Maninder Kaur

Maninder Kaur
[email protected]
www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 1

 Operating System is a software, which makes a
computer to actually work.
 It is the software the enables all the programs
we use.
 The OS organizes and controls the hardware.
 OS acts as an interface between the application
programs and the machine hardware.
 Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS,
etc.

 Controlling and allocating memory
 Prioritizing system requests
 Controlling input and output devices
 Facilitating networking
 Managing file systems

 Convenience
◦ Makes the computer more convenient to use
 Efficiency
◦ Allows computer system resources to be used in an
efficient manner
 Ability to Evolve
◦ Permit effective development, testing, and
introduction of new system functions without
interfering with service

The structure of OS consists of 4 layers:
1. Hardware
◦ Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O Devices,
etc.
2. Software (Operating System)

◦ Software includes process management routines,
memory management routines, I/O control routines,
file management routines.

3. System programs
◦ This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers, linker etc.
4. Application programs
◦ This is dependent on users need.
◦ E.g.: Railway reservation system, Bank database
management etc.

 Process Management
 Memory Management
 File Management
 Device Management
 Command Interpretation
 Security

 Batch Operating System
 Multiprogramming
 Multiprocessing
 Timesharing / Multitasking
 Single User Operating System
 Multiuser Operating System
 Real Time Operating System

 In Batch processing, same type of jobs batch together and execute
at a time.
 The OS was simple, its major task was to transfer control from one
job to the next.
 The job was submitted to the computer operator in form of punch

cards.
 The monitor is system software that is responsible for interpreting

and carrying out the instructions in the batch jobs. When the
monitor starts a job, the entire computer is dedicated to the job,
which then controls the computer until it finishes.
 The OS was always resident in memory. Common Input devices were

card readers and tape drives.

 Common output devices were line printers, tape
drives, and card punches.
 Users did not interact directly with the computer

systems, but he prepared a job (comprising of the
program, the data & some control information).
OS
User
program
area

 Multiprogramming is a technique to execute
number of programs simultaneously by a single
processor.
 In Multiprogramming, number of processes reside

in main memory at a time.
 The OS picks and begins to execute one of the jobs

in the main memory.
 If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU

switches from that job to another job.
 Hence CPU in not idle at any time.

• Figure depicts the layout of
OS multiprogramming system.
• The main memory consists
Job 1 of 5 jobs at a time, the CPU
executes one by one.
Job 2
 Advantages:
Job 3 • Efficient memory utilization
Job 4 • Throughput increases
• CPU is never idle, so
Job 5 performance increases.

 Simultaneous interactive use of a computer system by
many users in such a way that each one feels that
he/she is the sole user of he system.
 Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU

between them.
 In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes,

so it is called as “Time sharing Systems”.
 Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time

between processes. CPU is taken away from a running
process when the allotted time slice expires.
 Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.

 Reduces CPU Idle time.
 Provides advantages of quick response time.
 Offers good computing facility to small users.

 Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central
processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system.
 The term also refers to the ability of a system to support

more than one processor and the ability to allocate tasks
between them.
 An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing

more than one computer processor.
 Below are some examples of multiprocessing operating

systems.
◦ Linux
◦ Unix
◦ Windows 2000

 Systems that treat all CPUs equally are called
symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems.
 If all CPUs are not equal, system resources may

be divided in a number of ways, including
asymmetric multiprocessing (ASMP),

 Provides a platform for only one user at a time.
 Single-User, Single Tasking

◦ As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage
the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a
time.
◦ The Palm OS for Palm handheld computers is a good example of a
modern single-user, single-task operating system.
 Single-User, Multi-Tasking
◦ This is the type of operating system most people use on their
desktop and laptop computers today.
◦ Example Microsoft's Windows, it's entirely possible for a Windows

user to be writing a note in a word processor while downloading a
file from the Internet while printing the text of an e-mail message.

 Provides regulated access for a number of
users by maintaining a database of known
users.
 Refers to computer systems that support

two or more simultaneous users.
 Another term for multi-user is time sharing.
 E.g.: All mainframes are multi-user

systems.

 Real-time operating systems are used to control
machinery, scientific instruments and industrial
systems.
 A system is said to be Real Time if it is required

to complete it’s work & deliver it’s services on
time.
 Example – Food Processing System, Flight

Control System
 All tasks in that system must execute on time.

Soft Real Time System
◦ In Soft Real Time System, tasks are completed as

fast as possible without having to be completed
within a specified timeframe.
Hard Real Time System
◦ In Hard Real Time System however, not only must

tasks be completed within a specified timeframe,
but they must also be completed correctly.

No. of Users No. of Order of
Processors Processing
Multi-tasking One One Concurrently
Multiprogramming Multiple One Concurrently
Timesharing Multiple One Round Robin
Multiprocessing One or more Two or more Simultaneously


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Maninder Kaur

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 1

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 2

 Prioritizing system requests

 Controlling input and output devices

 Managing file systems

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 3

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 4

2. Software (Operating System)

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 6

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 7

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 8

 Single User Operating System

 Multiuser Operating System

 Real Time Operating System

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 9

 The job was submitted to the computer operator in form of punch

 The monitor is system software that is responsible for interpreting

 The OS was always resident in memory. Common Input devices were

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 10

 Users did not interact directly with the computer

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 11

 In Multiprogramming, number of processes reside

 The OS picks and begins to execute one of the jobs

 If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU

 Hence CPU in not idle at any time.

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 12

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 13

 Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU

 In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes,

 Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time

 Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 15

 Provides advantages of quick response time.

 Offers good computing facility to small users.

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 16

 The term also refers to the ability of a system to support

 An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing

 Below are some examples of multiprocessing operating

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 17

 If all CPUs are not equal, system resources may

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 18

 Single-User, Single Tasking

◦ Example Microsoft's Windows, it's entirely possible for a Windows

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 20

 Refers to computer systems that support

 Another term for multi-user is time sharing.

 E.g.: All mainframes are multi-user

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 21

 A system is said to be Real Time if it is required

 Example – Food Processing System, Flight

 All tasks in that system must execute on time.

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 22

◦ In Soft Real Time System, tasks are completed as

Hard Real Time System

◦ In Hard Real Time System however, not only must

www.eazynotes.com 11 Oct 2010 23

Multi-tasking One One Concurrently

Multiprogramming Multiple One Concurrently