MODULE 1

Introduction to DBMS
Introduction
Database – collection of data
• A database-management system (DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data and a set
of programs to access those data.
• The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a way to store and retrieve database
information that is both convenient and efficient.
• Thedatabase system defines structures for storage of information and providing
mechanisms for the manipulation of information
• Italso ensure the safety of the information stored, despite system crashes or attempts
at unauthorized access
The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of
defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various users
and applications.
Introduction
Database systems are used to manage collections of data that:
• are highly valuable,
• are relatively large, and
• are accessed by multiple users and applications, often at the same time.

• The database definition or descriptive information is also stored by the DBMS in the
form of a database catalog or dictionary; it is called meta-data.
• Three Aspects of Database: Database construction, Database manipulation and
Database sharing.
• An application program accesses the database by sending queries or requests for data
to the DBMS.
• A query typically causes some data to be retrieved; a transaction may cause some data to be
read or written into the database.
A simplified
database system
environment
A database that stores student and course information
Popular DBMS Software

• MySQL
• Microsoft Access
• Oracle
• PostgreSQL
• SQLite
• IBM DB2
• LibreOffice Base
• MariaDB
• Microsoft SQL Server etc.
Introduction to Database Systems
Modern day database systems are large, complex software system whose task is to
manage a large, complex collection of data.

Key to the management of complexity is the concept of abstraction.

For a large, complex collection of data, a database system provides a simpler, abstract
view of the information so that users and application programmers do not need to be
aware of the underlying details of how data are stored and organized.
History
Need for Database Systems
Primary/Central aspect for all the applications
- Imagine a bank without its data on accounts and customers or a social-network site
that loses the connections among its users

Limitations in file processing systems

• Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Difficulty in accessing data - conventional file-processing environments do not allow needed
data to be retrieved in a convenient and efficient manner.
• Data isolation
• Data Integrity and integrity constraints - The data values stored in the database must satisfy
certain types of consistency constraints.
Need for Database Systems
Limitations in file processing systems
• Atomicity problems – operations should be atomic
• Concurrent-access anomalies – leads to data inconsistency
• Data indexing
• Security problems

Scalability support - handle large amounts of data and are scalable to meet the growing needs of
organizations
Data Backup and Recovery
Efficient data management
Characteristics of Database Approach
1. Self-Describing Nature of a Database System
• database system contains not only the database
itself but also a complete definition or description
of the database structure and constraints.
• This definition is stored in the DBMS catalog,
which contains information such as the structure
of each file, the type and storage format of each
data item, and various constraints on the data.
• The information stored in the catalog is called
meta-data, and it describes the structure of the
primary database.
• The catalog is used by the DBMS software and
also by database users
Characteristics of Database Approach
2. Insulation between Programs and Data, and Data Abstraction
• The characteristic that allows program-data independence and program-operation
independence is called data abstraction

Fig: Internal storage format for a STUDENT record, based on the database catalog

3. Support of Multiple Views of the Data

4. Sharing of Data and Multiuser Transaction Processing
• A fundamental role of multiuser DBMS software is to ensure that concurrent transactions
operate correctly and efficiently.
Characteristics of Database Approach
5. Concurrent Access without Anomalies
6. Stores Any Kind of Structured Data
7. ACID properties
8. Ensures data security
DBMS vs Flat-file Systems
DBMS File Management System
Multi-user access It does not support multi-user access

Design to fulfill the need for small and It is only limited to smaller DBMS
large businesses system.

Remove redundancy and Integrity Redundancy and Integrity issues

Expensive. But in the long term Total It's cheaper
Cost of Ownership is cheap

Easy to implement complicated No support for complicated transactions

transactions
Actors in the Database Environment
User Task
Database Administrator (DBA) Database Admin is responsible for managing
the entire DBMS system.
Database Designer The database designer is responsible for
defining the detailed database design,
including tables, indexes, views, constraints,
triggers, stored procedures, and other
database-specific constructs needed to store,
retrieve, and delete persistent objects.
Application Programmer The Application programmers write programs
in various programming languages to interact
with databases.
End User The end users are the people who interact with
the database management system. They
conduct various operations on database like
retrieving, updating, deleting, etc.
Actors in the Database Environment
End users can be—
1. Casual end users: Occasionally access the database.
Ex. Middle or higher level manager
2. Naive or Parametric end users: constantly querying and updating the database
Ex. Bank customers and tellers, Reservation clerks, etc..
3. Sophisticated end user: thoroughly familiarize themselves with the facilities of the
DBMS in order to implement their own applications.
Example: Engineer, scientists, business analytics, etc. who are familiar with the
DBMS.
4. Standalone user: maintain personal databases by using ready-made program
packages
Advantages
• Controlling Redundancy
• Restricting Unauthorized Access
• Persistent storage
• Backup and recovery
• Multiple user Interface
• Complex relationship among data
• Enforcing Integrity constraints
Disadvantages
• Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases the
budget of your organization.
• Most database management systems are often complex systems, so the training
for users to use the DBMS is required.
• In some organizations, all data is integrated into a single database which can be
damaged because of electric failure or database is corrupted on the storage media
• Use of the same program at a time by many users sometimes lead to the loss of
some data.
• DBMS can't perform sophisticated calculations
Applications
Sector Use of DBMS
Banking For customer information, account activities,
payments, deposits, loans, etc.
Airlines, Railways For reservations and schedule information.
Universities, Colleges For student information, course registrations,
colleges and grades.
Telecommunications It helps to keep call records, monthly bills,
maintaining balances, etc.
Finance For storing information about stock, sales, and
purchases of financial instruments like stocks
and bonds.
Sales Use for storing customer, product & sales
information.
HR For information about employees, salaries,
payroll, deduction, generation of paychecks, etc.