
How many boundary conditions are needed to solve a second- CO1
2 Remember AME016.04
order differential equation of heat conduction?
Does any of the energy of the sun reach the earth by conduction CO1
3 Remember AME016.05
or convection? Explain.
Derive general conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates and CO1
4 Remember AME016.04
cylindrical co ordinates.
Draw the temperature profile for steady-state conduction CO1
5 Understand AME016.04
through a material with constant thermal conductivity?
The surface temperature of the sun is approximately 5500ºC. CO1
6 Assuming the sun to be perfect radiator, estimate the radiation Understand AME016.05
heat flux from the sun?
List out some examples for natural convection and forced CO1
7 Understand AME016.05
convection?
Briefly explain the laws of heat transfer and give the importance CO1
8 Understand AME016.03
in the quantitative analysis of problems?
Explain the concept of thermal resistance. On what parameters CO1
9 Remember AME016.05
resistance depend upon?
Why metals are good thermal conductors, while non-metals are CO1
10 Understand AME016.03
poor conductors of heat? Explain with an example.
Explain the concept of overall heat transfer coefficient. CO1
11 Understand AME016.04
Represent a thermal circuit with conduction and convection.
 CO1
12 Differentiate between steady and transient heat conduction? Remember AME016.03
CO1
13 List out the special forms of the heat conduction equation? Understand AME016.03
CO1
14 Differentiate between diffusion and mass transfer? Understand AME016.04
Explain the heat transfer process for practical interest which CO1
15 Remember AME016.02
involves change of phase?
CO1
16 Explain about the combined mechanism of heat transfer? Understand AME016.01
CO1
17 Write a brief note on concept of driving potential? Remember AME016.02
Write some of the typical values of convective heat transfer CO1
18 Understand AME016.02
coefficients?
CO1
19 What are super conductors and explain them with examples? Understand AME016.04
What is thermal radiation and explain different types of thermal CO1
20 Remember AME016.05
radiation?
Part - C (Problem Solving and Critical Thinking Questions)
A stainless steel plate 2cm thick is maintained at a temperature CO1
of 550ºC at one face and 50ºC on the other. The thermal
1 Understand AME016.03
conductivity of stainless steel at 300ºC is 19.1 W/mK. Compute
the heat transferred through the material per unit area.
A flat plate of length 1m and width 0.5m is placed in an air CO1
stream at 30ºC blowing parallel to it. The convective heat
2. Understand AME016.05
transfer coefficient is 30 W/m2 K. Calculate the heat transfer if
the plate is maintained at a temperature of 300ºC.
A radiator in a domestic heating system operates at a surface CO1
3 temperature of 55ºC. Determine the rate at which it emits Understand AME016.05
radiant heat per unit area if it behaves as a black body.
If the combustion chamber wall is made up of Firebrick CO1
(k=0.145W/mK,(=0.85)and is 1.45 cm thickness, Compute the
overall heat transfer coefficient for the following data. Gas
4 temperature 8000C, Wall temperature on gas side =7980C, Film Remember AME016.04
conductance on gas side 40W /m2K, Film conductance on
coolant side 10 W/m2K, Radiation shape factor between wall
and gas is 1.
An insulated pipe of 50mm outside diameter (=0.8) is laid in a CO1
room at 30ºC. If the surface temperature is 250ºC and the
5 Remember AME016.04
convective heat transfer coefficient is 10 W/m2K, calculate the
heat loss per unit length of pipe.
An immersion water heater of surface area 0.1m2 and rating CO1
1kW is designed to operate fully submerged in water. Estimate
the surface temperature of the heater when the water is at 40ºC
6 Understand AME016.03
and the heat transfer coefficient is 300 W/ m2K. If this heater is
by mistake used in air at 40ºC with h=9 W/ m2K, what will be
its surface temperature?
Derive the general differential equation for heat conduction in CO1
7 Understand AME016.03
Cartesian coordinate system with neat sketch?
Derive the heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinate CO1
8 Understand AME016.03
system with neat sketch?
Derive the heat conduction equation in spherical coordinate CO1
9 Remember AME016.04
system with neat sketch?
Explain about the initial and boundary conditions with the CO1
10 Understand AME016.05
different types of boundary conditions?
UNIT-II
ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY STATE AND TRANSIENT CONDUCTION HEAT
 TRANSFER
Part - A (Short Answer Questions)
1 Define overall heat transfer coefficient? Understand CO2 AME016.06
2 What is critical radius of insulation or critical thickness? Understand CO2 AME016.06
3 Explain about Stefan Boltzmann constant? Understand CO2 AME016.05
4 Explain about moist heating method? Remember CO2 AME016.07
What are extended surfaces and what is the other name for
5 Remember CO2 AME016.07
them?
6 Define fin efficiency and effectiveness? Understand CO2 AME016.07
7 What is meant by steady state heat conduction? Remember CO2 AME016.06
What is meant by transient heat conduction or unsteady state
8 Remember CO2 AME016.06
conduction?
9 What is a composite system? Remember CO2 AME016.06
10 Give the significance of Newtonian heating or cooling process? Remember CO2 AME016.06
11 Explain about multi-dimensional conduction? Understand CO2 AME016.06
12 Define Biot number? Remember CO2 AME016.06
13 Explain the significance of Fourier number? Understand CO2 AME016.06
14 What is non periodic heat flow? Understand CO2 AME016.06
15 What is meant by lumped heat analysis? Remember CO2 AME016.06
16 What is a semi-infinite solid? Remember CO2 AME016.06
17 What is an infinite solid? Remember CO2 AME016.06
18 What are heisler charts Remember CO2 AME016.06
What is critical thickness of insulation on a small diameter wire
19 Understand CO2 AME016.06
or pipe?
20 What is meant by heat balance integral? Remember CO2 AME016.06
Part - B (Long Answer Questions)
Derive one dimensional steady state conduction equation in case CO2
1 Understand AME016.06
of slab
Define the overall heat transfer coefficient? Obtain the CO2
2 expression for composite wall with three layers with convective Remember AME016.06
conditions over the wall.
Distinguish between steady state conduction and unsteady state CO2
3 Remember AME016.06
conduction.
Develop an expression for temperature distribution in a slab CO2
4 Remember AME016.06
made of single material.
Describe the temperature distribution along the length of a fin CO2
5 Remember AME016.06
for four various boundary conditions at tip.
6 CO2
Explain the heat transfer analysis in composite wall. AME016.06
CO2
7 Explain briefly (i)Fin effectiveness (ii) Fin efficiency Remember AME016.07
Derive the expression for heat transfer in fins in case of CO2
8 Understand AME016.07
Rectangular plate fin of uniform cross section.
Derive the expression for heat transfer in fins in case of CO2
9 Remember AME016.07
insulated end.
Derive the equation for steady-state heat transfer through a CO2
10 spherical shell of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 and compare Remember AME016.07
the result with the solution obtained for a thick walled cylinder.
Derive an expression for the heat loss per square metre of the CO2
11 surface area for a furnace wall when the thermal conductivity Remember AME016.06
varies with temperature according to the relation, K = a +bT2
What is critical thickness of insulation on a small diameter wire CO2
12 Understand AME016.05
or pipe. Explain its physical significance?
Define Biot number and Fourier number .What is their CO2
13 Remember AME016.05
importance in heat transfer. Explain.
 What are Heisler charts? Explain their significance in solving CO2
14 Remember AME016.06
transient conduction problem.
Derive an expression for the heat flow rate through a hollow CO2
sphere of ID d1 and OD d2 whose internal and external surfaces
15 are maintained at temperatures T1 and T2 respectively. The Remember AME016.06
thermal conductivity varies linearly with temperature from k1 at
T1 to k2 at T2.
“It is true that insulation is provided to reduce heat transfer rate CO2
16 but due to insulation heat transfer rate is not reduced always” Remember AME016.06
Justify the statement analytically.
CO2
17 Enumerate steps for solving long cylinders using heisliercharts Remember AME016.04
Enumerate steps for heat transfer analysis in slabs using CO2
18 heisliercharts. Understand AME016.05
A Thermocouple, the junction of which can be approximated CO2
as a 1mm diameter of a gas stream. The properties of the
junction are ρ =8500kg/m3, c=320J/kg K and k=35W/m K.
19 The heat transfer coefficient between the junction and the gas Remember AME016.06
is 210W/m2K. Determine how long it will take for the
thermocouple to read 99% of the initial temperature
difference.
A Steel tube of length 20cm with internal and external CO2 AME016.06
diameters of10and 12cm is quenched from 5000 C to 300C in
a large reservoir of waterat100C it is less owing to a film of
vapour being produced at the surface, and an effective mean
20 Remember
value between 5000C and 1000C is 0.5Kw/m2. The density of
steel is 7800kg/m3 and the specific heat is 0.47Kj/kg K.
neglecting internal thermal resistance of the steel tube,
determine the quenching time
Part – C (Problem Solving and Critical Thinking Questions)
A Hollow heat cylinder with r1=30 mm and r 2=50 mm, CO2
k=15W/Mk is heated on the inner surface at a rate of 10 5 W/m 2
and dissipates heat by conduction from the outer surface to a
1 Remember AME016.06
fluid at 1000 C with h = 400 W/m2K. Find the temperature
inside and outside surfaces of the cylinder and also find rate of
heat transfer through the wall.
A tube 2 cm. O.D maintained at uniform temperature of Ti is CO2
covered with insulation (k= 0.20 W/Mk) to reduce heat loss to
the ambient air Tα with ha=15W/m2K. Find i) the critical
2 Remember AME016.05
thickness rc of insulation (ii)the ratio of heat loss from the tube
with insulation to that without insulation, (a) if the thickness of
insulation is equal to r c.
A stainless steel fin (k = 20W/Mk) having a diameter of 20 mm CO2
and a length of 0.1 m is attached to a wall at 3000C. The
ambient temperature is 500C and the heat transfer coefficient is
10 W/Mk. The fin tip is insulated. Determine (a) the rate of heat
3 dissipation from the fin, (b) the temperature at the fin tip, (c) the Remember AME016.05
rate of heat transfer from the wall area covered by the fin was
not used and (d) the heat transfer rate from the same fin
geometry if the stainless steel fin is replaced by a fictitious fin
with infinite thermal conductivity
Two large steel plates at temperatures of 1200C and 800C are CO2
separated by a steel rod 300 mm long and 25mm in diameter.
The rod is welded to each plate. The space between the plates is
4 Understand AME016.06
filled with insulation, which also insulates the circumference of
the rod. Because of a voltage difference between the two plates,
current flows through the rod, dissipating electrical energy at a
 rate of 150W. Find out the maximum temperature in the rod and
the heat flux. Take k for the rod as 47W/Mk.
A cylinder steel ingot (diameter 100mm, length 300mm, CO2
k=40W/Mk, ρ=7600kg/m3 and c=600J/kg K)is to be heated in a
5 furnace from 500C to 8500C. The temperature inside the furnace Understand AAE515.06
is 13000C and the surface heat transfer coefficient is 100W/m 2
K. Calculate the time required for heating
Determine the heat transfer rate from the rectangular fin of CO2
length 20cm, width 40 cm and thickness 2 cm .The tip of the fin
is not insulated and the fin has a thermal conductivity of 150
6 Understand AME016.07
W/Mk. The base temperature is 100 0C and the fluid is 20 0C
.The heat transfer coefficient between the fin and the fluid is
30W/m2K
A copper fin (k=396 W/Mk) 0.25 cm in diameter protrudes from CO2
a wall at 950C into ambient air at 250C.The heat transfer
coefficient by free convection is equal to 10 W/m 2K.Calculate
7 Understand AME016.07
the heat loss if (a) The fin is infinitely long (b) The fin is 2.5 cm
long and the coefficient at the end is same as around the
circumference
A solid sphere of radius 0.5 m has an internal heat generation CO2
rate of 2x10 6 W/m3.If the thermal conductivity of material is 40
8 W/Mk and the convective heat transfer coefficient at the surface Understand AME016.07
of sphere is 100W/m2K. Calculate the temperatures at the outer
surface and at the center. Take ambient temperature as 300C.
Steel ball bearing (k=50W/m K, α=1.3x10-5 m2/s) having a CO2
diameter of 40mm are heated to a temperature of 6500C and
then quenched in a tank of oil 550C. If the heat transfer
coefficient between the ball bearings and oil is 300W/m 2 K,
9 determine (a) the duration of time the bearings must remain in Understand AME016.07
oil to reach a temperature of 2000C, (b) the total amount of heat
removed from each bearing during this time and (c) the
instantaneous heat transfer rate from the bearings when they are
first immersed in oil and when they reach2000C.
A large steel ingot, which has been uniformly heated to 750 CO2
degree Celsius, is hardened by quenching it in an oil bath that is
maintained at 25 degree Celsius. What length of time is required
10 Understand AME016.07
for the temperature to reach 600 degree Celsius at a depth of 1
cm? Thermal diffusivity for the steel ingot is 1.21 * 10 -5 m2/s.
The ingot may be approximated as a flat plate
UNIT-III
CONVECTION, FORCED CONVECTION

Part – A (Short Answer Questions)

What is forced convection? How does it differ from natural
1 convection? Is convection caused by winds forced or natural Understand CO3 AME016.10
convection?
What is the physical significance of the Nusselt number? How is CO3
2 Understand AME016.12
it defined
Define incompressible flow and incompressible fluid. Must the CO3
3 flow of a compressible fluid necessarily be treated as Remember AME016.08
compressible?
How does turbulent flow differ from laminar flow? For which CO3
4 Remember AME016.10
flow is the heat transfer coefficient higher?
What is the physical significance of the Reynolds number? How CO3
5 Understand AME016.11
is it defined for external flow over a plate of length L?
CO3
6 What is turbulent thermal conductivity? What is it caused by? Understand AME016.10
 State Newton’s law of cooling Is the acceleration of a fluid CO3
7 Understand AME016.10
particle necessarily zero in steady flow? Explain.
What are the advantages of non-dimension alizing the CO3
8 Remember AME016.10
convection equations?
How is Reynolds analogy expressed? What is the value of it? CO3
9 Understand AME016.12
What are its limitations?
What is drag? What causes it? Why do we usually try to CO3
10 Remember AME016.10
minimize it?
What is natural convection? How does it differ from forced CO3
11 Remember AME016.10
convection? What force causes natural convection currents?
In which mode of heat transfer is the convection heat transfer CO3
12 Coefficient usually higher, natural convection or forced Remember AME016.10
convection? Why?
How does the Rayleigh number differ from the Grashoff CO3
13 Remember AME016.12
number?
Consider laminar natural convection from a vertical hot plate. CO3
14 Will the heat flux be higher at the top or at the bottom of the Understand AME016.12
plate? Why?
Show that the volume expansion coefficient of an ideal gas is CO3
15 Understand AME016.10
1/T, where T is the absolute temperature.
Why are finned surfaces frequently used in practice? Why are CO3
16 the finned surfaces referred to as heat sinks in the electronics Understand AME016.10
industry?
When is natural convection negligible and when is it not CO3
17 Understand AME016.09
negligible in forced convection heat transfer?
When neither natural nor forced convection is negligible, is it CO3
18 correct to calculate each independently and add them to Remember AME016.09
determine the total convection heat transfer?
Under what conditions does natural convection enhance forced CO3
19 convection, and under what conditions does it hurt forced Understand AME016.10
convection?
Why heat sinks with closely packed fins are not suitable for CO3
20 natural convection heat transfer, although they increase the heat Remember AME016.10
transfer surface area more?
Part – B (Long Answer Questions)
Differentiate between Newtonian and Non Newtonian fluids. CO3
1 Understand AME016.08
Give examples.
What is boundary layer thickness what do you mean by laminar CO3
2 Remember AME016.09
and turbulent boundary layers.
What is critical Reynolds number for flow over flat plate? CO3
3 Remember AME016.12
Explain.
Define local and mean heat transfer coefficient. On what factors CO3
4 Understand AME016.10
‘h’ value depends on?
A metal plate 0.609m in height forms the vertical wall of an CO3
oven and is at a temperature of 1710C. Within the oven is air at a
temperature of 93.40C and the atmospheric pressure. Assuming
that natural convention conditions hold near the plate, and that
5 for this case Nu=0.548(GrPr)1/4 find the mean heat transfer Understand AME016.11
coefficient and the heat taken up by air per second per meter
width. For air at 132.20C, take k=33.2x10-6Kw/m, μ=0.232x10-
4kg/ms, cp=1.005Kj/kgK. Assume air as an ideal gas and
R=0.287Kj/kgK.
A 0.15m outer diameter steel pipe lies 2m vertically and 8m CO3
horizontally in a large room with an ambient temperature of
6 300C. The pipe surface is at2500C and has an emissivity o f Understand AME016.11
0.60. Estimate The total rate of heat loss from the pipe to the
atmosphere.
 A nuclear reactor with its core constructed of parallel vertical CO3
plates 2.2n high and 1.45m wide has been designed on free
convention heating of liquid bismuth. The maximum possible
heat dissipation from both sides of each plate. For the
7 Understand AME016.11
convention coefficient the appropriate correlation is
Nu=0.13(Gr.Pr)1/3 where the properties evaluated at the mean
film temperature of 6500C for bismuth are: ρ=104kg/m3,
cp=150.7J/kgK,k=13.02W/Mk.
CO3
8 Explain the concept of Nusselt’s theory of laminar flow. Understand AME016.12
Explain the conditions for which Dittus-Boelter equation can be CO3
9 Remember AME016.12
used to determine heat transfer coefficient
What is Rayleigh number? Discuss the nature of flow with CO3
10 Understand AME016.12
respect to it.
CO3
11 What do you mean by hydrodynamic entry length? Remember AME016.10
CO3
12 Give the steps to find heat transfer in natural convection. Remember AME016.10
Air at 1atm and 30 C is forced through a horizontal 30mm CO3
diameter 0.5m Long at an average velocity of 0.25m/s. The tube
13 wall is maintained at 1370C. Calculate (a) the heat transfer Understand AME016.11
coefficient and (b) percentage error if the calculation is made
strictly on the basis of laminar forced convention.
Engine oil at 60°C flows over the upper surface of a 5-m-long CO3
flat plate whose temperature is 20°C with a velocity of 2 m/s
14 Understand AME016.11
Determine the total drag force and the rate of heat transfer per
unit width of the entire plate.
A square plate 0.4mx0.4m maintained at a uniform temperature CO3 AME016.11
of Tw = 400K is suspended vertically in quiescent atmospheric
air at 270C. Determine (a)the boundary layer thickness at the
15 trailing edge of the plate(i.e. at x=0.4m),(b)the average heat Understand
coefficient over the entire length by using theoretical analysis
.Properties of air at 350 K are ν=2.075x10- 6m2/s, Pr=0.697 and
k= 0.03W/Mk.
A 2.2cmouterdiameter pipe is to cross a river at a 30mwide CO3
section while being completely immersed in water The average
16 Understand AME016.11
flow velocity of water is 4 m/s and the water temperature is
150C. Determine the drag force exerted on the pipe by the river.
Give the steps to find heat transfer in natural convection. Understan CO3
17 AME016.11
d
Air at 1atm and 300C is forced through a horizontal 30mm CO3
diameter0.5m Long at an average velocity of 0.25m/s. The tube
18 wall is maintained at 1370C. Calculate (a) the heat transfer Understand AME016.11
coefficient and (b) percentage error if the calculation is made
strictly on the basis of laminar forced convention
Engine oil at 60°C flows over the upper surface of a 5-m-long CO3
flat plate whose temperature is 20°C with a velocity of 2 m/s Understan
19 AME016.11
Determine the total drag force and the rate of heat transfer per d
unit width of the entire plate
A square plate 0.4mx0.4m maintained at a uniform CO3
temperature of Tw= 400K is suspended vertically in quiescent
atmospheric air at 270C. Determine (a)the boundary layer
20 thickness at the trailing edge of the plate(i.e. at x=0.4m),(b)the Understand AME016.11
average heat coefficient over the entire length by using
theoretical analysis .Properties of air at 350 K are ν=2.075x10-
6 2
m /s,Pr=0.697 and k= 0.03W/mK.
Part - C (Problem Solving and Critical Thinking Questions)
 Nitrogen gas at 00C is flowing over a 1. 2m long,2m wide plate CO3
maintained at 800C with a velocity of 2.5m/s., ρ=1.142kg/m3
1 Understand AME016.11
,cp=1.04kJ/kgK, v=15.63x10-6m2/s and k=0.0262W/mK. Find
(a) The average coefficient and (b) the total heat transfer from
the plate.
Water at 100C flows over a flat plate (at 900C) measuring CO3
1mx1m, with a velocity of 2m/s. properties of water at 500C are
2 Understand AME016.11
ρ =988.10C, ν=0.556x10- 6m2/s, Pr=3.54 and k=0.648W/mK.
Find: (a) The length of plate over which the flow is laminar, (b)
the rate of heat transfer from the entire plate.
Water flows through a 20mm ID at a rate of 0.01kg/s entering CO3
at100C. the tube is wrapped from outside by an electric element
that produces a uniform flux of 156kW/m2.If the exit
temperature of water is 400C, estimate (a) the Reynolds
number,(b)the heat transfer coefficient, (c)the length of the pipe
3 needed, (d)the inner tube surface temperature at exit, (e)the Understand AME016.11
friction factor,(f)the pressure drop in the tube, and (g)the
pumping power required if the pump efficiency is 60%. Neglect
entrance effects. Properties of water at mean temperature of
250C are: ρ=997kg/m3, cp=4180J/kgK, ν=910x10- 6Ns/m2
andk=0.608W/mK.
It was found during a test in which water flowed with a velocity CO3
of 2.44m/s through a tube (2.54cm inner diameter and 6.08m
4 long), that the head lost due to friction was 1.22m of water. Remember AME016.11
Estimate the surface heat transfer coefficient based on Reynolds
analogy. Take ρ =998kg/m3 and cp=4.187kJ/kgK
Atmosphericpressureairat1000centersa0.04mdia2mlongtubewit CO3
havelocity of 9m/s. A 1kW electric heater wound on the
surface of the outer surface of the tube provides a uniform heat
5 Remember AME016.11
flux to the tube. find(a)The mass flow rate of air, (b)the exit
temperature of air, and (c)the wall temperature of tube at
outlet.
Lubricating oil (ρ=865kg/m3, k=0.14W/mK and CO3
cp=1.78kJ/kgK and ν=9x10-6m2/s) at 600C enters a 1cm dia
6 Remember AME016.11
tube with a velocity of 3.5m/s. Tw=300C, constant. Find The
tube length required to cool the oil to450C.
For the flow system in which air at 270C and 1atm flows over CO3
a flat plateata velocity of 3m/s, estimate the drag force exerted
7 Understand AME016.11
on the 45cm of the plate using the analogy between fluid
friction and heat transfer.
Air at 2atm and 2000C is heated as it flows at a velocity of CO3
12m/s through a tube with a diameter of 3cm. A constant heat
flux condition is maintained at the wall and the wall
8 temperature is 200C above the air temperature all along the Understand AME016.13
length of the tube. Calculate (a) the heat transfer per unit
length of tube. Properties of air at 2000C are Pr=0.681,
µ=2.57x10-5kg/ms, k=0.0386W/mK and cp=1.025kJ/kgK.
Air at 1atm, 270C flow across a sphere of 0.015m CO3
9 diameter at a velocity of 5m/s. A heater inside the sphere Remember AME016.11
maintains the surface temperature at 770C. Find the rate of
heat transfer from the sphere.
Water flows at a velocity of 12m/s in a straight tube of 60mm CO3
diameter. The tube surface temperature is maintained at 700C
10 and the flowing water is heated from the inlet temperature of Remember AME016.11
150C to an outlet temperature of 450C. Taking the physical
properties of water at the bulk temperature of 300C as
 ρ=995.7kg/m3, cp=4.174kJ/kgK, k=61.718x10-2W/mK,
ν=0.805x10-6m2/sand Pr=5.42, Calculate (a)the heat surface
coefficient from the tube surface to the water, (b)the heat
transferred and (c)the length of the tube.
UNIT-IV
HEAT TRANSFER WITH PHASE CHANGE

Part - A (Short Answer Questions)

1 What is the difference between evaporation and boiling? Understand CO4 AME016.14
What is the difference between sub cooled and saturated CO4
2 Understand AME016.14
boiling?
Name the different boiling regimes in the order they occur in a CO4
3 Understand AME016.14
vertical tube during flow boiling.
Why drop wise condensation is preferred to film wise CO4
4 Remember AME016.15
condensation?
In condensate flow, how is the wetted perimeter defined? How CO4
5 Understand AME016.15
does wetted perimeter differ from ordinary perimeter
What are the differences between drop wise and film wise CO4
6 Remember AME016.15
condensation?
CO4
7 What is condensation? How does it occur? Remember AME016.15
How does the presence of a non-condensable gas in a vapour CO4
8 Remember AME016.16
influence the condensation heat transfer?
CO4
9 What are the types of condensation processes? Explain. Remember AME016.15
Discuss some methods of enhancing pool boiling heat transfer CO4
10 Remember AME016.14
permanently.
What is an electromagnetic wave? How does it differ from a CO4
11 Understand AME016.14
sound wave?
CO4
12 Define irradiation and radiosity. Understand AME016.17
CO4
13 What are the various radiation properties? Remember AME016.17
CO4 AME016.1
14 Define radiation shape factor Understand
8
Discuss some methods of enhancing pool boiling heat transfer CO4 AME016.1
15 Understand
permanently. 4
Define the properties emissivity and absorptivity. CO4 AME016.1
16 When are these two properties equal to each other? Remember
7
What is a gray body? How does it differ from a CO4 AME016.1
17 blackbody? What is a diffuse gray surface? Remember
7
What does the view factor represent? When is the CO4 AME016.1
18 view factor from a surface to itself not zero? Understand
8
What are the summation rule and the superposition rule for CO4 AME016.1
19 view factors? Remember
7
What are the two methods used in radiation analysis? CO4 AME016.1
20 How do these two methods differ? Remember
7
Part – B (Long Answer Questions)
What are the assumptions to be considered for analysis of CO4
1 Understand AME016.15
laminar film condensation?
Why the condenser tubes are horizontal CO4
2 AME016.15
What is nucleate boiling explain CO4
3 AME016.16
 CO4
4 Derive the expression for condensation heat transfer. Understand AME016.16
CO4
5 Explain different regimes of boiling heat transfer phenomena. Understand AME016.15
Sketch the film wise condensation on a vertical wall showing CO4
6 Understand AME016.15
film thickness, velocity and temperature profiles
CO4
7 Why the condenser tubes are horizontal? Remember AME016.15
CO4
8 What is nucleate boiling? Explain. Understand AME016.16
CO4
9 Explain the term film boiling. Write in detail about Film boiling. Understand AME016.16
Write the correlations for boiling heat transfer in case of CO4
10 Remember AME016.15
nucleate boiling.
CO4
11 Differentiate between different types of condensers. Understand AME016.16
CO4
12 Write correlations for condensation heat transfer. Understand AME016.16
Explain what do you mean by absorptivity, reflectivity and CO4
13 Understand AME016.17
transmissivity
CO4
14 Write expression for blackbody radiation Understand AME016.17
What is the Stefan-Boltzmann Law? Explain the concept of total CO4
15 Understand AME016.17
emissive power of a surface?
CO4
16 Explain in brief the concept of a black body. Understand AME016.17
State the Planck’s law. Write down the expression for the CO4
17 Remember AME016.18
radiation intensity.
Distinguish between film wise and drop wise condensation. CO4
18 Which of the two does give a higher heat transfer coefficient? Remember AME016.16
Why?
Derive expression for radiant energy between two small gray CO4
19 Understand AME016.17
surfaces
Write expression for monochromatic emissive power CO4
20 Remember AME016.18

Part - C (Problem Solving and Critical Thinking Questions)

A cylindrical cement tube of radii 0.05 cm and 1.0 cm has a CO4
wire embedded into it along its axis. To maintain a steady
temperature difference of 120 degree Celsius between the inner
1 Understand AME016.16
and outer surfaces, a current of 5 ampere is made to flow in the
wire. Find the amount of heat generated per meter length. Take
resistance of wire equal to 0.1 ohm per cm of length
An electric cable of aluminum (k = 240 W/ m degree) is to be CO4
insulated with rubber (k = 6 W/ square meter degree). If the
2 Understand AME016.16
cable is in air (h = 6 W/square meter degree). Find the critical
radius?
A Vertical plate 300mm wide and 1.2m high is maintained at CO4
70C and is exposed to saturated steam at 1atm pressure.
3 Calculate the heat transfer coefficient and the total mass of Understand AME016.15
steam condensed per hour. What would be the heat coefficient if
the plate is inclined at 300C to the vertical?
Estimate the power required to boil water in a copper pan, CO4
0.35m in diameter. The pan is maintained at 1200C by an
4 Remember AME016.16
electric heater. What is the evaporation rate? Estimate the
critical heat flux
A spherical vessel of 0.5 m outside diameter is insulated with CO4
5 0.2 m thickness of insulation of thermal conductivity 0.04 W/m Remember AME016.16
degree. The surface temperature of the vessel is – 195 degree
 Celsius and outside air is at 10 degree Celsius. Determine heat
flow per m2 based on inside area
Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in a mechanically CO4
polished stainless steel pan placed on top of a heating unit, The
inner surface of the bottom of the pan is maintained at 108°C. If
6 Remember AME016.15
the diameter of the bottom of the pan is 30 cm, determine (a) the
rate of heat transfer to the water and (b) the rate of evaporation
of water
A black body emits radiation at 2000K. Calculate (i) the CO4
monochromatic emissive power at 1 μ.m wavelength,(ii)
7 Understand AME016.17
wavelength at which the emission is maintained and (iii)the
maximum emissive power
A pipe of outside diameter 20 mm is to be insulated with CO4
asbestos which has a mean thermal conductivity of 0.1 W/m
8 degree. The local coefficient of convective heat to the Understand AME016.14
surroundings is 5 W/square meter degree. Find the critical
radius of insulation for optimum heat transfer from pipe?
An enclosure measures 1.5mx1.7m with a height of 2m. The CO4
walls and ceiling are maintained at 2500C and the floor at
9 Understand AME016.17
1300C. The walls and ceiling have an emissivity of 0.82 and the
floor 0.7.Determine the net radiation to the floor.
Two black discs 1m in diameter are placed directly opposite to CO4
each A cable of 10 mm outside is to be laid in an atmosphere of
25 degree Celsius (h = 12.5 W/m2 degree) and its surface
10 temperature is likely to be 75 degree Celsius due to heat Understand AME016.17
generated within it. How would the heat flow from the cable be
affected if it is insulated with rubber having thermal
conductivity k = 0.15 W/m degree?
UNIT– V
HEAT EXCHANGERS

Part - A (Short Answer Questions)

1 What is a heat exchanger? Understand CO5 AME016.19
CO5
2 Define effectiveness of heat exchanger. Understand AME016.19
CO5
3 Describe the selection criteria of heat exchanger. Understand AME016.19
CO5 AME016.19
4 What is the range of effectiveness of a heat exchanger? Remember
CO5 AME016.19
5 What is a heat exchanger? What are its applications? Understand
CO5 AME016.20
6 Discuss the advantage of NTU method over the LMTD method. Remember
What is LMTD correction factor? CO5 AME016.19
7 Remember
How are heat exchangers classified? CO5 AME016.19
8 Remember
CO5 AME016.19
9 What is mean by open and closed heat exchanger? Remember
What is meant by Regenerators? CO5 AME016.19
10 Remember
What are the types of heat exchangers according flow CO5 AME016.19
11 Understand
What is meant by parallel flow heat exchangers? CO5 AME016.19
12 Understand
What is meant by counter flow heat exchangers? CO5 AME016.19
13 Remember
 What is meant by cross flow heat exchangers? CO5 AME016.19
14 Understand
What is meant by NTU? CO5 AME016.20
15 Understand
What is effectiveness? CO5 AME016.20
16 Understand
What is the purpose of a shell and tube heat exchanger? CO5 AME016.19
17 Remember
What do you understand by mixed flow and unmixed flow? CO5
18 Remember AME016.19
What is multi pass heat exchanger? Where they are used? CO5 AME016.19
19 Remember
Explain about storage type heat exchanger? What are its CO5 AME016.19
20 Remember
applications?
Part - B (Long Answer Questions)
Derive an expression for LMTD in case of a counter – current CO5
1 Remember AME016.19
flow double pipe heat exchanger.
Derive the equation for parallel flow heat exchanger using NTU CO5
2 Remember AME016.20
method.
Describe the process followed in design of a simple shell and CO5 AME016.19
3 Remember
tube heat exchanger.
Derive NTU of parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers CO5
4 Remember AME016.20
Derive an expression for effectiveness of counter flow heat CO5
5 Remember AME016.19
exchanger
How are heat exchangers classified? Why is a counter flow heat CO5
6 Understand AME016.19
exchanger more efficient than a parallel flow exchanger?
CO5
7 Explain how the heat exchangers are classified. Understand AME016.19
Discuss the general arrangement of parallel flow, counter flow CO5
8 and cross flow heat exchangers? And why a counter flow heat Understand AME016.19
exchanger more effective than a parallel flow exchanger?
Discuss the advantages of NTU method over the LMTD method CO5 AME016.20
9 Remember
of heat exchanger design.
Derive NTU of parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers... CO5
10 Understand AME016.20
In the definition of effectiveness, explain why minimum heat CO5
11 capacity value (Cmin) is used for the maximum possible rate of Remember AME016.19
heat transfer.
Show that for parallel flow heat exchanger CO5
12 Remember AME016.20
ε=[1-exp(-NTU(1+R)]/[1+R]
Show that for parallel flow heat exchanger CO5
13 Remember AME016.20
ε=[1-exp(-NTU(1-R)]/[ 1-R exp(-NTU(1-R]
How are exit fluid temperature determined with the help of ε- CO5
14 Understand AME016.20
NTU method?
When one of the two fluids undergoes phase change, show that CO5
15 the effectiveness values for both parallel flow and counter flow Remember AME016.20
heat exchangers are eual and given by ε=1-exp(-NTU)
In an oil cooler, oil enters at 1600C. If the water entering at CO5
350C flows parallel to oil, the exit temperatures of oil and water
are 900C and 700C respectively. Determine the exit
temperatures of oil and water if the two fluids in opposite AME016.19
16 Understand
directions. Assuming that the flow rates of the two fluids and
U0 remain unaltered. What would be the minimum temperatures
to which oil could be cooled in parallel flow and counter flow
operations?
In an open heart surgery under hypothermic conditions, the CO5
17 patient's blood is cooled before the surgery and re warmed Understand AME016.19
afterwards. It is proposed that a concentric tube counter flow
 heat exchanger of length 0.5m is to be used for this purpose,
with a thin-walled inner tube having a diameter of 55mm.If
water at 600C and 0.1kg/s is used to heat blood entering the
exchanger and the heat flow rate. Take U0=500W/m2 K, cp of
blood=3.5kJ/kg K and cp of water 4.183kJ/kgK.
A flow of 0.1kg/s of exhaust gases at 700K from a gas turbine is CO5
used to preheat the incoming air, which is at the ambient
temperature of 300K. It is desired to cool the exhaust to 400K
18 and it is estimated that an overall heat coefficient of 30W/m 2K Understand AME016.19
can be achieved in an appropriate exchanger. Determine the area
required for a counter flow heat exchanger. Take the specific
heat of exhaust gasses the same as for air, Which is1000J/kgK.
After a long time in service, a counter flow oil cooler is checked CO5
to ascertain if its performance has deteriorated due to fouling. In
the heat transfer surface is 3.33m2 and the design value of the
19 Remember AME016.19
overall heat transfer coefficient is 930W/m2K, how much has it
been reduced by fouling? Cp of oil as 2330J/kg K and cp of
water as4174J/kgK.
A brass (k=111W/mK) condenser tube has a 30mm outer CO5
diameter and 2mm wall thickness. sea water enters the tube at
290K and the saturated low pressure steam condenses on the
outer side of the tube. The inside and outside heat transfer
20 coefficients are estimated to be 4000 and 8000W/m2K, Understand AME016.19
respectively and a fouling resistance of 10-4(W/m2K) on the
water side is expected. Estimate the overall heat transfer
coefficient based on inside area.

Part - C (Problem Solving and Critical Thinking Questions)

In a Double pipe counter flow heat exchanger 10000 kg/h of oil CO5
having a specific heat of 2095 J/kgK is cooled from 800C to
1 500C by 8000 kg/h of water entering at 250C. Determine the Understand AME016.19
heat exchanger area for an overall heat transfer coefficient of
300 W/m2K. Take Cp for water as 4180 J/kgK.
It is required to design a shell and tube heat exchanger for CO5
heating 9000 kg/hr of water from 150 C to 880 C by hot engine
oil (Cp = 2.35 kJ/kg-K ) flowing through the shell of the heat
exchanger . The oil makes a single pass, entering at 1500 C and
2 leaving at 950 C with an average heat transfer coefficient of 400 Understand AME016.19
W/m2 -K, the water flow through 10 thin walled tubes of 25mm
diameter with each tube making 8 passes through the shell. The
heat transfer efficient on the water side is 3000 W/m2 -K. Find
the length of the tube required for the heat exchanger.
CO5
In a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger, water is heated
from 250C to 650C by oil with a specific heat of 1.45kJ/kg-K
and mass flow rate of 0.9kg/s. the oil is cooled from 2300C to AME016.19
3 Understand
1600C. If overall heat transfer coefficient is 420W/m2 -K.
Calculate the rate of heat transfer, mass flow rate of water and
surface area of heat exchanger.
In a food processing plant, a brine solution is heated from 8 0C CO5
to 140C in a double pipe heat exchanger by water entering at
550C and leaving at 400C at the rate of 0.18kg/s. if the overall
heat transfer coefficient is 800 W/m2K, determine the area of
4 Understand AME016.19
heat exchanger required
a) For a parallel flow arrangement, and
b) For counter flow arrangement. Take cp for water =
4.18kJ/kgK.
 In a Double pipe counter flow heat exchanger 10000 kg/h of oil CO5
having a specific heat of 2095 J/kgK is cooled from 800C to
5 500C by 8000 kg/h of water entering at 250C. Determine the Understand AME016.19
heat exchanger area for an overall heat transfer coefficient of
300 W/m2K. Take Cp for water as 4180 J/kgK.
After a long time in service, a counter flow oil cooler is CO5
checked to ascertain if its performance has deteriorated due to
fouling. In the heat transfer surface is 3.33 m 2 and the design
6 Understand AME016.19
value of the overall heat transfer coefficient is 930 W/m2K, how
much has it been reduced by fouling? Cp of oil as 2330 J/kg K
and cp of water as 4174 J/kgK.
Calculate the heat transfer area required for a 1-1 shell and tube CO5
heat exchanger which is used to cool 55000 kg/hr of alcohol
from 66 0C to 40 0C using 40,000 kg/hr of water entering at 5
7 0 Remember AME016.19
C. U = 580 W/m2K, consider a) counter flow b) parallel flow.
CP water = 4.18 103 J/kg K
Cp alcohol = 3.76103 J/kg K
Hot oil with a capacity rate of 2500 W/K flows through a CO5
double pipe heat exchanger. It enters at 360°C and leaves at
300°C. Cold fluid enters at 30°C and leaves at 200°C. If the AME016.20
8 Understand
overall heat transfer coefficient is 800 W/m2K, determine the
heat exchanger area required for (i) Parallel flow and (ii)
Counter flow.
Saturated steam at 100°C is condensing on the shell side of a CO5
shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The cooling water enters the
9 tubes at 30°C and leaves at 70°C. Calculate the effective log Understand AME016.20
mean temperature difference if the arrangement is (i) counter
flow, (ii) parallel flow and (iii) cross flow.
Water enters a counter flow, double pipe heat exchanges at 15 CO5
ºC, flowing at the rate of 1300 kg/h. It is heated by oil (Cp = 2
J/kg.K) flowing at the rate of 550 kg/h from the inlet
10 Understand AME016.20
temperature of 94 ºC. For an area of 1 m2 an overall heat
transfer coefficient of 1075 W/m2K, determine the total heat
transfer and the outlet temperatures of water and oil?
Water at the rate of 4080kg/h is heated from 350C to 750C by oil CO5
having a specific heat of 1900J/Kg K. The exchanger is of a
counter flow double pipe design. The oil enters at 1100C and AME016.19
11 Understand
leaves at 750C. Determine the area of the heat exchanger
necessary to handle this load if the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 320W/m2K.
Hot coil having a specific heat of 2.09kJ/kgK flows through a CO5
counter flow heat exchanger at the rate of 2268kg/h with an
inlet temperature of 930C and an outlet temperature of 650C.
12 Cold oil having a specific heat of 1.67kJ/kg K flows in at a rate Understand AME016.20
of 3600kg/h and leaves at 1490C.What area is required to
handle this load if the overall heat transfer coefficient based on
the inside area is 0.7 kW/m2K.

Prepared by:
Dr., Ch. Sandeep, Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering
Dr. K Ch Apparao, Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering

HOD, ME