HARVARD

REFERENCING
STYLE

Created By:

M.G. Asanka Dinesh |MCS,BSc

Lecturer Grade II
ICBT Campus | No. 89, Bauddhaloka Mawatha, Kurunegala
General: +94 (0) 37 44 82 000
E-mail: [email protected] | Web: www.icbtcampus.edu.lk
 Harvard Referencing Style
Harvard is a style of referencing, primarily used by university students, to cite information
sources.

Two types of citations are included:

1. In-text citations are used when directly quoting or paraphrasing a source. They are located in
the body of the work and contain a fragment of the full citation.

Depending on the source type, some Harvard Reference in-text citations may look something like
this:
"After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe…" (Fitzgerald, 2004).
2. Reference Lists are located at the end of the work and display full citations for sources used
in the assignment.
Here is an example of a full citation for a book found in a Harvard Reference list:
Fitzgerald, F. (2004). The great Gatsby. New York: Scribner.

Harvard In-Text Citations Overview

Students use in-text citations to indicate the specific parts of their paper that were paraphrased or
quoted directly from a source.

Each in-text citation generally displays the last name of the author and the year the source was
published.

The in-text citation is usually located at the end of the quoted or paraphrased sentence.

In-Text Citations for One Author

The author’s last name and the year that the source was published are placed in the parentheses.

Example:
 Gatsby’s infatuation with Daisy is often revealed in the story, often in simple phrases such
as, “... he turned toward her with a rush of emotion” (Fitzgerald, 2004).

If the author’s name is already used in the body of the text, then students should exclude it from
the in-text citation.

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Example:
 Fitzgerald’s use of “old sport” throughout the novel suggests that Gatsby considered Nick
Carraway a close friend (2004).

In-Text Citations for Two or Three Authors

When a source has two authors, place both authors’ names in the order in which they appear on
the source, with the word and separating them.

Examples:
 “A range of values can express emotion, too. Stark, high-contrast drawings may carry a
strong emotional charge” (Lazzari and Schleiser, 2011).

 “Rather than constantly seeking approval from others, try to seek approval from the person
who matters the most - yourself” (Bardes, Shelley and Schmidt, 2011).

In-Text Citations for Four or More Authors

Only use the first listed author’s name in the in-text citation, followed by “et al.” and the publishing
year.

Example:
 It can be said that “knowledge of the stages of growth and development helps predict the
patient’s response to the present illness or the threat of future illness” (Potter et al., 2013).

Example:
 Potter et al. (2013) go on to explain that “among the most Catholic Filipinos, parents keep
the newborn inside the home until after the baptism to ensure the baby’s health and
protection.”

In-Text Citations for Corporate Authors

Use the name of the organization in place of the author.

Example:
 “Dr. Scharschmidt completed her residency in 2012, joined the Leaders Society in 2013,
and became a new volunteer this year to encourage other young dermatologists in her area
to join her in leadership giving” (Dermatology Foundation, 2014).

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If the name of the organization is used in the text, place only the year in parentheses.

Example:
 The Dermatology Foundation (2013) stated in their report that “industry also played an
important role in the success of the highly rated annual DF Clinical Symposia—Advances
in Dermatology.”

In-Text Citations for No Author

When an author’s name cannot be found, place the title of the text in the parentheses, followed by
the publishing year.

Example:
 Lisa wasn’t scared, she was simply shocked and caught off guard to notice her father in
such a peculiar place (Lost Spaces, 2014).

In-Text Citations With No Date

When a date is not included in a source, simply omit that information from the in-text citation.

Example:
 “Her hair was the color of lilac blossoms, while a peculiar color, it fit her quite well”
(Montalvo)

Harvard Reference List Overview

Reference lists are created to allow readers to locate original sources themselves. Each citation in
a reference list includes various pieces of information including the:

1. Name of the author(s)

2. Year published
3. Title
4. City published
5. Publisher
6. Pages used

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Generally, Harvard Reference List citations follow this format:

 Last name, First Initial. (Year published). Title. City: Publisher, Page(s).

Citations are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.

If there are multiple sources by the same author, then citations are listed in order by the date of
publication.

Harvard Reference List Citation for Books with One Author

The structure for a Harvard Reference List citation for books with one author includes the
following:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. (Only include the edition if it is
not the first edition) City published: Publisher, Page(s).

If the edition isn’t listed, it is safe to assume that it is the first addition, and does not need to be
included in the citation.

Example: One author AND first edition

 Patterson, J. (2005). Maximum ride. New York: Little, Brown.

Example: One author AND NOT the first edition

 Dahl, R. (2004). Charlie and the chocolate factory. 6th ed. New York: Knopf.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Books with Two or More Authors
When creating a citation that has more than one author, place the names in the order in which they
appear on the source. Use the word “and” to separate the names.

 Last name, First initial. and Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. City: Publisher,
Page(s).

Example:
 Desikan, S. and Ramesh, G. (2006). Software testing. Bangalore, India: Dorling
Kindersley, p.156.

 Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J. and Frydenberg, M. (2014). Discovering
computers. Boston: Cengage Learning, pp.446-448.

 Daniels, K., Patterson, G. and Dunston, Y. (2014). The ultimate student teaching guide.
2nd ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, pp.145-151.
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* remember, when citing a book, only include the edition if it is NOT the first edition!

Harvard Reference List Citations for Chapters in Edited Books

When citing a chapter in an edited book, use the following format:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Chapter title. In: First initial. Last name, ed.,
Book Title, 1st ed.* City: Publisher, Page(s).

 Bressler, L. (2010). My girl, Kylie. In: L. Matheson, ed., The Dogs That We Love, 1st ed.
Boston: Jacobson Ltd., pp. 78-92.

* When citing a chapter in an edited book, the edition is displayed, even when it is the first edition.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Multiple Works By The Same Author
When there are multiple works by the same author, place the citations in order by year. When
sources are published in the same year, place them in alphabetical order by the title.

Example:
 Brown, D. (1998). Digital fortress. New York: St. Martin's Press.
 Brown, D. (2003). Deception point. New York: Atria Books.
 Brown, D. (2003). The Da Vinci code. New York: Doubleday.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Print Journal Articles

The standard structure of a print journal citation includes the following components:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Journal, Volume (Issue), Page(s).

Examples:
 Ross, N. (2015). On Truth Content and False Consciousness in Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory.
Philosophy Today, 59(2), pp. 269-290.

 Dismuke, C. and Egede, L. (2015). The Impact of Cognitive, Social and Physical
Limitations on Income in Community Dwelling Adults With Chronic Medical and Mental
Disorders. Global Journal of Health Science, 7(5), pp. 183-195.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Journal Articles Found on a Database or on a

Website

When citing journal articles found on a database or through a website, include all of the
components found in a citation of a print journal, but also include the medium ([online]), the
website URL, and the date that the article was accessed.

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Structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article Title. Journal, [online] Volume(Issue),
pages. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:

 Raina, S. (2015). Establishing Correlation Between Genetics and Nonresponse. Journal of

Postgraduate Medicine, [online] Volume 61(2), p. 148. Available at:
http://www.proquest.com/products-services/ProQuest-Research-Library.html [Accessed 8
Apr. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Print Newspaper Articles

When citing a newspaper, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper, Page(s).

Example:
 Weisman, J. (2015). Deal Reached on Fast-Track Authority for Obama on Trade Accord.
The New York Times, p.A1.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Newspaper Articles Found on a Database or a

Website

To cite a newspaper found either on a database or a website, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper, [online] pages.
Available at: url [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:
 Harris, E. (2015). For Special-Needs Students, Custom Furniture Out of Schoolhouse
Scraps. New York Times, [online] p.A20. Available at: http://go.galegroup.com [Accessed
17 Apr. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citation for Print Magazine

When citing magazines, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Magazine, (Volume), Page(s).

Example:
 Davidson, J. (2008). Speak her language. Men’s Health, (23), pp.104-106.
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Harvard Reference List Citation for Websites
When citing a website, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial (Year published). Page title. [online] Website name. Available at:
URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

When no author is listed, use the following structure:

 Website name, (Year published). Page title. [online] Available at: URL [Accessed Day
Mo. Year].

Example:
 Messer, L. (2015). 'Fancy Nancy' Optioned by Disney Junior. [online] ABC News.
Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/fancy-nancy-optioned-disney-junior-
2017/story?id=29942496#.VRWbWJwmbs0.twitter [Accessed 31 Mar. 2015].

 Mms.com, (2015). M&M'S Official Website. [online] Available at: http://www.mms.com/

[Accessed 20 Apr. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for eBooks and PDFs

When citing eBooks and PDFs, include the edition, even if it’s the first edition, and follow it with
the type of resource in brackets (either [ebook] or [pdf]). Include the url at the end of the citation
with the date it was accessed in brackets.

Use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. [format] City: Publisher, page(s).
Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

 Zusack, M. (2015). The Book Thief. 1st ed. [ebook] New York: Knopf. Available at:
http://ebooks.nypl.org/ [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015].

 Robin, J. (2014). A handbook for professional learning: research, resources, and strategies
for implementation. 1st ed. [pdf] New York: NYC Department of Education. Available at
http://schools.nyc.gov/ [Accessed 14 Apr. 2015].

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Harvard Reference List Citation for Archive Material
Archival materials are information sources that are used to provide evidence of past events.
Archival materials are generally collected and housed by organizations, such as universities,
libraries, repositories, or historical societies. Examples can include manuscripts, letters, diaries, or
any other artifact that the organization decides to collect and house.

The structure for archival materials includes:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title of the material. [format] Name of the
university, library, organization, Collection name, code, or number. City.

Examples:
 Pearson, J. (1962). Letter to James Martin. [letter] The Jackson Historical Society, Civil
Rights Collection. Jackson.

 Marshall, S. and Peete, L. (1882). Events Along the Canal. [program] Afton Library,
Yardley History. Yardley.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Artwork

To cite artwork, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year created). Title. [Medium]. City that the artwork is/was
displayed in: Gallery or Museum.

Example:
 Gilbert, S. (1795-1796). George Washington. [Oil on canvas] New York: The Frick
Collection.

 Jensen, L., Walters, P. and Walsh, Q. (1994). Faces in the Night. [Paint Mural] Trenton:
The Trenton Free Library.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Blogs

Blogs are regularly updated webpages that are generally run by an individual.

When citing a blog post, use the following format:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Post title. [Blog] Blog name. Available at: URL
[Accessed Day Mo. Year].

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Example:
 Cohen, M. (2013). Re-election Is Likely for McConnell, but Not Guaranteed. [Blog]
FiveThirtyEight. Available at: http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/re-
election-is-likely-for-mcconnell-but-not-guaranteed/ [Accessed 4 Apr. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Broadcasts

To cite a radio or tv broadcast, use the following structure:

 Series title, (Year published). [Type of Programme] Channel number: Broadcaster.

Examples:
 Modern Family, (2010). [TV programme] 6: Abc.

 The Preston and Steve Morning Show (2012). [Radio Programme] 93.3: WMMR.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Conference Proceedings

Conference proceedings are academic papers or presentations that are created or used for the
purpose of a meeting or conference.

Use the following structure to cite a conference proceeding:

If published online:

 Last name, First initial. (Conference Year). Title of Paper or Proceedings. In: Name or Title
of Conference. [online] City: Publisher of the Proceedings, pages. Available at: URL
[Accessed Day Mo. Year].

If not published online:

 Last name, First initial. (Conference Year). Title of Paper or Proceedings. In: Name or Title
of Conference. City: Publisher of the Proceedings, pages.

Examples:
 Palmer, L., Gover, E. and Doublet, K. (2013). Advocating for Your Tech Program. In:
National Conference for Technology Teachers. [online] New York: NCTT, pp. 33-34.
Available at: http://www.nctt.com/2013conference/advocatingforyourtechprogram/
[Accessed 11 Jan. 2014].

 Fox, R. (2014). Technological Advances in Banking. In: American Finance Association

Northeast Regional Conference. Hartford: AFA, p. 24.

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Harvard Reference List Citations for Court Cases
To cite a court case, use the following format:

 Case name [Year published]Report abbreviation Volume number (Name or abbreviation

of court); First page of court case.

Example:
 Young v. United Parcel Service, Inc. [2015]12-1226 (Supreme Court of the United States);
1.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Dictionary Entry

When citing a dictionary entry in print, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Entry title. In: Dictionary Title, Edition. City:
Publisher, page.

When citing a dictionary entry found online, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Entry title. In: Dictionary Title, Edition. City:
Publisher, page. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

**If no author/editor/or contributor is given, omit it from the citation.

**If the publishing year is unavailable, use the abbreviation n.d., which stands for no date

Examples:
 Sporadic (1993). In: Webstin Dictionary, 8th ed. New York: Webstin LLC, page 223.

 Reference. (n.d.) In: Merriam-Webster [online] Springfield: Merriam-Webster, Inc.

Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reference [Accessed 12 Dec.
2014].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Dissertations

A dissertation is a lengthy paper or project, generally created as a requirement to obtain a doctoral
degree.
Use the following structure to create a citation for a dissertation:
 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Dissertation title. Academic Level of the Author.
Name of University, College, or Institution.

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Example:
 Shaver, W. (2013). Effects of Remediation on High-Stakes Standardized Testing. PhD.
Yeshiva University.

Harvard Reference List Citations for DVD, Video, and Film

When citing a DVD, Video, or Film, use the following format:

 Film title. (Year published). [Format] Place of origin: Film maker.

**The place of origin refers to the place where the dvd, film, or video was made. Eg: Hollywood
**The film maker can be the director, studio, or main producer.

Example:
 Girls Just Want To Have Fun. (1985). [film] Chicago: Alan Metter.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Emails

Email citations use the following format:

 Sender’s Last name, First initial. (Year published). Subject Line of Email. [email].

Example:
 Niles, A. (2013). Update on my health. [email].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Print Encyclopedia Articles

An encyclopedia is a book, or set of books, used to find information on a variety of subjects. Most
encyclopedias are organized in alphabetical order.

Use this format to cite an encyclopedia:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. In: Encyclopedia title, Edition. City
published: Publisher, page(s).

Example:
 Harding, E. (2010). Anteaters. In: The International Encyclopedia of Animals, 3rd ed. New
York: Reference World, p. 39.

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Harvard Reference List Citations for Government Publications

Government publications consist of documents that are issued by local, state, or federal
governments, offices, or subdivisions.

Use the following format to cite the government publications:

 Government Agency OR Last name, First Initial., (Year published). Title of Document or
Article. City published: Publisher, Page(s).

Examples:
 Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, (2012). BicyclePA Routes. Harrisburg:
PENNDOT, p.1.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Interviews

When citing an interview, use the following format:

 Last name of Interviewer, First initial. and Last name of Interviewee, First initial. (Year of
Interview). Title or Description of Interview.

Example:
 Booker, C. and Lopez, J. (2014). Getting to know J. Lo.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Music or Recordings

To cite a music piece or recording, use the following format:

 Performer or Writer’s Last name, First initial. (Year published). Recording title. [Medium]
City published: Music Label.

When citing a music piece or recording found online, use the following structure:

 Performer or Writer’s Last name, First initial. (Year published). Recording title. [Online]
City published: Music Label. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Examples:
 Jackson, M. (1982). Thriller. [CD] West Hollywood: Epic.
 Kaskade, (2015). Never Sleep Alone. [Online] Burbank: Warner Bros/Arkade. Available
at: https://soundcloud.com/kaskade/kaskade-never-sleep-alone [Accessed 7 Apr. 2015].

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Harvard Reference List Citations for Online Images or Videos

To cite an image or video found electronically, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. OR Corporate Author. (Year published). Title/description. [format]
Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Examples:
 Williams, A. (2013). DJ Gear. [image] Available at: https://flic.kr/p/fbPZyV [Accessed 8
Apr. 2015].

 7UP (2015). 7UP Team Up Tiesto. [video]. Available at: https://youtu.be/TMZqgEgy_Xg

[Accessed 8 Apr. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Patents

When citing patents, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. OR Corporate Author (Year published). Title or Description of
Patent. Patent number.

**It should be noted that even if the information is found online, no online information needs to
be included.

Example:
 Masuyama, T., Suzuki, M. and Fujimoto, H. (1993). Structure for securing batteries used
in an electric vehicle. 5,392,873.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Podcasts

When citing a podcast, use the following format:

 Last name, First initial. OR Corporate Author (Year published) Episode title. [podcast].
Podcast title. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:
 Provenzano, N. (2012). #NerdyCast Episode 5. [podcast]. #NerdyCast. Available at:
https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/nerdycast/id514797904?mt=2 [Accessed 14 Dec.
2014].

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Harvard Reference List Citations for Presentations and Lectures

To cite a presentation or lecture, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year) Presentation Title.

Example:
 Valenza, J. (2014). Librarians and Social Capital.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Press Releases

When citing a press release in print, use the following format:

 Corporate Author, (Year published). Title.

If found online, use the following format:

 Corporate Author, (Year published). Title. [online] Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo.
Year].

Examples:
 Imagine Easy Solutions, (2015). ResearchReady Jr. Now Available For Elementary Age
Students.

 EBSCO, (2014). EBSCO adds EasyBib Citation Integration. [online] Available at:
http://campustechnology.com [Accessed 11 Jan. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Religious Texts

To cite any type of religious text, such as the Bible, Torah, Quran, use the following format:

 Title (Year published). City published: Publisher, pages used.

Example:
 New American Standard Bible, (1998). Anaheim: Foundation Publications, Inc, pp.332-
340.

Harvard Reference List Citations for Reports

When citing a report, use the following format:

 Last name, First Initial. OR Corporate Author (Year published). Title. [online] City
published: Publisher, Pages used. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

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 Example:
 Certify, (2015). First Quarter, 2015 Business Expense Trends. [online] Portland: Certify,
p.2. Available at: http://www.certify.com/CertifySpendSmartReport.aspx [Accessed 8
Apr. 2015].

Harvard Reference List Citations for Software

When citing software, use the following format:

 Title or Name of Software. (Year Published). Place or city where the software was written:
Company or publisher.

Example:
 Espanol. (2010). Arlington: Rosetta Stone.

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