A.P.

International School
Class 10 physics

A.Y.2023-24

Chapter :2

Machine

Question 1: What is a machine?

Answer: A machine is a device by which we can overcome a resistance by applying a comparatively small force
at a convenient point and in a desired direction or to obtain a gain in speed.

Question 2: State the principle of machine.

Answer: According to the principle of machine work done by a machine or output work can never be greater
than the work done on the machine or input work. In an ideal machine, “the output work of a machine is equal
to input work”, is known as principle of a machine.

Question 3: What is the efficiency of an ideal machine?

Answer: The efficiency of an ideal machine is 1 (or 100%).

Question 4: Write an expression to show the relationship between mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and
efficiency for a simple machine.

Answer:

Question 5: There is no gain in mechanical advantage in the case of a single fixed pulley. Explain, why the pulley
is then used?

Answer: It is used only to change the direction of effort to a more convenient direction and to use one’s own
weight for the effort.

Question 6: In the case of a block and tackle arrangement, the mechanical advantage increases with the number
of pulleys. Explain.

Answer: With the increase in number of pulleys in the arrangement of block and tackle, the number of stands of
string supporting the load increases and so its mechanical advantage increases.

Question 7: What is the relationship between the mechanical advantage and the velocity ratio for:

(i) An ideal machine,

(ii) Mechanical advantage is less than velocity ratio as efficiency is less than one.

Question 8: State two reasons, why the efficiency of a pulley system is not 100 per cent?

Answer: The two reasons are:

(i) Some effort is used (or wasted) in overcoming friction between the string and the grooves of the pulleys.
(ii)Some effort is used up (wasted) in lifting up the movable block alongwith the load. On account of the above
two reasons, effort applied is always more than the load lifted up and so the M.A. is always less then 1. Hence
efficiency is always less than 100%.

Question 9: Give an example for each of the following use of a machine:

(i) To change the point of application of the force:

Answer: (i) Rotating the wheel of a cycle by applying force on the paddle with the help of chain.

(ii) Lifting a car with a jack.

Question 10: What is a block and tackle system of pulleys? What precautions would you observe while rounding
the string so that the effort is applied in the downward direction?

Answer: A block and tackle system of pulleys consists of two blocks of pulleys, each block having one or more
than one pulleys. The upper block of pulleys is fixed to a rigid support and the lower block of pulleys is movable.
The number of pulleys in the movable block is either equal or one less than the number of pulleys in the fixed
block.

While rounding the string, its one end is attached to the hook of movable block if the number of pulleys in the
fixed block is more than that in the movable block or to the hook of the fixed block if the number of pulleys is
the same in both the blocks.

Question 11: What is a pulley?

Answer:
A pulley is an example of a simple type of machine. It is either a wooden or a metallic disc which can rotate
about a horizontal axis passing through its centre. It has a grooved rim along which a rope or chain can slide. It is
generally mounted in a frame work called a block.

Question 12: Name the type of single pulley that can act as a force multiplier. Draw a labelled diagram of the
above named pulley.

Answer: Single Movable Pulley

Question 13: Draw the diagram of a single movable pulley and obtain its mechanical advantage, velocity ratio
and efficiency.

Answer: Since it is inconvenient to apply the effort in an upward direction, a single fixed pulley is used to change
the direction of effort.
As the effort is pulled down through a distance dE, the two segments of the thread carrying the movable pulley
and the load goes up by dE/2.

Question 14: Draw diagram of a single fixed pulley and obtain expressions for its: (i) Mechanical
advantage, (ii) Velocity ratio, and (iii) Efficiency, in the ideal case.

Answer: The diagram of a single fixed pulley is shown alongside. If T is the tension in each strand of the string
and in the ideal case string is massless and there is no friction in the pulley bearings, then in equilibrium, E = T
and L = T

Question 15: The pulley system shown in the figure is to be used to lift a load W. If the man applying the effort
cannot apply a force exceeding 1000 N, what is the maximum load that can be lifted?
The actual load that the man is finally able to lift turns out to be 2700 N. What are the values of the actual M.A.,
obtained and the efficiency of the actual set-up?

Solution: The load lifted would be a maximum when conditions are ideal. Since this set-up uses three strands of
string, the load gets raised only through 1/3rd of the distance through which the effort moves.

Hence,

Question 16: Draw a diagram showing a block and tackle system of 4 pulleys.
(i) State, how many strands of tackle support the load?
(ii) Draw arrows to represent tension in each strand.
(iii) Find the mechanical advantage of the system, stating the assumptions made. (iv) If load is pulled up by a
distance 1m, how much does the effort end move?

Solution: The adjacent diagram shows a block and tackle system of 4 pulleys.

(i) Four strands of tackle support the load.

(iv) If load is pulled up by a distance 1m, the effort end moves by 4 m.

Question 17: A block and tackle system of pulleys has a velocity ratio 4.

(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the system indicating clearly the points of application and directions of load and
effort.
(ii)What is the value of the mechanical advantage of the given pulley system if it is an ideal pulley system?

Answer:
Question 18: Diagram given below, shows an arrangement of four pulleys. A load L is attached to the movable
lower block and effort E is applied at free end of the string.

Copy the diagram; and

(i) Draw arrows to indicate tension in each part of the string; and (ii) Calculate
the mechanical advantage of the system.

Solution: The following diagram shows a block and tackle system of 4 pulleys.
(i) The tension in each string is shown by the arrow marked as T.
(ii) If we neglect the friction of the pulleys and weight of the pulleys in the lower block, then L = 4T and E = T

The-End